Veterinary Medicine International最新文献

{"title":"CT Anatomy of the Skull in Lamb and Adult Romane Sheep.","authors":"Omid Zehtabvar, Majid Masoudifard, Javad Abbasi, Javid Sepahtash, Fateme Pariz, Seyyed Hossein Modarres Tonekabony","doi":"10.1155/vmi/5517229","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/5517229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the cranial computed tomography (CT) anatomy of Romane sheep, a composite breed derived from Romanov and Berrichon du Cher sheep, known for its adaptability to temperate climates and desirable genetic traits such as high fertility and robustness. The heads of three lambs and five adult sheep, sourced from a Tehran farm, were examined using a Siemens Somatom Spirit 2 CT scanner. Transverse, sagittal, and dorsal CT images were analyzed using RadiAnt and Marcopacs software, while morphometric and volumetric parameters, including skull dimensions, mandibular and hyoid bone measurements, teeth lengths, and sinus volumes, were evaluated. Lambs exhibited compact cranial structures, with an average skull length of 13.80 cm, head volume of 340.93 cm³, and smaller sinus volumes. Conversely, adult Romane sheep displayed significant growth, with skull length doubling to 23.16 cm, head volume increasing to 615 cm³, and expanded sinus volumes. These findings demonstrate substantial cranial development as lambs mature. The study emphasizes the importance of defining normal cranial anatomy for Romane sheep. Detailed anatomical data are crucial for diagnosing abnormalities, surgical planning, and identifying breed-specific variations. This research provides a reference for comparative studies. Overall, the results highlight the vital role of advanced anatomical studies in advancing veterinary medicine, genetic research, and livestock management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5517229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13463734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148725105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Welfare Assessment in Cattle Breeding in the Natural Savannah of the Colombian Orinoquia.","authors":"Marlyn H Romero, Sergio A Gallego-Polania, Jorge A Sanchez, Juan Fernando Naranjo-Ramírez","doi":"10.1155/vmi/3163578","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/3163578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal welfare in breeding cattle farms in the natural savannas of the Colombian Orinoquia has been qualitatively described as high, but standardized quantitative assessments were lacking. This study aimed to evaluate cattle welfare in a natural savanna breeding system using a comprehensive protocol based on the Welfare Quality® framework adapted for extensive systems, encompassing four welfare principles (good feeding, appropriate housing, good health, and appropriate behavior) and 12 criteria with 60 indicators. Data were collected during the dry season (January-March 2023) on 65 farms with commercial Brahman herds in La Primavera municipality, Vichada department, assessing 386 adult animals. The mean overall welfare index score was 63.1% ± 12.4 SD (range: 38.5%-87.2%), with 53.8% of farms classified as \"high\" and 15.4% as \"excellent.\" Scores by principle were good feeding 89.5%, appropriate housing 95.1%, good health 74.0%, and appropriate behavior 56.5%. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) indicated that access to veterinary support was the factor most significantly associated with higher good-health scores (<i>β</i> = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.8-6.6; <i>p</i> = 0.001). Improvement opportunities were identified primarily in painful procedures (disbudding and castration) performed without analgesia (87.7% of farms) and in basic health record-keeping. The high frequency of exploratory and social behaviors, together with low fear-response rates, suggests predominantly positive human-animal relationships. This study provides the first quantitative baseline for cattle welfare on breeding farms in natural savannas of Colombia, within the One Welfare framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"3163578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13463238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148725700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of a Biological Membrane in Healing Full-Thickness Cutaneous Wounds in Rats.","authors":"Ali Ghazi Atiyah, Thamer Jaddoa Shihab, Ismael I Hasan","doi":"10.1155/vmi/2966627","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/2966627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Full-thickness wounds pose significant healing challenges due to their reduced regenerative capacity and prolonged inflammation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the healing potential of decellularized amniotic membrane (AM) as a biological dressing for the treatment of full-thickness cutaneous wounds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 18 healthy rats were evenly distributed between the control and treatment groups. A 3 × 3 cm full-thickness wound was made on the dorsal side of the back. The treated group received decellularized ovine amniotic membrane (OAM). This membrane was then applied to the affected area. The control group, however, did not get any treatment at all. The animals were euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 days after the operation so the histological analysis could be conducted.