Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Spatial Heterogeneity of Tick-Borne Pathogens Outpaces Genetic Structuring in Anatolian Dermacentor reticulatus Populations","authors":"Ömer Orkun,&nbsp;Maide Nur Gündoğdu,&nbsp;Tuğba Özdemir,&nbsp;Mesut Yiğit,&nbsp;Barış Yıldız,&nbsp;Ahmet Deniz,&nbsp;Zati Vatansever","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5552728","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5552728","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how vector population structure influences pathogen circulation remains a major challenge in tick-borne disease ecology, particularly in biogeographically transitional regions. <i>Dermacentor reticulatus</i>, a widespread Palearctic tick species and vector of multiple pathogens, provides a useful system to investigate this relationship in a biogeographically complex landscape. Here, we combined mitochondrial (<i>cox1</i>) and nuclear (ITS2) population genetic analyses with broad-spectrum pathogen screening in host-seeking <i>D. reticulatus</i> from Anatolia, a major ecogeographical transition zone of the eastern Palearctic. Population genetic analyses revealed moderate haplotype diversity, low nucleotide divergence, and limited regional structuring, with Anatolian populations clustering within widespread eastern Palearctic lineages. Global haplotype networks indicated extensive haplotype sharing with Eurasian populations, consistent with historical connectivity and possible host-mediated dispersal. In contrast to the relatively limited genetic structuring observed in tick populations, pathogen detections showed marked spatial heterogeneity. <i>Rickettsia raoultii</i> was detected predominantly in northeastern populations, whereas <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> detections were concentrated within a single locality. Other detected agents, including piroplasmids and <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>, occurred sporadically and showed no clear spatial pattern. Together, these findings suggest a mismatch between vector genetic structure and pathogen spatial distribution. Comparisons with sympatric <i>Dermacentor marginatus</i> populations further suggested species-specific differences in population structure and pathogen assemblages. The observed spatial heterogeneity in pathogen detections may reflect differences in local ecological conditions, host communities, and transmission dynamics. These findings provide new insight into the eco-epidemiological dynamics of <i>D. reticulatus</i>-associated pathogens in Anatolia and contribute to improved understanding of tick-borne pathogen (TBP) circulation at the southeastern margin of the Palearctic region.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13390018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148547177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Patterns and Epidemiological Drivers of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Uganda","authors":"Lina González Gordon,&nbsp;Dennis Muhanguzi,&nbsp;Adrian Muwonge,&nbsp;Sylvester Ochwo,&nbsp;Noelina Nantima,&nbsp;Rose Ademun,&nbsp;Lisa Boden,&nbsp;Norbert Frank Mwiine,&nbsp;Barend Mark de C. Bronsvoort,&nbsp;Thibaud Porphyre","doi":"10.1155/tbed/4994209","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/4994209","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) places a heavy economic burden on farmers and animal health authorities due to its clinical effects, the high cost associated with its prevention and control, and trade restrictions on livestock and livestock products in countries without FMD-free recognition like Uganda. Building on our previous work using cattle movement networks for risk mapping, we demonstrate that Bayesian disease mapping can serve as a complementary epidemiological approach to identify and communicate spatial variation in outbreak risk. A Bayesian Poisson mixed-effects spatial regression model was built with the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) to analyze FMD outbreak data from 2014 to 2019. This analysis examined the spatial variation in risk and assessed potential drivers of its distribution, providing insights to support targeted and cost-effective disease surveillance and control strategies. Cattle density, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), deprivation score, and human density were associated with the risk of outbreaks but did not explain most of its spatial distribution, suggesting that additional epidemiological factors may contribute and should be examined in future models. Mean vaccination coverage was associated with an increased risk of outbreaks, consistent with the predominantly reactive vaccination program implemented during the study period. Adjusted district-specific risk estimates and exceedance probabilities (EPs) highlighted districts across the cattle corridor, a wide zone that extends from the