{"title":"Design of a Modular E-Axle for All-Terrain Heavy-Duty Applications Considering Gradient Weight Transfer","authors":"Conor Healy, J. Hayes","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187011","url":null,"abstract":"This digest summarizes the design of a 9-tonne modular e-axle for all-terrain heavy-duty vehicles. A novel method based on axle loading and gradient weight transfer is proposed for the powertrain sizing. The e-axle is designed for 4×4, 6×6 and 8×8 vehicle configurations. The e-axle maintains compatibility with an existing independent suspension system, and is suitable for use in multiple sectors, including construction vehicles, forest machinery, fire trucks and highway vehicles. A parallel in-front-of-differential topology with one motor per axle is chosen as the optimum topology. The e-axle can be used in series-hybrid, battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell powertrains. A 27-tonne 6×6 vehicle is used as a case study to determine the e-axle's tractive effort requirements for one of the possible vehicle applications. Weight transfer while climbing is considered, and the worst-case axle loading/operating conditions are used for sizing the powertrain. The on-road and off-road performance of the hybrid 6×6 vehicle is evaluated. A three-speed transmission is required to meet the vehicle performance requirements.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123084706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lithium-ion Battery State-of-Health Estimation via Histogram Data, Principal Component Analysis, and Machine Learning","authors":"Junran Chen, P. Kollmeyer, Fei Chiang, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187012","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicle powertrain systems. As batteries age, their state of health (SOH), indicated by their usable capacity and power capability, decreases. For reliable battery operation, accurate estimation and prediction of SOH are essential. This paper proposes an algorithm for estimating battery capacity SOH from an open-source fast charging dataset with many different charge profile types. Histogram data is created from the measured time domain data and fed into a feedforward neural network (FNN). To capture the impact of different charge profiles on aging, current and state of charge (SOC) are multiplied together to create an additional synthetic input to the estimator. To reduce the number of inputs to the FNN to only those that contain valuable information, we use principal component analysis to reduce the total number of inputs by 80%. An SOH algorithm is proposed that can estimate capacity throughout the battery's life with a 1.03% root mean square percentage error (RMSPE) and 0.68% mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"88 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120893092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Abarzadeh, H. Mosaddegh, M. A. Khoshhava, Mohammbad Babaie, Simon Caron, K. Al-haddad
{"title":"Systematic Design Approach for Airgap-less Hybrid Integrated Coupled Inductor for Interleaved Paralleled Inverters using Finite Element Analysis","authors":"M. Abarzadeh, H. Mosaddegh, M. A. Khoshhava, Mohammbad Babaie, Simon Caron, K. Al-haddad","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187041","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a finite element analysis (FEA)-based systematic design approach is proposed for the integrated coupled inductor (CI) with airgap-less hybrid core for interleaved paralleled inverters. Utilizing the proposed hybrid core comprising two different types of magnetic materials without airgap in the integrated CI leads to integration of differential mode (DM) leg inductor to the CI which results in significant increase in power density and efficiency of the interleaved paralleled inverter. Moreover, the fringing effect due to the presence of airgap in CI is eliminated in the proposed airgap-less hybrid CI. The hybrid CI is designed in a way that the required mutual inductance for the CI and the required leakage inductance for the DM inductor can be obtained simultaneously. A three-phase inverter comprising two interleaved paralleled legs connected to the proposed airgap-less hybrid CI in each phase is simulated in Ansys Maxwell, Simplorer, and Icepak FEA platforms. The provided FEA results verify the performance of the proposed airgap-less hybrid CI as well as efficacy of the proposed design approach.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132526070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aniruddha Agrawal, Sreejith Chakkalakkal, B. Bilgin
{"title":"Design of a Switched Reluctance Motor for a 48 V Hybrid Electric Vehicle Propulsion Application","authors":"Aniruddha Agrawal, Sreejith Chakkalakkal, B. Bilgin","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186970","url":null,"abstract":"Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) are a promising motor type to reduce the cost of electrified vehicle propulsion systems in the near future. This study presents the design and analysis of a 12/8 SRM for a 48 V, 30 kW Full Hybrid Electric Ve-hicle (FHEV) propulsion application. The proposed design aims to meet the performance requirements of the target Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with an SRM that does not require rare-earth permanent magnets. This work addresses the design challenges of the SRM of this application, especially in high-speed operating region. The performance of the SRM drive has been optimized for the entire torque-speed curve using a weighted single objective genetic algorithm based optimization in MATLAB/Simulink. The efficacy of the SRM design is validated through simulation studies for various operating points of the targeted application.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126765058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Energy Management Strategy Considering Internal Loss and Hydrogen Consumption for Fuel Cell UAV","authors":"H. Sun, Rui Ma, Jian Song, Congcong Wang, Xiaoyue Chai, Zhi Feng","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186984","url":null,"abstract":"Energy management strategies (EMS) play an important role in improving system performance and fuel economy for fuel cell UA V hybrid power system. To effectively reduced the internal loss of the system and further improved the fuel economy, an energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) was proposed. The internal loss and hydrogen consumption of the power system were constructed as a total energy consumption objective function. The output current of the fuel cell was controlled by solving the objective function to achieve reasonable energy distribution. Then the simulation was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Compared with the equivalent consumption minimum strategy (ECMS), the result proved that the proposed strategy can significantly reduce the internal loss and hydrogen consumption of the power system. Besides, the strategy can also maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and prolong the service life of the power system.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"416 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126701167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Otaola, Benat Arteta, Joshué Pérez, A. Sierra-González, P. Prieto