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the decellularized AM had a uniformly smooth surface, whereas the undecellularized AM appeared to contain organic and cellular material, resulting in a rougher surface. Histological and macroscopic examinations revealed that the treated group healed wounds more quickly than the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The biological membrane can induce tissue re-epithelialization, stimulate collagen synthesis, reduce inflammatory reactions, and prevent immunological rejection, making it an attractive, biocompatible scaffold and a promising option in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2966627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13455527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148707765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Effects of Intravaginal Progesterone Sponge Durations (Short vs. Long Duration) With or Without Probiotics on Vaginal Microbiota Balance and Reproductive Performance in Black Iraqi Goats.","authors":"Mohammedali J Ghafil, Mustafa A K Al-Taie, Ansam K Mohammed","doi":"10.1155/vmi/2031122","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/2031122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravaginal progesterone sponges have been widely utilized to synchronize estrus in goats; however, extended use may be accompanied by vaginal microbial imbalance, vaginal discharge abnormalities, and diminished reproductive performance. Intravaginal probiotics have been suggested as an alternative to antibiotics for addressing vaginal dysbiosis, but their effects across varying synchronization durations have not been thoroughly studied in goats. The current study was conducted to assess the effect of intravaginal probiotic use in association with various progesterone sponge durations on vaginal microbiota and reproductive efficiency in Black Iraqi goats. Forty-four adult goats (2-5 years) were randomly assigned to four groups (<i>n</i> = 11) for 7 and 14 days of treatment with a progesterone sponge alone or in combination with probiotics. Two strains of <i>Lactobacillus</i> (<i>L. plantarum</i> and <i>L. acidophilus</i>) were used in a lyophilized product (2 × 10⁹ CFU/sponge). The following were assessed: cultivable vaginal bacteria (total bacteria, <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>, <i>Lactobacillus</i>), score of vaginal discharge, onset of estrus and duration of estrus, and early pregnancy rate. Larger <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> and total bacterial counts, and lower <i>Lactobacillus</i> counts, were observed with prolonged retention (14 days) compared to the short-duration protocol (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Probiotic treatment showed significantly higher <i>Lactobacillus</i> counts (2.75 ± 0.69 vs. 0.44 ± 0.25 log CFU/mL) (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and significantly lower <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> and total counts, especially in the long protocol (<i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> 4.37 ± 0.36 vs. 5.20 ± 0.44; total 5.26 ± 0.43 vs. 6.14 ± 0.44 log CFU/mL), with a significantly earlier onset of estrus (29.82 ± 0.66 vs. 33.00 ± 1.18 h), longer duration of estrus (29.91 ± 0.79 vs. 24.73 ± 0.84 h), and milder discharge (Fisher's exact test, <i>p</i> = 0.01-0.03) than controls. The early pregnancy rate was numerically higher in the probiotic-treated groups but not statistically significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Overall, the duration of sponge use was associated with vaginal health and reproductive responses, with short-sponge duration protocols with high-dose <i>Lactobacillus</i> associated with decreased dysbiosis and enhanced vaginal health, suggesting a non-antibiotic strategy that warrants testing in larger studies for its potential role in conception.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2031122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13458274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148713809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vector-Borne Hemopathogens in Goats: Molecular Identification and Genetic Diversity in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.","authors":"Shadan Hassan Abdullah","doi":"10.1155/vmi/3750343","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/3750343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tick-borne diseases impose significant constraints on livestock, caused by various pathogens that affect health and reduce reproductive performance. The study aimed to determine the occurrence rates of hemopathogens, coinfection, and genetic diversity in native goats from four regions in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. Blood samples were randomly collected from 250 apparently clinically healthy goats. Conventional PCR was conducted targeting the 18S rRNA and MSP-4 genes to detect <i>Theileria</i> spp. and <i>Anaplasma ovis</i>, respectively, and to analyze genetic diversity. The overall infection rate of hemopathogens in goats was 67.6%, with a higher rate of <i>Theileria</i> spp. (49.2%) compared to <i>A. ovis</i> (38.8%). Coexistence of both pathogens was also observed in 20.4% of the examined goats. The presence of <i>T. ovis</i> was verified by BLAST analysis of 18S rRNA sequence isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that recent isolates PV575344.1 and PV575345.1 were grouped along with <i>T. ovis</i> isolates from Iraq, Iran, Türkiye, and India. Sequence analysis of the <i>Anaplasma ovis</i> msp4 gene revealed that the study isolates PV222122.1 and PV222123.1 were highly similar to previous isolates in GenBank and clustered with them in the constructed phylogenetic tree. The current findings revealed the presence of vector-borne hemopathogens and the cocirculation of <i>T. ovis</i> and <i>A. ovis</i> with a higher infection rate in asymptomatic goats, indicating their endemicity. Attention to animal health is essential to reduce financial losses, and further study on tick vector inspection and the zoonotic potential of <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"3750343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13451616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148697963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Broiler Production With Humic Acid and Probiotics: Effects on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Immune Response, Gut Microbiota, and Economic Feasibility.","authors":"Md Khalaquzzman, Md Mufazzal Hossain, Md Imran Hossain","doi":"10.1155/vmi/5944905","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/5944905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Humic acid and probiotics are increasingly used as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. Humic substances have been reported to support nutrient absorption and gut health, while probiotics enhance microbial balance and immune function.