Veterinary journal最新文献

{"title":"Observer reliability in counting erythrocyte ghost cells and impact of short-term storage of canine and feline blood samples.","authors":"Asger Lundorff Jensen, Kamilja Sayed Gammal Bruun, Stephanie Heimann, Rebecca Langhorn, Anne K H Krogh","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of erythrocyte ghost cells (EG) in blood smears indicates intravascular haemolysis or in-vitro haemolysis. However, observer reliability in detection of EG has not been documented. Immediate blood smear preparation is advised but may not always be practical. This study investigated the reliability of EG detection and the impact of delayed blood smear preparation. Forty blood smears from dogs and cats were evaluated twice by four observers. EG development was studied in 59 dogs and nine cats, with smears prepared at 0, 2, and 24h post-collection. Intra- and inter-observer reliability, as assessed using Krippendorff's Alpha, ranged from 0.567 and 0.949, and 0.522 and 0.848, respectively, indicating moderate to substantial agreement. No significant increase in EG occurrence was noted between 0 and 2h, but a significant increase was observed at 24h. The findings suggest that EG can be reliably detected and that blood smears for the evaluation of EG can be prepared up to 2h after blood collection without compromising detection of EG.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural profile and diversity of immunoglobulin genes in the Arctic Fox.","authors":"Xiaohua Yi, Xiangyu Liu, Xiuzhu Sun, Shuhui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunoglobulins are important components of humoral immunity and play a crucial role in protecting the body from external antigens. The Arctic fox is an important member of furbearer farming, but due to the lack of research on the immune system of the Arctic fox, animal welfare regarding Arctic fox farming has still not received enough attention. In this study, we used the Arctic fox as a research subject, described the gene locus structure of the Arctic fox immunoglobulin germline by genome comparison, and analysed the mechanism of expression diversity of the antibody pool of the Arctic fox by rapid amplification of cDNA 5' ends and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the Arctic fox IgH, Igκ and Igλ loci were located on chromosome 6, chromosome 5 and chromosome 14, respectively, and the numbers of variable (V) genes identified were 18, 11 and 10, and the numbers of joining (J) were 3, 4 and 13, and the six diversity genes in the heavy chain, respectively. Among them, the diversity (D) genes, J genes and constant region genes of the heavy chain were arranged in the middle of the two variable heavy gene clusters; Arctic foxes had a strong preference for the use of V genes, D genes and J genes, which resulted in a low level of V(D)J recombination diversity; linkage diversity analyses showed that random deletion of the V and J genes and insertion of the N and P nucleotides of the immunoglobulins of the Arctic foxes had a large impact on the linkage diversity of the IgH, whereas the light chain The linkage diversity was mainly contributed by the random deletion of V and J genes, and the insertion of N and P nucleotides had a smaller effect; somatic hypermutation (SHM) analysis showed that the mutation types of SHM of the heavy and light chains of the Arctic fox had a strong bias towards G>A and A>G, and the bias exhibited by the three chains was basically the same. By analysing the structure and expression diversity analysis of the Arctic fox gene loci, this study can provide a theoretical basis for antibody design and vaccine development in the Arctic fox, and provide new insights to further improve the animal welfare level of Arctic fox farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tremors in cats: 105 cases (2004-2023).","authors":"T Liatis, S F M Bhatti, S De Decker","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although tremors are common neurological presentations, there is little known about their clinical features and underlying etiologies in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features, and underlying diagnoses in cats with tremors. We hypothesized that the results of this study would provide clinically useful information for clinicians when evaluating cats with tremors. This is a retrospective, single-center, study of cats with tremors between 2004-2023. Inclusion criteria included complete medical records, presence or report of tremor or twitch, and a final or presumptive diagnosis. One hundred five cats met the inclusion criteria. The most common diagnoses associated with tremors were degenerative encephalopathy (19/105; 18.1%), feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) (17/105; 16.2%), congenital portosystemic shunt (17/105; 16.2%), intoxication (16/105 15.2%) and polyneuropathy (8/105; 7.6%). Most common degenerative encephalopathies were suspected cerebellar cortical