Veterinary Medicine International最新文献

{"title":"Association Between the nt230(del4) Mutation and c.-6-180T>G Polymorphism in the Canine ABCB1 Gene.","authors":"Orsolya Palócz, Réka Wágner, György Csikó","doi":"10.1155/vmi/1075604","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/1075604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 4-base pair deletion in the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene, resulting in a frameshift and truncated, nonfunctional P-glycoprotein, is frequently observed in certain dog breeds and is known to cause drug sensitivity. Another variant, a single nucleotide substitution (c.-6-180T > G) located near the gene's promoter region, has also been identified; however, its clinical significance remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the genotype distribution of the nt230(del4) deletion and the c.-6-180T > G substitution across various dog breeds and to evaluate whether an association exists between these variants. A total of 263 client-owned dogs from 17 breeds were genotyped for both mutations. Genomic DNA was extracted using a spin column-based method. The deletion was detected using a modified allele-specific real-time PCR assay, and the SNP was assessed via PCR followed by RFLP analysis. The nt230(del4) mutation was identified exclusively in collie-lineage breeds, including collie, Shetland sheepdog, Australian shepherd, bobtail, and white Swiss shepherd. The c.-6-180T > G SNP was widespread across all breeds, with a G allele frequency of 35%. Genotype distribution included 111 T/T homozygotes, 119 T/G heterozygotes, and 33 G/G homozygotes. Notably, all individuals carrying the deletion also possessed at least one G allele, suggesting a co-occurrence between the two variants. The observed association between the nt230(del4) deletion and the c.-6-180T > G SNP in this cohort may reflect shared ancestry and/or local linkage disequilibrium. Further research is warranted to explore the functional consequences of this SNP and its potential role in canine drug response.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"1075604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13355399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148424672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the 2014-2016 El Niño on Geohelminth Control in Stray Dogs and Cats Without Anthelmintic Treatment.","authors":"Prasit Na-Ek, Attarat Pattanawongsa, Patthanasak Khammaneechan, Blego Sedionoto, Witthaya Anamnart","doi":"10.1155/vmi/9294504","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/9294504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) in stray dogs and cats, including hookworm infection, strongyloidiasis, and toxocariasis, are prevalent globally. The lack of STH control in these stray animals leads to an increased prevalence of STHs in southern Thailand. Suddenly, the El Niño 2014-2016 induced a 14-month-long drought. We thus aimed to compare the prevalence of STHs in stray cats in artificial wet sandy soil (unaffected area) and dry sandy soil (affected area) before and after drought. Furthermore, we also observed the prevalence of STHs in stray dogs in another study area before and after drought.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comparative study was conducted on 77 stray cats, 17 in the unaffected area and 60 in the affected area. Stools were collected before (2014) and after the drought (2016 and 2020). In study area 2, the respective 122 and 131 stools were collected from stray dogs before (2014) and after the drought (2020). STHs were detected using a modified formalin-ether concentration technique, agar plate culture, and 1:20 water-diluted stool suspension. Rainfall and rainy-day data, serving as drought indicators, were retrieved from the two nearest local meteorological stations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In stray cats, the prevalence of STHs in the unaffected area remained unchanged pre- and postdrought. In the affected area, the prevalence of hookworm infection, but not strongyloidiasis and toxocariasis, decreased after drought. However, over time, the unchanged prevalence of strongyloidiasis in 2016 decreased in 2020 compared to that in 2014. Furthermore, the prevalence of hookworm infection in stray dogs in study area 2 decreased after the drought, while eliminating strongyloidiasis and toxocariasis. Notably, the prevalence of <i>Spirometra</i> spp. infection in stray dogs and in cats in the unaffected area remained unchanged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>El Niño 2014-2016-induced drought, one of the climatic factors, demonstrates the significant impact of climatic factors on STH transmission in stray animal populations where anthelmintic treatment is not applied, highlighting the need to integrate climate forecasting into future control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"9294504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13355495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148424619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and Morphometric Characterization of <i>Cysticercus tenuicollis</i> in Sheep From Minas Gerais, Brazil.","authors":"Cintia