Veterinary journal最新文献

{"title":"Effects of probiotic and yeast extract supplement on liver functionality index and metabolic parameters in transition period of dairy cattle.","authors":"Mohammad Salahlou, Ali Hajimohammadi, Saeed Nazifi, Abbas Rowshan-Ghasrodashti, Mohammad Nikzad, Ahmadreza Mirzaei","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research sought to evaluate the potential effects of probiotics and yeast cell wall (YCW) supplements on the liver functionality index (LFI) and metabolic parameters of dairy cattle throughout the transitional period. A cohort of forty dry cows was randomly divided into four groups, namely the probiotic group (Pr) receiving a basal diet combined with a blend of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lechiniformis, Streptococcus Thermophilis, and Enterococcus faecium; the YCW group receiving a basal diet enriched with Saccharomyces cerevisiae; the probiotic and yeast cell wall extract group (P & Y) receiving a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of probiotic and yeast cell wall extract; and the control group adhering to the basal diet. The intervention was initiated 21 days before calving and persisted until 28 days post-calving, except for the control group. The study entailed the collection of blood samples at four sampling times, encompassing 21 days preceding calving, seven days before calving, seven days post-calving, and four weeks post-calving. Multiple biochemical parameters were assessed, including urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TB), albumin, total protein (TP), globulin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and liver functionality index. The results showed that the Pr group exhibited reduced average levels of GGT and glucose compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the P & Y group demonstrated lower average BUN, TB, and cholesterol levels than the control (P < 0.05). Notably, the LFI exhibited a discernible trend towards elevation in the Pr group compared to the control group (P = 0.007) and the P & Y group (P = 0.007). In essence, supplementation of YCW and probiotics is associated with advantageous effects on metabolic parameters and liver function.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142771984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibroblast growth factor 23 – A review with particular reference to the physiology and pathophysiology of phosphate homeostasis in the cat","authors":"Jonathan Elliott,&nbsp;Pak Kan Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone, discovery of which has transformed our understanding of mineral regulation in healthy mammals, including the cat. It is produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes and its prime role is to regulate phosphate entry into extracellular fluid (from bone and via the gut) and its excretion via the kidney. It interacts with other hormones (calcitriol and parathyroid hormone), inhibiting their activation and secretion respectively and so impacts on calcium as well as phosphate homeostasis. Physiological factors regulating its secretion are not well understood, although phosphate ion sensing is likely to be important. Calcium and magnesium ions are also involved and unravelling the control points and integration of the system regulating bone turnover and mineral balance whilst preventing soft tissue (non-osseous) mineralisation is a future research goal. Calciprotein particle size and number likely play an important role in this system but precisely how remains to be determined. Elevated serum FGF23 is the earliest indicator of mineral bone disorder associated with chronic kidney disease in human patients and in cats, enabling reference-range serum phosphorus to be maintained despite reduction in glomerular filtration rate which limits phosphate excretion. FGF23 also predicts CKD progression and survival in cats. The many factors influencing its secretion at different stages of CKD, including relative iron deficiency, anaemia and chronic systemic inflammation, hypomagnesaemia and α-klotho deficiency are discussed in this review, where the data available in cats with naturally occurring CKD is presented alongside that from rodent models and human CKD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 106271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and morphological characterization of endangered European wildcats from the Iberian lineage: Reference values for conservation.","authors":"Elena Bertos, Mariola Sánchez-Cerdá, Emilio Virgós, Marcos Moleón, José María Gil-Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European wildcat (Felis silvestris), particularly its Iberian lineage, is experiencing an important population decline due to various threats. For this reason, we started in 2017 an intensive monitoring of a population of this species in southeastern Spain. To determine their physiological status, we conducted health checks on wildcats during 2017-2023. We captured and anesthetized 10 males (six adults and four non-adults) and 14 females (eight adults and six non-adults) for the collection of biometric measurements and biological samples through a standardized handling protocol. All sampled wildcats were monitored after their release through radio-tracking and/or camera-trapping for at least three months. The collected samples were used to perform morphological, hematological, biochemical, and endocrine analyses. We found that all the physiological parameters fell within previously established ranges (when available) and may serve as a reference for future studies on the wildcat. The studied Iberian wildcats were larger than the wildcats from temperate Europe, which do not conform to Bergmann's rule. This could be the result of an adaptation of Iberian wildcats to capture larger prey (i.e., European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the Mediterranean region, and calls for a reassessment of the taxonomic status of the Iberian lineage of this felid. Finally, as revealed by the monitored individuals, the handling protocol proved to be optimal, resulting in a practical guidance for further field surveys.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142751771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of brain injury in cattle with Theileria annulata: Neuron-specific biomarkers, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis","authors":"M. Uztimür ,&nbsp;C.N. Ünal ,&nbsp;M.B. Dörtbudak ,&nbsp;R. Fırat ,&nbsp;A.