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of humic acid and probiotics on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune parameters, caecal bacterial populations (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> spp., and <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp.), and the financial feasibility of broiler production.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 195 one-day-old Lohmann Meat (Indian River) broiler chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design with five dietary treatments and 3 replicates of 13 birds each. Dietary treatments were as follows: a basal diet (control), a basal diet with 0.05% humic acid, a basal diet with 0.10% humic acid, a basal diet with 0.02% probiotics, and a basal diet containing both 0.05% humic acid and 0.02% probiotics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dietary inclusion of humic acid or probiotics did not significantly affect (<i>p</i> > 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio at 28 days (market age), but significant improvements were observed at 7, 14, and 21 days. However, the combined supplementation of 0.05% humic acid and 0.02% probiotics significantly improved several carcass traits (thigh, drumstick, back, wing, and liver weights), reduced caecal pathogenic bacteria (<i>E. coli</i> and <i>Salmonella spp</i>.), increased beneficial <i>Lactobacillus spp</i>., and enhanced immune parameters (higher lymphocyte percentage and lower white blood cell counts) compared to the control (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Hematological values remained within normal physiological ranges across all treatments. Economic analysis revealed that the combined supplementation group recorded the highest net present value (176.44 USD), internal rate of return (43.51%), and benefit-cost ratio (1.22), and the shortest payback period (1.93 years).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, this study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with humic acid and probiotics, particularly in combination, improved carcass traits, reduced pathogenic bacterial loads, enhanced selected immune parameters, and increased economic returns without affecting growth performance at 28 days.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5944905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Welfare-Friendly Noninvasive Oral Fluid in Swine Diagnostics: Current Applications in Disease Monitoring, Key Challenges and Future Directions.","authors":"Chandra Shaker Chouhan, Flaminia Coiacetto, Sam Abraham, Jasim Muhammad Uddin","doi":"10.1155/vmi/5524629","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/5524629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integration of oral fluid (OF) sampling into veterinary diagnostics represents a significant shift in animal herd health monitoring, offering a noninvasive alternative to traditional blood-based methods. OF, predominantly composed of saliva, mucosal transudate and plasma-derived components, contains immunoglobulins, acute-phase proteins and nucleic acids that mirror both local and systemic physiological processes. These components enable a thorough evaluation of immune responses and inflammatory status, as well as the detection of economically significant infectious pathogens in swine. OF can be collected noninvasively using cotton ropes or swabs, which is feasible for individual or pen-level herd health sampling with minimal animal handling and fosters an animal-friendly approach. Several studies have demonstrated pathogen antigen detection, particularly PCR-based detection of shedding pathogens, as well as antibody and biomarker measurements in OF; however, concentrations are often lower than those observed in other biological fluids, especially in serum. In addition, diagnostic interpretation is further constrained by poor pig participation, rope chewing due to dominance, low prevalence within pens, contamination with feed or environmental material, instability of analytes during transport and storage, and the scarcity of validated assays specific to OF. This review summarises OF production, composition and diagnostic analyte entry pathways from blood to OF and current applications for detecting pathogens and biomarkers in pigs and critically examines methodological factors that influence diagnostic performance, including sample collection procedures, handling and assay optimisation, such as dilution and threshold selection. Finally, it outlines priorities for future development, including standardised OF collection and handling protocols, OF-validated pathogen and biomarker assays, matrix-specific thresholds, regulatory validation and proteomic biomarker discovery to enable earlier detection and support continuous herd health monitoring in global swine production.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5524629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13442927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Molecular Landscape of Follicular Fluid: A Comparative Proteomic Study Between Bali and Brahman Cattle.","authors":"Sri Gustina, Hasbi Hasbi, Ismah Ulfiyah Azis, Tulus Maulana, Siti Nuraisya Hamsir","doi":"10.1155/vmi/5512313","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/5512313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Protein biomarkers are increasingly recognized as indicators of metabolic status, immune response, and reproductive performance in cattle. However, comparative data among different breeds commonly raised in Indonesia remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to compare the specific proteins in follicular fluid (FF) of Bali and Brahman cows.