degeneration (7/19; 50%) and lysosomal storage diseases (7/19; 50%) and manifested intention head tremors. Intention head tremors were also seen in cats with FIP and thiamine deficiency encephalopathy. Portosystemic shunt tremors were of variable features, focal or generalised, intentional, nonintentional or both. The most common intoxication was permethrin ingestion and was most commonly associated with generalized tremors as the main presenting complaint. The most common type of tremor in cats with a polyneuropathy was a generalised tremor or limb tremor. Different tremor phenotypes occur and are associated with specific underlying diagnoses in cats. This information can aid clinicians on the best way to approach cats with a variety of tremor phenotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of patient positioning on retrieval of cystoliths by percutaneous cystolithotomy in dogs.","authors":"R C Knight, L J Owen","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) is a minimally-invasive technique for removal of cystoliths. There is currently no information regarding optimum patient positioning during PCCL. The objective of this study was to assess whether patient positioning affected ease of cystolith retrieval via PCCL. PCCL was performed to retrieve artificial \"cystoliths\" in three canine cadavers weighing between 15-35kg, using a threaded cannula and a rigid 30^o 2.7mm cystoscope. \"Cystolith\" retrieval was performed by retrograde flushing and use of a flexible stone basket, with the dog in 10^o Trendelenburg, 10^o reverse Trendelenburg, or neutral position. The location of the \"cystoliths\", number retrieved during flushing, and total time for retrieval were recorded and compared between different positions. The mean total time for \"cystolith\" retrieval was 392 ±131s, with 162 ±20s for flushing and 221 ±123s for basket-retrieval. The mean number of \"cystoliths\" retrieved during flushing was 3 ±2. No significant differences were detected when comparing retrieval times between different positions. The predominant location of the \"cystoliths\" within the bladder varied depending on the position of the dog. In neutral, 93% were located adjacent to the ureteric openings, whereas in 10^o reverse Trendelenburg, 100% were located by the urethral orifice. In 10^o Trendelenburg, 60% \"cystoliths\" were located at the tip of the cannula. Cystolith retrieval during PCCL can be performed in either neutral, Trendelenburg or reverse Trendelenburg position. Changing the dog's position may be useful in cases where cystolith retrieval is challenging, to move the cystoliths and enable different techniques to be employed using the stone basket.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142855647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the hypothalamus-gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of periparturient fatty liver disease in dairy cows.","authors":"Haolong Wang, Qian Liu, Mahmoud M Abouelfetouh, Hao Li, Hongmei Zhu, Cong Zhu, Faisal Ayub Kiani, Yi Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the periparturient period, dairy cows experience negative energy balance due to reduced feed intake, leading to adipose tissue breakdown, liver damage, and fat accumulation. This study examined the gut-liver-brain axis to explore the link between fatty liver disease, changes in hypothalamic appetite-related neurons, and microbiome shifts in dairy cows. Thirty cows were monitored, with daily DMI recordings and blood sampling. Postpartum brain, liver, and ileal contents were collected from 10 selected cows, divided into two groups: H-DMI (slight DMI decrease) and L-DMI (severe DMI decrease). The L-DMI group of cows exhibited higher plasma NEFA, BHBA, ALT, and AST levels, along with severe hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation. Transcriptome sequencing of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) revealed decreased expression of Hypocretin Neuropeptide Precursor (HCRT), orexin-A (OX-A), Orexin Receptor Type 1 (OX1R), and Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) in the L-DMI group, while Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) expression increased. Metagenomic analysis of ileal contents showed reduced abundance of Ruminococcus spp. in the L-DMI group, which may be associated with fatty liver disease (FL). Integrated omics analysis showed that increased MC4R expression was correlated with the elevated abundance of bacteria such as Akkermansia glycaniphila, and reduced abundance of species such as Methanobrevubacter thaueri and Ruminococcus spp. Decreased HCRT expression was also linked to Akkermansia glycaniphila. In conclusion, these changes may affect DMI through the OX-A/POMC pathway, with neurological and gut microbiome alterations potentially leading to appetite suppression, negative energy balance, and the development of fatty liver disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital dermatitis