Virus research最新文献

{"title":"Isolation and characterization of GI-19/L1148-like infectious bronchitis virus in China","authors":"Huixin Li,&nbsp;Jiabei Han,&nbsp;Bing Wang,&nbsp;Zongxi Han,&nbsp;Shengwang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ten infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) were isolated from diseased chicken flocks in China between 2018 and 2024. Phylogenetic, homology, and pairwise comparisons of the complete S1 gene revealed that the 10 isolates shared a close genetic relationship with the European L1148 vaccine strain. Complete genomic sequence of isolate I0317/22 confirmed this result. Inoculation of 1-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens with I0317/22 induced mild clinical signs. The virus replicated at low levels in most of the tissues, except in the respiratory and upper digestive (preventriculus) tracts. We speculate that the 10 isolates derived from the L1148 vaccine strain and spread with low pathogenicity within chicken flocks. In 1-day-old SPF chickens, inoculation with I0317/22 and vaccination with the <em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</em> (MG) F vaccine strain demonstrated that the MG F vaccine did not promote I0317/22 replication. Similarly, challenge of the chickens inoculated with MG F after 28 days with strain I0305/19 did not enhance I0305/19 replication compared to the control group. However, inoculation with MG F suppressed the neutralizing antibody responses against I0317/22 and I0305/19. We hypothesize that MG F strain induced suppression of neutralizing antibodies by affecting the host immune response to IBV infection, thereby increasing susceptibility to other pathogens, such as <em>Escherichia coli</em>. This likely led to mixed infections where synergistic interactions between pathogens exacerbated disease severity beyond what would be expected under experimental conditions alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 199576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Chinese medicine as a promising choice for future control of PEDV","authors":"Conghao Ji ,&nbsp;Shuxuan Li ,&nbsp;Cunhai Hu ,&nbsp;Tongtong Liu ,&nbsp;Qingqing Huang ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Yang ,&nbsp;Mengxin Yang ,&nbsp;Qianqian Wang ,&nbsp;Aifang Li ,&nbsp;Dandan Guo ,&nbsp;Yu Huang ,&nbsp;Sugai Yin ,&nbsp;Shuying Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the major agent of the recent outbreaks of diarrhea in piglets, which has caused huge economic losses to the global swine industry. Since traditional vaccine strategies cannot provide complete protection for piglets, the development of safe, effective, and economical antiviral drugs is urgently needed. For many years, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been broadly applied for viral infectious diseases, exhibiting advantages such as abundant resources, lower toxicity, and minimal drug resistance. Many Chinese herbal monomers, single herbal extracts derived from these traditional drugs, and Chinese herbal recipes exhibit significant anti-PEDV effects <em>in vitro</em> and/or <em>in vivo</em> by targeting multiple sites and perspectives, including inhibition of the viral life cycle, anti-inflammation effects, enhancement of the host immune response, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis. However, to date, no review has been published on the anti-PEDV effects of TCM. Therefore, this review summarizes the current control strategies for PEDV and systematically analyses the research progress of TCMs against PEDV. Furthermore, the future directions including the integration of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence with TCMs are also discussed. This review will provide a valuable reference for future studies on TCMs in antiviral research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 199572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and characterization of infectious clones of chikungunya virus from an Indian strain as a resource towards chikungunya vaccine research","authors":"Garvita Mathur,&nbsp;Shakuntala Mahilkar,&nbsp;Sujatha Sunil","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>India has witnessed several devastating chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemics since 2005. Developing a stable reverse genetic system using Indian CHIKV strains will be paramount to studying the molecular mechanism of CHIKV pathogenesis.</div><div>We generated the first infectious clone (IC) of an Indian isolate of CHIKV and described the procedure in the present report. The IC was constructed directly using the isolate's RNA/cDNA and was further characterized after rescuing the virus. The IC exhibited characteristics similar to those of the natural isolate, such as cytopathic effect (CPE), plaque morphology, replication kinetics, and neutralization behavior. Using the same isolate, we also developed a stable IC with a reporter gene (mCherry) between double sub-genomic promoters. We further evaluated the feasibility of using this IC to test neutralization potential of CHIKV sera in 97 samples and observed that CHIKV patients’ samples from India were able to neutralize this IC significantly better than an Asian genotype IC.