{"title":"Fuel consumption analysis tool based on hybrid electric vehicle models","authors":"E. Otaola, Benat Arteta, Joshué Pérez, A. Sierra-González, P. Prieto","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187119","url":null,"abstract":"The reduction of fuel consumption and Greenhouse Gases is of key importance during the last decades. Heavy-duty vehicles have been extensively researched due to the significant pollution produced. This work presents a novel simulation platform for different heavy-duty powertrain topologies: mainly combustion and parallel hybrid. This work was developed in the framework of a LONGRUN project, where a platform was implemented based on forward-looking formulation. This allows the assessment of hybrid control systems development, analysing the impact of the hybrid and electric topologies. We compared the results with a commercial tool (VECTO) adopted by the European Commission to validate the platform components over combustion powertrain analysis. In this paper, we provide a modular platform for heavy-duty vehicles, in a widely used software inside the automotive industry. Moreover, our tool has the possibility to implement hybrid electric vehicles powertrain topologies for the assessment of their control strategies and the analysis of fuel consumption and Greenhouse Gases emissions. The results show proposing results in terms of performance of the model used and fuel saving.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116825858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yukun Lou, Alireza Ramyar, Xiaofan Cui, Jason B. Siegel, A. Stefanopoulou, A. Avestruz
{"title":"A Robust System Monitoring and Control for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicle Charging","authors":"Yukun Lou, Alireza Ramyar, Xiaofan Cui, Jason B. Siegel, A. Stefanopoulou, A. Avestruz","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186918","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a System Monitoring and Control (SMC) strategy for battery energy storage systems (BESS) for electric vehicle (EV) chargers and the grid. With an increasing number of EVs, there is a need to handle the great peak demand for EV charging. BESSs provide a fast energy response to charging demands but must have excellent power and energy utilization, battery lifetime, efficiency, and cost. To ensure safety, reliability, and economy, a hierarchical SMC architecture in managing the complexity of a BESS. A prototype design is demonstrated with a hardware implementation and results.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117008878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng Lu, Gabriel Domingues-Olavarría, Hannes Bydén, Mateski Aleksandar, M. Alaküla
{"title":"Optimization of Powertrain Platform for Electric Passenger Vehicles","authors":"Meng Lu, Gabriel Domingues-Olavarría, Hannes Bydén, Mateski Aleksandar, M. Alaküla","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187120","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a method to optimize an electric powertrain platform, capable of addressing the needs of a wide range of vehicle types while taking advantage of economies of scale and reducing time to market. The optimization includes all electric powertrain components from the electrical machine and inverter to the transmission. The objective is to minimize both the operational and electrical machine cost. Detailed scalable powertrain models are developed and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) is applied to achieve the optimal design. Results show the benefits and limitations of adopting a platform approach depending on the volumes of the specific applications.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115049098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akshay Manikandan, Mohamed Abdalmagid, G. Pietrini, Mikhail Goykhman, A. Emadi
{"title":"Structural Design Evaluation of Integrated Rotor Hub and Shaft for a High-Speed Surface Mounted Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor","authors":"Akshay Manikandan, Mohamed Abdalmagid, G. Pietrini, Mikhail Goykhman, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186954","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing the reliability and power density of a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine (SPMSM) is crucial due to the broader applications in the automotive and aerospace sectors. Concerns with such machines are that the overall rotating assembly experiences significant mechanical loads due to the rapid rotational speeds, making it exceptionally challenging to design the structural integrity of these components. This study's main objective is to offer a scientific justification for designing an integrated rotor hub and shaft through efficient Finite Element Modeling (FEM) and integration strategies to maximize the rotating assembly durability of a 150kW radial flux SPMSM spinning at 20,000 rpm. The optimization of integrated topology is evaluated based on a multiphysics platform, along with studies conducted on motor assembly eigen frequency. The integrated approach combining the shaft and rotor hub made of AISI 4340 solely saves 1.84kg, removing the necessity of standard components such as balancing end clamp plates, locknuts, and washers. Lower masses are proportional to lower centrifugal forces, reducing radial stress and promoting component/assembly stiffness.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115050062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nikolaos Damianakis, Yunhe Yu, G. C. Mouli, P. Bauer
{"title":"Frequency Regulation Reserves Provision in EV Smart-Charging","authors":"Nikolaos Damianakis, Yunhe Yu, G. C. Mouli, P. Bauer","doi":"10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10187114","url":null,"abstract":"Smart-Charging of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is able to provide frequency regulation capacity services to the System Operator (SO) upon an automation generation control (AGC) signal. While the amount of available regulation capacity is of-fered in the Day-Ahead Market (DAM), there is high uncertainty on the actual amount of reserves that will be called in the Real-Time Market (RTM). This work focuses on aiding EV smart-charging to offer a consistent and reasonable amount of regulation capacity, taking into account the impact of potential future instantaneous called regulation reserves while also maintaining simplicity. The work also analyzes the results of different charger types with different characteristics and shows that they play an important role on the regulation provision. Finally, it has been shown that even though the regulation income is inevitably reduced (up to 66%), the Energy Management System (EMS) can still successfully charge the EV s and simultaneously provide regulation reserves with remuneration.","PeriodicalId":234784,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128619055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}