in dairy cattle in Egypt: Herd-level risk factors and Treponema spp. prevalence across lesion M-scores.","authors":"S E Salem, A Monir, H M Abdallah, A F Mahmoud, H A Elsheikh, W Refaai, A B Ahmed, H E M Elsheikh, M El-Sheikh, A Mesalam","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital dermatitis (DD) is an infectious disease of the digital skin of dairy cows that is associated with compromised animal welfare and significant economic losses. The hind feet of 16,098 dairy cows from 55 herds were examined in the milking parlor, and DD lesions identified were classified using the M-score system and swabbed for PCR testing. Swabs were also collected from hind feet with normal digital skin for comparison. Data on farm construction and lameness prevention measures were collected through direct observation and in-person interviews with farm managers. Herd-level risk factors for DD were investigated using mixed-effects logistic regression models, with Farm ID included as a random-effects variable. The average within-herd and herd prevalence of DD were 6.4 % (95 % CI: 4.9-8.0 %) and 92.7 % (n = 51, 95 % CI: 85.9-99.6 %), respectively. Among the investigated DD lesions, DD-associated treponemes were identified at frequencies of 87 % for Treponema spp., 87.5 % for T. medium, 86.2 % for T. phagedenis-like, and 78.3 % for T. pedis. Additionally, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus were identified at frequencies of 37 % and 15.4 %, respectively. Samples from normal digital skin exhibited substantially lower frequencies for all bacterial species investigated. Risk factors significantly associated with DD in the final multivariable model included practice of preventive early lactation trimming (OR=0.45, 95 % CI: 0.26-0.78) and the presence of an abrasive bedding on farms (OR=1.6, 95 % CI: 1.01-2.6). This comprehensive molecular and epidemiological analysis enhances understanding of DD etiology in Egypt and contributes to the development of effective control programs to improve cow welfare and support the sustainability of milk production.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aberrant migration of Spirocerca Lupi to the spinal cord in dogs: Association of clinical signs, CSF analysis, preventive treatment, and outcome.","authors":"Yarden Lamy Casoy, Itay Srugo, Itai Barnoon, Uri Segal, Asher Zafrany, Gilad Segev, Anna Shipov","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spirocerca lupi is a nematode typically targeting the esophageal wall but may also migrate to the spinal cord. This study aimed to characterize the clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, prognostic factors, and outcomes of dogs with spinal S. lupi (SSL) aberrant migration, and to evaluate prophylactic treatment efficacy. Medical records from 2016 to 2022 were reviewed, including 284 study and 280 control dogs. Complete recovery occurred in 130/284 dogs (46 %) at 1 month, and in 214/284 dogs (75 %) at 3 months and was associated with the clinical grade at presentation (P < 0.001). Of the 162 non-ambulatory dogs, 59 % became ambulatory at 1 month, and 79 % at 3 months. Dogs with urinary incontinence were less likely to fully recover (P = 0.04). Protein CSF concentration was lower at presentation in dogs who completely recovered at 1 month and 3 months (344 mg/dL [15-1297] vs. 732 mg/dL [34-1291], P = 0.006, and 366 mg/dL [15-1297] vs. 769 mg/dL [83-1262], P = 0.025, respectively). A higher proportion of control dogs received prophylactic treatment compared to the SSL group (168/284 [59 %] vs. 216/280 [77 %], respectively, P < 0.001, OR 0.43, CI 0.30-0.62) however, prophylactic treatment did not significantly impact recovery rates. Our findings suggest that SSL is associated with a favorable prognosis; however, full recovery may take several months, and dogs presenting with urinary incontinence and higher neurological severity grades are less likely to recover. Finally, our findings suggest that prophylactic treatment against S. lupi may have a protective effect against SSL and is therefore recommended in endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Kidney Diseases of Cats and Dogs.","authors":"Jane Hc Huang, Bianca N Lourenço, Amanda E Coleman","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has a well-established key pathophysiologic role in kidney diseases, and pharmacotherapy targeting this system is a mainstay of treatment of affected human beings, cats, and dogs. Several studies have evaluated the circulating RAAS in animals with spontaneous or experimentally induced kidney diseases. Evidence supporting the activation of this system has been demonstrated in some - but not all - studies and individuals, and the interindividual variability in circulating RAAS markers is high. Advances over the last few decades have expanded our understanding of the system, which now includes the existence of a counterbalancing \"alternative\" RAAS and tissular renin-angiotensin systems (RASs), the latter regulated independently of the circulating endocrine RAAS. The local RAS in the kidney, termed the intrarenal RAS, is now recognized as an important regulator of kidney function and mediator of kidney disease. In general, information on the intrarenal RAS is lacking in cats and dogs with kidney diseases; however, existing limited data suggest its activation. Despite the inconsistent evidence for circulating RAAS activation in chronic kidney diseases, RAAS inhibitors have proven effective for the treatment of its common comorbidities, systemic arterial hypertension and renal proteinuria, in both cats and dogs. Further research of the circulating RAAS, the intrarenal RAS, and the interplay between these systems in the context of kidney diseases in companion animals might contribute to the development or refinement of future treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative proteomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid reveals putative protein biomarkers for canine non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis.","authors":"M Aradillas-Pérez, E M Espinosa-López, B Ortiz-Guisado, E M Martín-Suárez, G Gómez-Baena, A Galán-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate ante-mortem diagnosis of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis (NIME) in dogs is challenging due to the similarity of clinical presentations, imaging findings, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis results with other diseases. This study aimed to apply state-of-the-art quantitative proteomic technology to identify novel biomarkers for NIME. Serum and CSF samples from 11 dogs were included, with the control group consisting of patients presenting with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD, n = 6) and the study group consisting of dogs suffering from NIME (n = 5). Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics revealed a set of 36 proteins with significant differential abundance in CSF samples. Up-regulated proteins in NIME CSF included immunoglobulins, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 2, acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase, and chitinase 3-like protein 1, all associated with immune response and inflammation. Conversely, significantly down-regulated proteins included neural cell adhesion molecule, contactin-1, and procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer, which are involved in neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. No differences in serum profiles were observed among the groups. This study identified a panel of CSF protein biomarker candidates for NIME and provided new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease, suggesting that neuronal dysfunction and immune dysregulation may be involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tremor tales: A cohort study of general and neurological signs in pigs with atypical porcine pestivirus-induced congenital tremor.","authors":"F H Aae, M Stokstad, M Myrmel, R Sørby, A Bergfeldt, B Ranheim","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital tremor (CT) caused by atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a widespread disease in the swine industry. It is characterized by tremors in newborn piglets, but tremor description and association to other clinical signs are not well documented. This study's objectives were to characterize general and neurological clinical signs of APPV-induced CT and describe the progression and associations between the different signs. A cohort study was conducted including 37 pigs from litters with APPV-confirmed CT and 27 control pigs from healthy litters. All pigs were examined five times from birth to slaughter, including general and neurological parameters, and detailed tremor characterization. All levels of tremor, from grave severity to no tremor, were seen within litters. Tremor persisted throughout the suckling period for all, to weaner age for 60 % and to slaughter age for 40 %, unrelated to the initial degree of tremor (P = 0.9). Tremors were consistent with intention tremor and typically went from affecting the whole body to smaller regions as the pig aged, while frequency increased, and amplitude decreased. Tremor was associated with hypermetria (P = 0.0018) and a broad stance (P = 0.0198) during the suckling period. No other neurological signs, or splay leg, were observed. Severe tremor inhibited voluntary movement and was associated with reduced general condition (P = 0.0017), lower body condition score (P = 0.0044), more carpal lesions (P = 0.0163) and arthritis (P = 0.0198). Intention tremor and hypermetria corresponds to cerebellar diseases, although other typical signs of this were absent. Both the tremor observed, and the associated clinical manifestations appear to have severe animal welfare implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":" ","pages":"106288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}