</div><div>With an impetus on vaccine and therapeutics development for CHIKV in recent years, the ICs generated through our study offer a powerful tool for evaluating several aspects of CHIKV pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 199571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common host factors for internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation of viral genomic RNA: An investigation in foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever viruses","authors":"Rupaly Akhter ,&nbsp;Kazi Anowar Hossain ,&nbsp;Bouchra Kitab ,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Sakoda ,&nbsp;Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We previously proposed polycystic kidney disease1-like 3 (PKD1L3) and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 31 (USP31) as potential common host factors for IRES-mediated RNA translation in infections with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). However, those findings required substantiation, and the specific roles of these factors in the IRES-mediated translation remained unclear. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to confirm the roles of PKD1L3 and USP31 as host factors associated with IRES activity in bi-cistronic reporter assays, and to investigate the interactions of these host proteins during IRES activity. <em>PKD1L3</em> and <em>USP31</em> silencing suppressed IRES activity in both FMDV and CSFV RNAs. <em>PKD1L3</em> and <em>USP31</em> overexpression had no significant effects. <em>PKD1L3</em> and <em>USP31</em> silencing also suppressed viral RNA replication for CSFV and infection with another picornavirus (from the same family as FMDV), encephalomyocarditis virus. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PKD1L3 and USP31 can interact with each other. We also examined their interaction with a eukaryotic translation factor involved in the IRES of hepatitis C virus (HCV), eIF3c. PKD1L3 and more pronouncedly USP31 can interact with eIF3c. Immunofluorescent assays revealed partial, cytoplasmic co-localization of USP31 with PKD1L3, eIF3c, and Hsp90β. Moreover, silencing of <em>eIF3c</em> and <em>Hsp90β</em> suppressed FMDV- and CSFV-IRES activity. Our results indicate the possibility that PKD1L3 and USP31 can participate in IRES activity by interacting with eIF3c and Hsp90β.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 199570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of enteric viruses in the progression of colorectal cancer via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence pathway","authors":"Ying Yang ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Longlin Li ,&nbsp;Jieyu Song ,&nbsp;Xianglan Yang ,&nbsp;Jun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing. In the majority of CRC cases, colon cancer develops from alterations in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence pathway. Currently, there are few studies regarding the effects of enteric viruses on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence pathway, and subsequently, the progression and development of the CRC. Here, fecal and tissue samples from a normal control group, an adenomatous polyp group, and a colorectal adenocarcinoma group were collected to gain a deeper understanding of the variations in enteric viruses in CRC patients and to analyze their significance. With the progression of CRC from adenoma to adenocarcinoma, the number of DNA viruses in the virus-like particles (VLPs) of fecal and tissue samples gradually increased, and there were distinct differences in the composition of enteric viruses among the different groups. <em>Multiple species</em> correlation analysis revealed extensive interactions among viruses, bacteria, and fungi in fecal and tissue samples. Functional analysis also revealed that the functional pathways in fecal and tissue samples also underwent significant changes. In conclusion, the changes in the composition and function of enteric viruses in the progression of CRC via adenoma-carcinoma sequence pathway were analyzed in this study, and these changes hold certain importance for exploring the role of enteric viruses in the occurrence of this disease; however, their mode of action and specific mechanisms require further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 199569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seven infectious bronchitis virus genotypes including South American-origin