southwestern to the northeastern part of the country, as areas of greater risk. Lower-risk areas mapped to large parts of the northern and western regions, a finding that may reflect limited disease detection, given the past evidence of viral exposure in these areas. A better understanding of district-specific factors contributing to the outbreaks, together with a timely and sensitive surveillance system, is crucial for supporting evidence-based FMD control plans. Such strategies should account for the characteristics of local communities, the typical operation of livestock production systems, and their unique challenges to improve their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13386121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Livestock in Sarawak, East Malaysia","authors":"Cheng Siang Tan,&nbsp;Vaenessa Noni,&nbsp;Ahmad Syatir Tahar,&nbsp;Carolynna Buyau James,&nbsp;George Bobby,&nbsp;Jackie Peter","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9927316","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9927316","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Livestock remain an understudied component of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ecology in Southeast Asia despite close and frequent contact with humans in smallholder farming systems. This cross-sectional study investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in livestock in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Archived plasma samples collected between June and September 2024 from 180 livestock animals, including pigs, cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, were obtained from the Sarawak Veterinary Diagnostic Service Laboratory and tested using the GenScript cPASS surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT), a species-independent assay detecting antibodies that block the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)–ACE2 interaction. Overall, 19.4% (35/180) of samples were seropositive using the manufacturer-recommended cut-off. Seroprevalence varied significantly by species, with the highest prevalence observed in goats (48.6%), followed by sheep (28.6%), cattle (11.4%), buffalo (8.3%), and pigs (2.6%), and also differed by sampling location but not by age group or sex. Most positive samples exhibited low-level inhibition values near the assay cut-off, suggesting weak or transient neutralizing antibody responses. Multivariable logistic regression identified species as the primary factor independently associated with seropositivity. Collectively, these findings are consistent with sporadic spillback exposure of SARS-CoV-2 from humans into livestock in Sarawak, without evidence of widespread or sustained transmission among livestock populations. Periodic, risk-based surveillance of livestock remains warranted to monitor potential changes in host susceptibility as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13386107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porcine Deltacoronavirus Nsp13 Suppresses the Assembly of the MAVS-TBK1-IRF3 Complex and IRF9 Nuclear Translocation","authors":"Ying Wang,&nbsp;Shijin Lan,&nbsp;Zhenghui Fang,&nbsp;Shixing Yang,&nbsp;Xiaochun Wang,&nbsp;Quan Shen,&nbsp;Yuwei Liu,&nbsp;Ping Wu,&nbsp;Chenglin Zhou,&nbsp;Wen Zhang,&nbsp;Likai Ji","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3676642","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/3676642","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteric coronavirus that causes substantial morbidity in swine and may pose a zoonotic risk because of its cross-species transmission potential. Type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling is central to antiviral defense, initiated through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)–TBK1–IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) axis and executed by the downstream JAK–STAT1–STAT2–IRF9 (ISGF3) pathway; however, how PDCoV circumvents both the induction and effector arms of this cascade remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify PDCoV nonstructural protein 13 (Nsp13) as a potent antagonist of IFN-I responses. Ectopic expression of Nsp13 markedly reduces IFN-β production and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs, such as ISG56 and CXCL10). Mechanistically, Nsp13 directly binds the C-terminal domain (CTD) of TBK1 and competitively disrupts TBK1 interactions with IRF3 and MAVS. In addition, Nsp13 preferentially binds IRF9 and impairs its nuclear translocation, thereby inhibiting IFN-α–induced signaling. Notably, PDCoV Nsp13 exhibits a host-target binding profile similar to that of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13, yet it does not alter TBK1 ubiquitination or protein stability. Collectively, these findings reveal a dual-layer immune evasion strategy whereby PDCoV Nsp13 suppresses both IFN induction and downstream signaling, and highlighting Nsp13 as a