Aparecida de Jesus Pereira, Valdir de Miranda Brito, Ana Luisa Gomes, Raphael Meira Becattini, Gabriel Luiz Vieira Mendes, Samuel Tadeu Rocha, Weder Gomes Oliveira, Guilherme Henrique Rosemberg Silva, Sabrina Aparecida Batista Maia de Oliveira, Walter Dos Santos Lima","doi":"10.1155/vmi/8489002","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/8489002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In livestock production, the health of slaughtered animals is crucial to ensuring food safety. In this context, animal cysticercosis poses serious problems within production systems. Cysticercosis caused by <i>Cysticercus tenuicollis</i> (larval stage of <i>Taenia hydatigena</i>) is common in pasture-raised ruminants. Although this helminthiasis is of low pathogenicity for production animals, it is difficult to diagnose during inspection procedures. Animals become infected by ingesting eggs present in water and/or feed contaminated with feces from domestic or wild canids. In this study, viscera from Dorper/Santa Inês crossbred sheep raised under a semiextensive system were evaluated in situ during four slaughter events in a slaughterhouse in the metropolitan region of Minas Gerais. Among 700 sheep slaughtered, 113 cysticerci were recovered and stored at 4°C for 3 h. They were then subjected to evagination using 1% hydrochloric acid/pepsin at 37°C for 10 min. Stereomicroscopy revealed cysticerci measuring 0.6 cm in length and 0.2 cm in width when invaginated and ranging from 2 to 7 cm in length and 1.5 to 8 cm in width when viable and evaginated forms. A total of 25.7% of parasites were found in the liver and 74.3% in the omentum, mesentery, and associated tissues. Microscopy also allowed the observation of rostellar hook morphology regarding number, width, and total length of large and small hooks. This study reports the first occurrence of ovine cysticercosis by <i>C. tenuicollis</i> in Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8489002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148405899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impacts of Local Anesthetics and Surgical Trauma on Immunity.","authors":"Maranata Milkias Kasto","doi":"10.1155/vmi/3876353","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/3876353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Local anesthetics exert anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms that extend beyond mere sodium channel blockade. Surgical trauma is a potent iatrogenic trigger of systemic immune dysregulation. The stress response to surgery activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Local anesthetics modulate nearly every facet of the innate immune response and modulate adaptive immunity. Local anesthetics, via their inhibition of cytokine production and leukocyte activation, may consequently mitigate DAMP release by attenuating the amplification of tissue damage within the inflammatory cascade. Preexisting patient comorbidities significantly modulate the immune response to anesthesia and surgical intervention. Bupivacaine and ropivacaine exhibit differential effects on neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. The immunomodulatory effects of local anesthetics exhibit heterogeneity dependent on the route of administration, dosing regimens, and frequency of application. Hypoxia serves as a critical modulator of anesthetic-immune interactions. Surgical trauma frequently establishes a localized hypoxic microenvironment at the wound site. The interaction between anesthetic agents and anticancer therapies represents a burgeoning field of significant clinical relevance. Many chemotherapeutic agents exert their antitumor effects via immune-mediated mechanisms, thereby suggesting that anesthetic-induced immunosuppression could theoretically attenuate their efficacy. Surgical trauma and local anesthetics exert distinct yet interconnected influences on the immune system. Despite this observed potential, current evidence remains insufficient to warrant modifications in clinical practice. Addressing this knowledge gap necessitates large-scale randomized controlled trials, comprehensive molecular-level mechanistic investigations, and the development of validated immune biomarkers to inform perioperative anesthetic selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"3876353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13333658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Veterinary Education: Integrating Wildlife Medicine Into Undergraduate Training in Kenya.","authors":"Grace Watene, Dale Smith, Tequiero Abuom, Ambrose Kipyegon, Isaac Lekolool, Ruth Omani, Magda Scarlett","doi":"10.1155/vmi/4418942","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/4418942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Veterinary education has traditionally focused on domestic animals, yet the expanding role of veterinarians in wildlife health necessitates the integration of wildlife medicine into undergraduate training. In Kenya, despite the ecological and economic importance of wildlife, veterinary curricula provide limited structured exposure to wildlife medicine. This study aimed to (i) identify gaps in undergraduate veterinary training related to wildlife health and (ii) use these findings to inform the design of a stakeholder-driven pilot training model. A mixed-methods approach was applied using two structured surveys administered to veterinary students and graduates (<i>n</i> = 83) and employers (<i>n</i> = 33). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative responses were examined through a thematic analysis. The findings were further refined through a stakeholder validation workshop involving academia, wildlife practitioners, and conservation stakeholders. While 71% of respondents expressed interest in wildlife health, only 22% felt adequately prepared for practice. Key gaps included insufficient curriculum content, limited time allocation, and lack of practical exposure. Employers reported variability in graduate competence, reinforcing the need for improved training. These findings informed the development of a 10-module pilot training program combining theoretical instruction with field-based experiential learning. The study highlights the feasibility of a research-informed, stakeholder-driven approach to curriculum development in wildlife medicine. However, the effectiveness of the intervention was not evaluated, and further longitudinal research is required to assess its impact on competencies, career outcomes, and workforce preparedness in wildlife health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"4418942"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13332314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Review of Blood Collection Techniques in Swine: Practical Guidelines for Veterinary Practice.","authors":"Giusy Romano, Carla Bresciani, Martina Rega, Federico Righi, Giulia Catellani, Martina Gavezzoli, Claudio Mazzoni","doi":"10.1155/vmi/5499360","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/5499360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Swine veterinary practice involves a range of invasive procedures, including venipuncture and catheterization, for diagnostic, therapeutic, and epidemiological purposes. With the global expansion of pig production and the growing need for effective health monitoring, particularly in the context of infectious disease control programs, such as Aujeszky's disease and swine vesicular disease, the implementation of efficient and welfare-conscious blood collection methods has become a priority. The selection of an appropriate venous access route is particularly critical due to the wide variation in pig size, age, and behavior, as well as the general resistance of adult pigs to human handling, which directly affects operator safety, procedural success, and animal welfare. Commonly employed sites include the jugular and ear veins, while alternative routes-such as the cranial vena cava, orbital venous sinus, tail vessels, cephalic and femoral veins, percutaneous cardiac puncture, subcutaneous abdominal vein, and the mammary vein in lactating sows-may be chosen according to the animal's physiological status and the specific purpose of sampling. Each technique presents distinct advantages and limitations in terms of vein visibility, obtainable blood volume, repeatability, restraint requirements, and potential welfare implications. Forced restraint, required for most methods, can induce substantial stress, alter biological parameters such as serum cortisol, and compromise both sample reliability and animal well-being. While long-term catheterization provides repeated access with minimal handling, its use is typically confined to research settings due to the need for anesthesia, surgical expertise, and individual housing. This review presents a comprehensive anatomical and procedural overview of major blood collection techniques in pigs, critically evaluating their feasibility, invasiveness, and welfare impact. By offering a comparative analysis of each method's suitability across clinical and field scenarios, this work aims to guide swine practitioners in selecting the most appropriate venipuncture or catheterization approach, balancing diagnostic accuracy with ethical responsibility toward animal welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5499360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological and Biochemical Assessment of Camel Milk in Protective and Therapeutic Aspirin-Induced Gastric and Liver Damage in Rabbits.","authors":"Hayder Dawood Saleem, Zeid Muhsen Alsadoon, Ali Hussein Fadhil, Anfal Jabbar Taher","doi":"10.1155/vmi/2850214","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/2850214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of camel milk against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. The role of camel milk therapy in improving health status in rabbits was investigated through diagnostic and histological examinations of gastric tissues. All rabbits, 32 New Zealand white rabbits weighing between 1200 and 1800 g and aged between 3 and 5 months, were housed in standard laboratory environments (60% humidity, 20°C-25°C, and typical field rearing), and the animals were randomly divided into four groups, each containing eight rabbits. The control Group S represented the control group, while Group S1 received camel