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Samples from FF (<i>n</i> = 20 pairs of ovarium) were analyzed for identification of specific proteins using LC-HRMS analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Proteomic analysis revealed distinct breed-specific FF profiles, with 16 proteins uniquely identified in Bali cattle and 23 proteins in Brahman. Bali FF was enriched with proteins associated with protease inhibition, coagulation regulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cytoskeletal dynamics, including CORO1C, ZER1, YARS1, and L3MBTL3. In contrast, Brahman FF showed enrichment of proteins involved in lipid oxidation, one-carbon metabolism, and peroxisomal activity, notably ACOX2, BHMT, and KIAA0586.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Here, we present the proteomic characterization of FF from Bali and Brahman cattle, where several bioactive proteins are candidate proteins potentially associated with reproductive processes. These findings highlight the potential of protein biomarkers in guiding cattle breeding and management strategies in tropical regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5512313"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13435373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in the Southeastern Region of Bangladesh.","authors":"F M Yasir Hasib, Md Sirazul Islam, Chandan Nath, Md Moktadir Billah Reza, Md Masuduzzaman, Sharmin Chowdhury","doi":"10.1155/vmi/6843824","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/6843824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brucellosis is one of the major bacterial zoonoses worldwide. Bangladesh is an endemically affected country with this neglected disease. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis among cattle, goats, and sheep in the southeastern part of Bangladesh, covering Chattogram and Khagrachhari districts. A total of 1000 animals (cattle = 420, goat = 300, sheep = 280) were studied from July 2019 to June 2020 from a selected combination of 105 herds and households. First, all the samples were tested with the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). Later, RBPT-positive samples and an equal number of randomly selected RBPT-negative animals were tested using indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (I-ELISA). Overall true prevalence (TP) of brucellosis was 5.29% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-9.77)], 12.86% (95%CI: 6.7021.29), and 13.40% (95%CI: 6.26-20.53), respectively, for the cattle, goat, and sheep of Chattogram, whereas the TP were 16.49% (95%CI: 8.57-24.40), 24.61% (95%CI: 14.92-34.29), and 16.30% (95%CI: 8.42-24.17), respectively, for the cattle, goat, and sheep of Khagrachhari. Notably, this study found that 67.24% (95%CI: 54.42-77.92) and 86.60% (95%CI: 68.56-104.63) of herds and households, respectively, in the Chattogram and Khagrachhari districts were positive for brucellosis for at least a single positive case. Agreement between the diagnostic tests RBPT and I-ELISA was 86.90% (kappa agreement = 0.737) in this study. A multilevel multivariable logistic regression model depicts that prevalence was significantly higher in the Khagrachhari region for both cattle [odds ratio (OR) = 2.63 (95%CI: 1.28-5.42)] and goats (OR = 2.08; 95%CI: 1.15-3.75), whereas prevalence was significantly lower in aged individuals (OR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.27-1.08). This study summarizes that this zoonotic disease in the study areas persisted at a considerably high level that might pose a substantial threat to public health. The findings will be a great help for the corresponding authority to take necessary intervention steps in controlling this zoonotic disease effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6843824"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13437944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Learning Strategies in Veterinary Medicine: A Literature Review.","authors":"Bridget C Garner, Paola Cazzini, Ricardo Marcos","doi":"10.1155/vmi/7397383","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/7397383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many different active learning strategies that help students engage and interact with their own learning exist, and these range from simple, low-technology, individual-focused solutions to more complex, time-intensive group activities that require extensive preparation and access to technology. While active learning is becoming increasingly emphasized in the veterinary curriculum, a robust and recent review describing the techniques used in the veterinary field is not readily available. PubMed and ERIC databases were searched using the terms \"active learning/teaching\" and \"student centered/focused.\" Ultimately, 147 references underwent full-text reviews, with active learning techniques categorized into three primary domains: collaborative activities, individual tasks, and educational gaming and simulation. Features of techniques within each category are summarized, as are some of the advantages versus limitations, previously published student and instructor experiences, examples, and outcomes. While there are numerous published studies from the health professions, those focused on veterinary medicine are few and often limited to qualitative or descriptive data with survey-based outcomes. While no method is a panacea for successful learning, our purpose was to highlight the existing best practices, delineating the status of active learning in veterinary medicine. More quantitative evidence on its effectiveness and impact in veterinary medicine can be gathered in the future to further guide teachers and educators.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"7397383"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13438178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}