Evaluating the effectiveness of 3D-printed bone models as educational tools in veterinary anatomy: Insights from students and teachers

The study on veterinary anatomy education compared the effectiveness of 3D-printed models and traditional biological samples in student learning. A mixed-method approach involving 132 first-year veterinary students utilized pre-test/post-test assessments, surveys, and focus group discussions. Organic bone samples were scanned and 3D-printed for use in the study. Findings indicated that both 3D-printed models and biological samples significantly improved students' post-test scores. However, students trained with organic bones performed significantly better on the post-test than those using 3D-printed models, albeit with a small effect size (Cohen's d = 0.35). Survey responses highlighted the advantages of 3D-printed models, such as hygiene, accessibility, and precise anatomical replication. Students preferred a combination of 3D-printed and organic models, appreciating the former’s durability and consistency alongside the latter’s authenticity. While biological bones remain slightly superior for osteology education due to their realism, integrating 3D-printed models enhances accessibility and supports a more comprehensive learning experience. This hybrid approach addresses evolving educational needs, offering a balanced strategy for veterinary anatomy instruction.