İ. Ekinci","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate selected brain-specific biomarkers in cattle with tropical theileriosis caused by <em>Theileria annulata</em> (<em>T. annulata</em>) and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic significance. The study group consisted of 25 cattle naturally infected with <em>T. annulata</em>, while the control group consisted of 10 healthy cattle. Animals with <em>T. annulata</em> were classified according to hematocrit (HCT) value as severe anemia group 1 (<em>n</em>:12) with HCT ≤12 and moderate anemia group 2 (<em>n</em>:13) with HCT between 13 and 24. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of the brain tissue were performed in 10 nonsurvivor cattle. Serum calcium-binding protein B (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tau protein and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-1 (UCHL-1) concentrations in brain injury were measured using bovine-specific ELISA kits. S100B, GFAP, and Tau concentrations of cattle in the <em>T. annulata</em> group were found to be significantly higher than the control group (<em>P</em>&lt;0.001). Brain specific biomarkers showed significant correlations with erythrocyte count, HCT and bilirubin. The presence of brain damage was confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. The results of ROC analysis showed that S100B with AUC value of 0.88 and GFAP with an AUC value of 0.82 were significant prognostic indicators. Additionally, S100B, GFAP and Tau showed significant diagnostic performance with an AUC value of 0.88, 0.92 and 0.86, respectively. In conclusion, brain-specific biomarkers can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers in the assessment of brain damage in cattle naturally infected with T. annulata.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 106269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BRSV seroprevalence and associated risk factors on Dutch dairy farms","authors":"R. Jorritsma ,&nbsp;R. de Jong ,&nbsp;M. van den Hoven ,&nbsp;T. van Werven","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes infections of the respiratory tract of cattle and is endemic in the Netherlands. We aimed to update our knowledge on the seroprevalence of BRSV in youngstock on Dutch dairy farms by performing a cross sectional study during the winter of 2021–2022 and a telephone survey with the farmers to map the most important risk factors for the introduction, presence, and circulation of BRSV. Of 671 sampled calves among 135 herds, we found a seropositivity of 75 % at calf level and 77 % on herd level. Risk factors appeared similar to those identified by others including a higher ratio of youngstock versus adult cows and suboptimal colostrum administration. We concluded that the BRSV seroprevalence at animal and herd level is still substantially high, confirming the endemic circulation of this virus on the majority of the Dutch dairy farms. But given that there is also a smaller number of seronegative herds and the available knowledge about biological sound risk factors for BRSV circulation, it could be worth investigating the feasibility of decreasing the seroprevalence of BRSV at herd level in the Netherlands taking into account the lessons learned from the Norwegian control program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 106270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rabbit teeth serve as a calcium source for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"J. Mäkitaipale ,&nbsp;H. Opsomer ,&nbsp;J.-M. Hatt ,&nbsp;B. Riond ,&nbsp;M. Clauss ,&nbsp;A. Liesegang","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rabbits have hypselodont (ever-growing) teeth; dental growth constantly replaces dental tissue lost due to abrasion and attrition. It has been suggested that rabbits must have high mineral requirements, in particular for calcium, to fuel this constant tooth growth. However, this assumption ignores the fact that tooth wear represents finely ground tissue that is not lost to the body but swallowed during food processing. No studies exist regarding the possible recycling of dental enamel and dentin calcium. In this cross-over study, eight-months old intact female rabbits were fed with a complete pelleted diet containing either calcium carbonate/dicalcium phosphate (control) or ground rabbit teeth as calcium sources for 15 days each. After 11 days of adaptation, intake, urinary and faecal losses were quantified in a 4-day period in metabolism cages, and blood mineral levels were determined in a final blood sample. There were few relevant, significant differences between the treatments, with the exception of calcium digestibility (20 ±8 % on the control vs. 33 ±6 % on the tooth meal diet, <em>P</em> = 0.002) and total calcium retention (0.10 ±0.13 vs. 0.33 ±0.10 g/d, <em>P</em> = 0.004). The results suggest that rabbits are well able to recycle the minerals from dental tissue lost during dental wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 106268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of peri- and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis on surgical site infection in surgeries with elective antibiotic administration","authors":"Nico Paeckel ,&nbsp;Yury Zablotski,&nbsp;Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of peri- and postoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) on surgical site infection (SSI) in surgeries with elective antibiotic administration in a large university hospital with a high volume of people in the operating room. In this retrospective study, 1060 cats and dogs belonging to private owners were analysed for the occurrence of SSI over a period of almost 5 years, except during the COVID pandemic. Both the patient files were included, and the patient owners were contacted by questionnaire. The type of surgery, the use and type of AMP, as well as the occurrence, time, type and treatment of an SSI were documented. The overall SSI rate was 7.8 % (66/841). The use of an AMP did not lead to a significant reduction in risk in any of the surgeries analysed. Postoperative continuation of antibiotic prophylaxis showed no significant difference compared to perioperative prophylaxis alone. When interpreting the results, the retrospective nature of the study should be considered, as well as the fact that some of the results are based on a survey of patient owners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 106267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142644861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The problem that residual Mycobacterium bovis infection poses for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis","authors":"J. Wiseman ,&nbsp;J.P. Cassidy ,&nbsp;E. Gormley","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of <em>Mycobacterium bovis</em> infection in cattle can influence the proportion of infected animals that are diagnosed by ante-mortem tests in routine bovine tuberculosis (bTB) surveillance and monitoring programmes. Although the current diagnostic tests based on cell-mediated or serological responses are imperfect, they are effective in diagnosing the majority of infected animals. However, the lack of perfect sensitivity and specificity also leads to failure to diagnose all infected animals leading to persistence of infection in herds. The terms residual, subclinical, latent and anergy have been used interchangeably to denote the presence of continued undiagnosed <em>M. bovis</em> infection within cattle herds, which ultimately hinders the eradication of bTB and imposes substantial financial burdens on farming communities and national economies. Epidemiological data suggests the existence of <em>M. bovis</em>-infected, but often undetected, cattle within herds that contribute to eradication failure. This has similarities with human tuberculosis, caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>, where latent infection is defined as the persistence of viable but quiescent bacilli for extended periods in patients without clinical symptoms but with a detectable immune response to <em>M. tuberculosis</em> antigens. If a similar infection state exists in cattle infected with <em>M. bovis</em>, the persistence of such animals in disease-managed herds is unlikely to be common given that those found to have positive immune responses to <em>M. bovis</em> antigens are routinely culled to minimise future risk of transmission. Apart from contributing to the burden of herd infection, such residual infection without detection may also ‘seed’ recipient herds following animal movements, and potentially play an important role in the overall epidemiology of bTB as the prevalence of disease decreases and the attendant altered predictive value of the diagnostic tests result in a greater proportion of infected animals remaining undetected. This review examines how the different stages of <em>M. bovis</em> infection in cattle may contribute to the failure to diagnose infected animals using conventional testing methodologies and the attendant risk this poses in creating prolonged or recurrent herd breakdowns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 106266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for antimicrobial usage and diseases in Dutch veal calf farms: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Panagiotis Mallioris ,&nbsp;Effrosyni Kritsi ,&nbsp;Peter Theeuwes ,&nbsp;Jaap A. Wagenaar ,&nbsp;Arjan Stegeman ,&nbsp;Lapo Mughini-Gras","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antimicrobial use <strong>(AMU)</strong> is the main driver of antimicrobial resistance <strong>(AMR)</strong>. In the Netherlands, the veal calf sector was among the largest consumers of antimicrobials in Defined Daily Doses Animal <strong>(DDDA)</strong> for the year of 2022. As preventive use in Dutch livestock farms is forbidden since 2011, most AMU is due to the herd health status which is affected by the farm environment in which the conditions for diseases to spread are created. The aim of this study was to determine which disease etiologies for group treatments are associated with AMU in rosé starter veal calves, and which modifiable technical risk factors on farm are associated with those diseases and with total AMU. Cross-sectional data were collected from 36 Dutch rosé starter veal calf farms in the Netherlands in 2021 using a digital survey. Linear regression analysis showed that the main indications for AMU were respiratory infections, for which mainly tetracyclines and macrolides were used. Partial least squares regression analysis <strong>(PLS)</strong> revealed 13 on-farm practices associated with the number of group treatments for respiratory diseases and 19 with total AMU. Overlapping variables in both PLS models were related to regrouping of calves, micro-climate conditions, water access and weaning strategies. Overall, these features focused on improving animal welfare and nutrition during production and enhancing a farm’s internal and external biosecurity. This study identified opportunities for reducing AMU in rosé starter veal calf farms, which thereby could contribute to limiting AMR emergence and spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 106263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of a mouse polyclonal antibody against the truncated ORFV113 recombinant protein of Orf virus","authors":"Shaobo Liang,&nbsp;Qinqin Long,&nbsp;Feng Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orf is a contagious zoonotic disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV), posing a threat to both animal and human health. The ORFV113 gene, located in the terminal variable region of the ORFV genome, has been demonstrated as a significant virulence gene, but its function remains largely unknown. In the study, we first amplified the truncated version of the ORFV113 gene (ORFV113t) by removing its transmembrane domain at the 5′ end. We then constructed the pET-32a-ORFV113t recombinant plasmid and expressed the truncated ORFV113 recombinant protein in <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E.coli</em>). The purified ORFV113t fusion protein was used to immunize mice and generate a polyclonal antibody. This polyclonal antibody was subsequently used to detect the expression and subcellular localization of the ORFV113 protein. Additionally, virus neutralization test was utilized to determine the neutralizing titer of the polyclonal antibody. The results demonstrated that we successfully expressed the ORFV113t recombinant protein in a prokaryotic expression system and generated a mouse-derived polyclonal antibody targeting the ORFV113t recombinant protein with a titer of 1:204,800. This antibody exhibited specificity for detecting the ORFV113 protein expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The ORFV113 protein was found to be localized in the cytoplasm of infected Lamb testis (LT) cells. Notably, the polyclonal antibody demonstrated neutralizing activity against ORFV in vitro, with a neutralizing titer of 1:32. The prepared mouse anti-ORFV113t protein polyclonal antibody can be utilized for further study on potential functions of the ORFV113 protein in viral pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"308 ","pages":"Article 106265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}