G1-11 and Asian-origin GVI-1 circulated in southern African poultry from 2010 to 2020","authors":"Christine Strydom ,&nbsp;Celia Abolnik","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) affects the respiratory, urogenital and reproductive systems of chickens and causes major economic losses. Biosecurity and vaccinations are used to limit the disease's impact, and identifying the circulating strains is important for selecting appropriate vaccines. The partial spike (S1) genes of 364 IBVs, isolated from commercial chickens in Botswana, Eswatini, Namibia and South Africa from 2010 to 2020, were phylogenetically analyzed. Seven genotypes were identified: 184 viruses (50,5 %) were classified as genotype GI-19 (QX) and 78 (21,4 %) were GI-1 (Mass/H120). Thirty-nine (10,7 %) were genotype GI-13 (4/91), 29 (8,0 %) were GVI-1 (TC07–2), 19 (5,2 %) were GI-23 (Variant 2), and 13 (3,6 %) were GI-11 (UFMG/G-Brazil). Two (0.5 %) viruses belonged to the GIV-1 (DE/072/92) genotype. Genotype GI-11 had not been reported outside South America before but has evidently circulated in South Africa for at least a decade. Similarly, genotype GVI-1, previously thought to be restricted to Asia, has been present in southern Africa since at least 2010. Prior to 2013, only Mass and H120 vaccines were permitted to be used in South Africa, but since 2013 793/B (GI-13), QX (GI-19), 4–91 (GI-13) and Variant 2 (GI-23) live attenuated vaccines were permitted. Accordingly, the four IBV variants we identified were putative recombinants of genotypes G1–1 and G1–19, G1–13 and G1–19, or G1–13 and unknown IBV strains, but these variant viruses did not spread extensively or persist in the region. The phylogenetic evidence points to imported contaminated poultry and poultry products as the source of new IBV genotypes in southern Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 199568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HBsAg and anti-HBs coexistence in patients with HBV in acute and chronic phases","authors":"Zhongshu Pu ,&nbsp;Zhaohua Ji ,&nbsp;Haixia Su ,&nbsp;Ting Fu ,&nbsp;Zhongjun Shao ,&nbsp;Yongping Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>HBsAg and anti-HBs coexistence represents an unusual serological pattern in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, its natural course remains unclear. This study investigated the occurrence of this serological pattern in patients with HBV in acute and chronic phases and estimated the associated risks. Of the 215 adult patients diagnosed with acute-phase HBV, 19 (8.84 %) cases demonstrated HBsAg and anti-HBs coexistence. In the chronic phase, 54 new cases of HBsAg and anti-HBs coexistence were identified during a median follow-up of 14 months (interquartile range: 14–28) among 4593 HBsAg-positive patients. The average annual incidence of coexistence was 1.41 % ± 0.28 %. The cumulative risk of HBsAg and anti-HBs coexistence in chronic phase patients was higher in those aged ≥ 50 years (risk ratio [RR]: 1.79, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–3.09, <em>P</em> = 0.035), with positive HBeAg (RR: 3.43, 95 % CI: 1.91–6.19, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), baseline alanine transaminase abnormalities (RR: 3.62, 95 % CI: 1.93–6.79, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and higher HBV DNA levels (RR: 1.97, 95 % CI: 1.12–3.49, <em>P</em> = 0.017). The quasispecies heterogeneity of the “a” determinant mutation demonstrated no significant change during the occurrence of coexistence with HBsAg and anti-HBs in HBV infection. Therefore, HBsAg and anti-HBs coexistence may be the intermediate process in the natural history of HBV infection, unrelated to “a\" determinant mutation but associated with the disease phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 199567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the impact of direct acting antiviral therapy on the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection using phylogenetics","authors":"Hossain M.S. Sazzad ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Behzad Hajarizadeh ,&nbsp;Bethany A. Horsburgh ,&nbsp;Jason Grebely ,&nbsp;Gregory J. Dore ,&nbsp;Rowena A. Bull ,&nbsp;Andrew R. Lloyd ,&nbsp;Chaturaka Rodrigo","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Australia has provided unrestricted subsidized access to direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection since 2016. Epidemiological surveillance estimates suggest prevalence of chronic HCV infection has declined since 2016, but these estimates are not separated by genotype and may not capture ‘hidden’ infected populations, notably the most marginalized groups affected, including people who inject drugs and people in prison. This study used phylogenetics to assess whether epidemiological estimates of declining HCV prevalence in the prisons of New South Wales, Australia due to DAA scale up could be reproduced.