potential target for antiviral intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Prevention and Control Efficacy of Different Immunization Regimens Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus","authors":"Chen Sun,&nbsp;Juan Jin,&nbsp;Li Zhao,&nbsp;Meng Hao,&nbsp;Maojie Lv,&nbsp;Endong Bao","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3164025","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/3164025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (<i>PEDV</i>) is an infectious pathogen that induces severe injury to the small intestinal epithelium of pigs. Pigs of all ages are susceptible to infection, which typically presents with watery diarrhea as the main clinical manifestation. In neonatal piglets, <i>PEDV</i> infection results in nearly 100% morbidity and mortality rates exceeding 80%. Therefore, selecting an appropriate immunization regimen for pregnant sows is particularly critical, as effective maternal vaccination enables the transfer of robust passive immunity to neonatal piglets, thereby protecting them against <i>PEDV</i> infection. In this study, three vaccination regimens (inactivated vaccine [IV] + IV, attenuated live vaccine [AV] + IV, and mRNA vaccine [MV] + MV) were used to immunize pregnant sows, and the passive immune protection conferred to neonatal piglets was subsequently evaluated. The results showed that piglets in the control group failed to acquire passive immune protection, with all piglets (5/5) developing diarrhea after challenge. The AV + IV regimen induced strong cellular immune responses and moderate humoral immunity, resulting in complete passive protection of piglets (5/5) following challenge, with only low levels of <i>PEDV</i> RNA detected in rectal swabs, which persisted for no more than 7 days. The IV + IV regimen elicited optimal humoral immune response but the weakest cellular immunity, whereas the MV + MV regimen induced moderate levels of both humoral and cellular immunity; piglets in both groups achieved partial passive protection (4/5), and relatively higher <i>PEDV</i> RNA loads, although still lower than those observed in the control group, were persistently detected in feces for up to 14 days. Collectively, the comparative analysis of passive immune protection conferred by the three immunization regimens indicated that the AV + IV strategy achieved superior protective efficacy, yielding superior outcomes compared with the MV + MV and IV + IV regimens. As MVs represent a novel and rapidly evolving platform for veterinary biologics, further technological innovation and systematic optimization are likely to enhance their immunogenicity and corresponding protective potency in subsequent studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13386116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Comparative Phylogeography of E. granulosus s.s. Inferred From Mitochondrial DNA: Integrated Datasets of GenBank and Newly Characterized Isolates From Afghanistan","authors":"Tharheer Oluwashola Amuda,&nbsp;Sayed Ajmal Qurishi,&nbsp;Guo-Dong Dai,&nbsp;Yao-Dong Wu,&nbsp;Wei-Gang Chen,&nbsp;Li-Qun Wang,&nbsp;Mughees Aizaz Alvi,&nbsp;Awab Ghulam Rahim,&nbsp;Li Le,&nbsp;Nian-Zhang Zhang,&nbsp;Wen-Hui Li,&nbsp;Bao-Quan Fu,&nbsp;Hong Yin,&nbsp;Wan-Zhong Jia,&nbsp;Xue-Nong Luo,&nbsp;Li Li,&nbsp;Hong-Bin Yan","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2401137","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/2401137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> sensu stricto (<i>E. granulosus</i> s.s.), remains a major zoonotic disease of global public health importance. Afghanistan is considered endemic for CE; however, molecular data on circulating parasite populations are extremely scarce. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity, population structure, and global phylogeographic relationships of <i>E. granulosus</i> s.s. from Afghanistan within an integrated worldwide mitochondrial dataset. Hydatid cysts were collected from livestock hosts (cattle, sheep, and goats) in Afghanistan, and mitochondrial <i>cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1</i> (<i>cox1</i>) and <i>NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1</i> (<i>nad1</i>) genes were sequenced and analyzed alongside a comprehensive global dataset retrieved from GenBank. Genetic diversity indices, neutrality tests, median-joining (MJ) haplotype (H) networks, sliding-window analyses, and phylogenetic reconstructions based on concatenated mitochondrial sequences were employed. All Afghan isolates were identified as <i>E. granulosus</i> s.s., with a strong predominance of genotype G1 and only a single G3 isolate. Afghan populations exhibited moderate to high H diversity (Hd) but low nucleotide diversity, indicating closely related Hs separated by few mutations. Global H networks revealed star-like topologies with extensive intercontinental H sharing and no host- or geography-specific