milk (15 mL/day) orally once daily. The Group S2 received a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight (BW) of the drug aspirin once daily oral dose. Whereas the Group S3 received a 15 mL/day dose of camel milk, Group S3 received camel milk 15 mL/day together with aspirin 150 mg/kg BW/day. The drug aspirin was administered once daily. The experiment lasted for a period of 70 days in a controlled environmental laboratory after performing a histopathological examination of the stomach tissues, as well as a biochemical analysis of liver function markers. The incidence and severity of gastric ulcers were significantly reduced in the camel milk-treated group compared to the aspirin group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, the significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in liver function were observed in variation in ALT, DB, TP, albumin, and ALP in Group S1 in comparison to Group S. The results show a nonsignificant decrease in AST and TB levels in both Groups S1 and S3, compared to Group S. The histological results also showed a decrease in inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage in the rabbit Group S3 compared to the Group S2 that consumed aspirin only. In conclusion, the results showed that one of the properties of camel milk, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, is highly effective in preventing and treating aspirin-induced gastric and liver damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2850214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13326578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-Borne Diseases in Bangladesh: First Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Farmers.","authors":"Md Jisan Ahmed, Prajwal Bhandari, Md Ismile Hossain Bhuiyan, Ritu Chalise, Soumik Sarker, Md Sazzad Bin Yousuf, Md Easin, Md Rayhan Ullah Rahi, Hridoy Chakrabarty, Ajoy Paul, Prottoy Basak, Rahat Nahiyan Ramim, Delower Hossain","doi":"10.1155/vmi/3617712","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/3617712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Food-borne diseases are significant threats to global public health, particularly in developing countries such as Bangladesh, where zoonotic food-borne pathogens cause substantial illnesses, death, and economic losses.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of livestock farmers in Bangladesh toward food-borne zoonotic diseases and identify key factors influencing their awareness and behavior.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to September 2025 among 523 farmers from eight divisions of Bangladesh using a structured questionnaire. The participants were over 18 years old, owned at least two livestock or 15 poultry birds, and reported animal diseases to veterinary hospitals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among them, 74.4% were male, most were aged 32-45 years, and 50.7% had an education above secondary level. Three-quarters of the participants (74.4%) were aware of tuberculosis, followed by salmonellosis (68.6%), <i>E. coli</i> infection (65.0%), anthrax (65.0%), and clostridial infections (41.5%). A total of 88.9% of respondents identified ingestion of raw or undercooked meat as the primary cause, followed by contaminated water (79.4%) and the consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk and milk products (75.7%). However, only 8.8% of the farmers demonstrated good knowledge, defined as adequate understanding of food-borne diseases, including their transmission, symptoms, and prevention, and 38.2% exhibited good management practices, with male farmers showing comparatively higher KAP scores. Univariate regression showed that variables such as sex, education, age, marital status, and training significantly influenced KAP. Despite a generally positive attitude, reflecting a willingness to prevent food-borne diseases and recognition of their health importance, farmers lacked adequate awareness of and adherence to safe practices to prevent zoonotic diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the need for enhanced training, community awareness, and integrated One Health collaboration to improve food safety and reduce zoonotic risk in Bangladesh.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"3617712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13318510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Factors Affecting Canine Vaginal Cytology: The Influence of Sampling Site, Swab Condition, and Fixation Method.","authors":"Katrin von Plato, Sait Sendag, Mehmet Yildiz, Axel Wehrend","doi":"10.1155/vmi/6663541","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/6663541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaginal cytology is widely used for cycle staging in bitches because of its practicality and low cost; however, its diagnostic reliability is strongly influenced by methodological variability. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of sampling site, swab type, and fixation method on the interpretation of exfoliative vaginal cytology.