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Near-full-length 280 HCV consensus sequences (GT1a: <em>n</em> = 140, GT3a: <em>n</em> = 140) sampled between 2006 – 2019 from two prison-based cohort studies in NSW were used for phylogenetic estimates. These included 110 acute infection sequences (GT1a: <em>n</em> = 48, GT3a: <em>n</em> = 62) which were considered in a separate sensitivity analysis given the differences in virus mutation rates in acute and chronic infection. Changes in the effective population size of infected people for each genotype were explored with BEAST software suite (v1.10) using a coalescent Bayesian skyline approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both the main and sensitivity analyses for GT3a showed a reduction in the effective population size with the latter showing a 36 % decline between 2011–2019 which is more concordant with the decline estimated from non-phylogenetic methods. A decline of similar magnitude was not demonstrated for GT1a. Overall, the analyses using acute infection sequences only were closer to the trends of independent epidemiological estimates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>An adequately powered Bayesian evolutionary analysis using acute stage infection sequences may reproduce the decline in HCV infections observed by traditional epidemiological methods during DAA scale up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 199566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association of cycle threshold value with clinical features in patients infected with Omicron variant","authors":"Wen Yang ,&nbsp;Tao Tao ,&nbsp;Jianping Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuting Yao ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Mingming Liu ,&nbsp;Meiying Wu ,&nbsp;Wei Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the correlation between epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients infected with omicron variants and the cycle threshold (Ct value) for RT-PCR detection. The study population consisted of 115 patients with Omicron infection and the most common symptoms included fever (43.5 %), cough (38.3 %) and sore throat (29.6 %). Laboratory abnormalities were mainly lymphopenia, elevated globulins and elevated blood glucose. Univariate analysis found that older age (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and unvaccinated (<em>P</em> = 0.003) were associated with low Ct values (high viral load). Multivariate analysis showed that an elevated monocyte count (OR: 3.556; 95 % CI: 1.330–9.503) was associated with low Ct values, whereas being vaccinated (OR: 0.209; 95 % CI: 0.051–0.854) and lower serum sodium (OR: 0.137; 95 % CI: 0.051–0.367) were negatively associated with low Ct values. Studies have shown that factors such as monocyte count, vaccination status and serum sodium correlate with Ct values, suggesting the potential of Ct values as a clinical predictor, which could also provide a valuable reference for clinical decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 199565"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of host specificity determinants in brome mosaic virus for rice infection","authors":"Yifan Zhang,&nbsp;Masanori Kaido ,&nbsp;Akira Mine,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Takano,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Mise","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is a tripartite positive-stranded RNA plant virus. The genomic RNA2 encodes the 2a protein, which has conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase motifs and is required for viral RNA replication. In this study, we have used two BMV strains, F and KU5, and identified two key amino acid residues, 776R and 784T, in the C-terminal non-conserved region of the 2a protein that are critical for systemic infection of BMV-F in rice. While KU5 strain was not able to systemically infect rice, the KU5 mutant strain with two codon changes for 776R and 784T in the 2a gene gained the ability to establish systemic infection in rice, which affects long-distance movement, but not replication or cell-to-cell movement. Through infection assays of KU5 synonymous mutant strains, we demonstrated that amino acids, rather than RNA sequences or secondary structures, are responsible for viral infectivity in rice. Computer predictions and yeast two-hybrid screening revealed that the C-terminal region of 2a functions as an intrinsically disordered region, capable of interacting with host proteins. These results provide molecular insights into the host specificity of BMV and advance our understanding of RNA virus evolution and host-pathogen interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 199564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}