clustering. Phylogenetic and network analyses confirmed the genetic coherence of the G1 lineage worldwide and the limited diversity of G3. Sliding-window analyses showed genome-wide neutrality and absence of localized selective sweeps. Collectively, these findings position Afghan <i>E. granulosus</i> s.s. populations within a globally interconnected transmission network, highlighting the role of livestock movement and historical dispersal in shaping contemporary CE epidemiology. This study fills a critical regional knowledge gap and provides a robust phylogeographic framework to inform surveillance, control, and One Health interventions in endemic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2401137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bluetongue Virus Surveillance in Yunnan, China, 2025: Isolation of Multiple Serotypes From Culicoides and Seasonal Seroepidemiology in Cattle","authors":"Zhenxing Yang,&nbsp;Yuwen He,&nbsp;Yongkang Li,&nbsp;Teng He,&nbsp;Zhenxing Zhang,&nbsp;Jinxin Meng,&nbsp;Susheng Li,&nbsp;Nan Li,&nbsp;Haisheng Miao,&nbsp;Jianling Song","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8145184","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/8145184","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bluetongue (BT) virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that causes substantial economic losses in ruminants globally. Yunnan Province, located in China’s tropical and subtropical border region, faces a high risk of BTV circulation. This study monitored BTV vectors, genetically characterized circulating BTV strains, and assessed seroprevalence to inform early warning efforts. In 2025, 46,000 <i>Culicoides</i> midges were collected from three counties, identified, and grouped into 460 pools. Additionally, 5934 cattle serum samples from 17 border counties were tested using C-ELISA. Midge pools were screened by RT-qPCR for BTV nucleic acids and then inoculated into C6/ 36 cells for virus isolation. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP2 and VP5 genes were performed on the isolates. <i>C. oxystoma</i> and <i>C. trithecoides</i> were the dominant midge species at all sites. RT-qPCR identified 11 BTV-positive midge pools, primarily involving <i>C. oxystoma</i>, <i>C. imicola</i>, <i>C. tainanus</i>, and <i>C. jacobsoni</i>. Four BTV isolates were identified as serotypes 1, 4, 5, and 16. Phylogenetic analysis of VP2 and VP5 showed all four strains likely belong to the Eastern topotype and are closely related to historical BTVs from China, Japan, India, and Australia. The overall BTV seroprevalence in cattle was 41.37% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.12%−42.62%), with significantly higher rates in autumn (58.07%, 95% CI, 56.29%−59.85%) than in spring (24.87%, 95% CI, 23.32%−26.42%). Several BTV serotypes have been detected and isolated from diverse <i>Culicoides</i> in the border regions of Yunnan. Additionally, BTV seroprevalence has been observed in local cattle populations, indicating that this area may represent a significant BTV endemic hotspot. These findings underscore the need for ongoing vector surveillance and early warning systems to prevent BT outbreaks in susceptible livestock.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8145184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Genetic Diversity, Recombination, and Pathogenicity of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strains Circulating in China During 2023–2024”","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9764125","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9764125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Y. Cao, A. Cui, X. Chen, et al., “Genetic Diversity, Recombination, and Pathogenicity of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strains Circulating in China During 2023–2024,” <i>Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</i>, 2026, 1340053, https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/1340053.</p><p>In the article, there are errors in the keys for the graphs shown in Figures 3D and 6B–F, in which “PEDV-HeiHo-2024” was incorrectly written as “PEDV-Heihong-2024.” The correct Figures 3 and 6 are shown below:</p><p>We apologize for these errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/9764125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence and Regional Circulation of Streptococcus iniae Associated With Streptococcosis in Marine Cage-Farmed Golden Rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus)","authors":"Truong Dinh Hoai,&nbsp;Dang Thi Hoa,&nbsp;Nguyen Cong Thiet,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Huong Giang,&nbsp;Doan Thi Nhinh,&nbsp;Tran Thi Nang Thu,&nbsp;Kim Van Van","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2656593","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/2656593","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Streptococcosis