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Exfoliative vaginal cytology samples were obtained from 332 clinically healthy bitches representing all stages of the estrous cycle. Samples were collected from different locations (vestibulum vs. vagina) using either dry or saline-moistened swabs and prepared as air-dried or spray-fixed smears, followed by eosin-thiazine staining. Clinical examination and serum progesterone concentrations served as the reference method for cycle staging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportions of different cell types were significantly influenced by the sampling location. Vestibular smears contained higher proportions of keratinized and intermediate cells (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), whereas basal cells (<i>p</i> = 0.0078) and anuclear superficial cells (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) were more frequently observed in vaginal smears. Overall, sampling location significantly affected the distinction between proestrus and estrus. Swab condition significantly influenced smear quality and cellular presentation but had minimal impact on cycle stage classification. Smears obtained using saline-moistened swabs showed significantly higher cellular yield per microscopic field (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Bacteria, cellular debris, and secretory material were less frequently observed in moistened smears (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), whereas free nuclei were detected more frequently (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Cotton fibers were more common in dry swab preparations (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Cellular arrangement also differed between sampling methods (<i>p</i> = 0.003). The fixation method influenced certain morphological features but did not affect cytological stage classification. No significant differences in total cellular yield were observed between air-dried and spray-fixed smears.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among the factors evaluated, only the sampling location exerted a clinically relevant effect on cycle stage determination, particularly for distinguishing proestrus from estrus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6663541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13318533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Diagnosis and Phylogenetic Analysis of Hemotropic Mycoplasmas and <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. in Peripheral Blood of Goats in Northern Iran and Their Hematobiochemical Alterations.","authors":"Masoud Nematinezhad, Hassan Sharifiyazdi, Saeed Nazifi, Tina Yaghoobpour, Mojtaba Rahsepar, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Hosseini","doi":"10.1155/vmi/5985068","DOIUrl":"10.1155/vmi/5985068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Anaplasma</i> and hemoplasma are hemotropic bacteria that infect erythrocytes of various animal hosts and are responsible for significant veterinary health problems. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. and hemotropic <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. in goats in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. A total of 149 blood samples were collected from goats of different ages and sexes during the spring season. The samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. and <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. To identify bacterial species, representative amplicons of <i>Mycoplasma</i> (<i>n</i> = 4) and <i>Anaplasma</i> (<i>n</i> = 6) were sequenced. PCR testing revealed a prevalence of 19.4% for <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. and 28.1% for hemotropic <i>Mycoplasma</i>. Statistical analysis of blood parameters indicated significant differences between the <i>Anaplasma</i>-positive and negative groups, with a notable decrease in red blood cell (RBC) count and hematocrit (HCT) levels, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and triglyceride levels showed significant increases. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in hematological and biochemical parameters for the <i>Mycoplasma</i>-positive group. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of <i>M. ovis</i> (PQ793282), <i>Anaplasma capra</i> (PV176424), <i>Anaplasma ovis</i> (PV185359), and <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> (PV175399) in Iranian goats. This research represents the first report of <i>M. ovis</i> and <i>A. capra</i> in Iran and highlights the need for enhanced molecular surveillance of <i>Anaplasma</i> and <i>Mycoplasma</i> infections in livestock. Consequently, these pathogens-especially those exhibiting close genetic relationships with human pathogens-represent significant threats to both livestock and human health. This underscores the need for enhanced surveillance, recognition of potential zoonotic risks, vector control strategies, and vaccination measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23503,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Medicine International","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5985068"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13317584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148362458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}