caused by <i>Streptococcus iniae</i> is an emerging bacterial disease affecting marine aquaculture worldwide. In recent years, recurrent outbreaks have been observed in golden rabbitfish (<i>Siganus guttatus</i>) cultured in marine cages across the northern and central coastal provinces of Vietnam. This study investigated the epidemiology, pathogenicity, virulence gene profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility of <i>S. iniae</i> associated with disease outbreaks in rabbitfish aquaculture. Between 2023 and 2025, streptococcosis outbreaks were documented across 46 marine cage farms in multiple coastal provinces, with cumulative mortality ranging from 10%–45%, particularly during warm-water periods (28–33°C). Bacteriological examination consistently yielded <i>S. iniae</i>, which was confirmed by biochemical tests and species-specific PCR assays. An experimental challenge demonstrated the high virulence of a representative isolate, with a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 6.8 × 10³ CFU/fish. Histopathological examination revealed severe multi-organ lesions, including prominent involvement of the brain, kidney, liver, spleen, gills and intestine, consistent with systemic bacterial infection. Molecular screening of virulence-associated genes identified six distinct gene profiles among isolates, indicating substantial genetic heterogeneity within the circulating pathogen population. Several genes, including <i>pdi</i>, <i>simA</i>, <i>cpsB</i>, <i>cpsC</i>, <i>cpsD</i>, <i>pgm</i>, <i>hasA</i> and <i>ydfG</i> were detected in all isolates (100%), whereas others showed marked variability, with prevalence ranging from approximately 17% to 89% among isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed heterogeneous resistance patterns, with high resistance to neomycin (NE) and moderate resistance to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TRS), while most isolates remained susceptible to tetracyclines (TEs) and β-lactam antibiotics. The widespread occurrence of outbreaks across multiple provinces and over consecutive years suggests sustained circulation of <i>S. iniae</i> within interconnected marine cage aquaculture systems. These findings provide new epidemiological insights into an emerging streptococcal disease affecting rabbitfish aquaculture and highlight the need for improved surveillance and disease management strategies in rapidly expanding marine cage-farming sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2656593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Evolution of Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Under Vaccine Pressure: Combined VP1 T142/Q153 Mutations Drive Antigenic Alteration and Immune Evasion","authors":"Nan Cao,&nbsp;Yamei Li,&nbsp;Xinghua Chen,&nbsp;Qiongqiong Zhao,&nbsp;Jinyan Zhang,&nbsp;Xianfei Shang,&nbsp;Junling Hou,&nbsp;Jinming Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Yin,&nbsp;Jinyan Wu,&nbsp;Xiangmin Li,&nbsp;Ping Qian","doi":"10.1155/tbed/4808637","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/4808637","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) escapes host immune surveillance via adaptive evolution driven by vaccine-mediated selective pressure, leading to persistent breakthrough infections in immunized animals. In this study, the dominant neutralizing epitope VP1 G–H loop (141–160 aa) was analyzed among 46 serotype O FMDV strains belonging to Southeast Asian (SEA) and Middle East–South Asian (ME-SA) topotypes isolated during 1980–2019. The key amino acid residues at VP1 positions 142 and 153 underwent sequential stepwise evolution across three phases under natural selection. Based on the reverse genetic system of Wt, single-site mutant (T142P, Q153P) and double-site mutant (T142P&amp;Q153P) strains were rescued. These mutation sites were further introduced into an efficient FMDV nanoparticle vaccine to construct four vaccine candidates. Mouse immunization verified all vaccines conferred solid protection against Wt and single-mutant strains, yet protection efficacy was greatly impaired against the double mutant. The double-mutant vaccine elicited high-level neutralizing antibodies against the double-mutant strain (T142P&amp;Q153P) with a titer of 1:426.67, 10–20 folds higher than Wt (1:21.33), T142P (1:32), and Q153P (1:42.67) vaccines. Consistent results were also obtained in pigs immunized with commercial inactivated vaccines. Collectively, combined mutations at VP1 142 and 153 reshape viral antigenicity and act as core drivers of FMDV immune evasion. Integrating such immune escape hotspots into vaccine antigens can broaden neutralizing antibody coverage, offering an experimental basis for clarifying FMDV evolution and developing broad-spectrum vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/4808637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148429476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}