Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Emerging Role of Biopharmaceutical Classification and Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition System in Dosage form Development: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ramu Samineni,&nbsp;Jithendra Chimakurthy,&nbsp;Sathish Konidala","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.73554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.73554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) is an advanced tool used for classifying medicines based on dissolution, water solubility, and intestinal permeability, which affect the absorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from immediate-release solid oral forms. It is useful to the formulation researchers to develop novel dosage forms based on modernistic rather than experimental approaches. The current review focuses on the fundamentals, objectives, guidance of BCS, characteristics of BCS drugs, their importance and applications of BCS. This review explains the challenges in drug development in terms of solubility and in vivo disposition. In the current review, new strategies for improving BCS II drug solubility as well as biopharmaceutical drug disposition properties which are utilized throughout the early stages of drug development and commercialization are mainly discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"706-713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780568/pdf/TJPS-19-706.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Perception and Acceptability of the COVID-19 Vaccine in Nigeria.","authors":"Chinonyerem Ogadi Iheanacho,&nbsp;Okechukwu Harrison Enechukwu,&nbsp;Chinelo Nneka Aguiyi-Ikeanyi","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.75710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.75710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Vaccines are anticipated to control the ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, however, their acceptance is critical for the desired benefit. This study assessed risk perceptions of COVID-19, acceptability of its vaccine and socio-demographic associations of its acceptability in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional web-based study was conducted among 420 participants in Nigeria's six geopolitical regions, using a three-part questionnaire. The questionnaire link was distributed <i>via</i> snowball method to consenting participants through online platforms. Study outcome measures were acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine, and risk perception of COVID-19 by study participants. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 24. <i>p</i> values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 410 respondents participated in the study and high-risk perception of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection (COVID-19) was seen in 127 (66.1%) respondents. Vaccine acceptance was high in 233 (56.8%) respondents and was significantly associated with geo-political region (<i>p</i>=0.028). A moderate positive relationship (r: 0.3) was found between risk perception and acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine and the correlation was statistically significant (<i>p</i>=0.000).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High-risk perception of COVID-19 was found in over half of the respondents, and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was a little more than 50%. However, the study noted regional association with vaccine acceptance among study participants. Therefore, strategic and targeted messaging on vaccine acceptance should be prioritized by stakeholders, to ensure successful vaccine implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"686-693"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780578/pdf/TJPS-19-686.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Lentinus squarrosulus</i> Mont. Mushroom: Molecular Identification, In vitro Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Obesity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment.","authors":"Oyindamola Olajumoke Abiodun,&nbsp;Adenike Martha Alege,&nbsp;Precious Ulonnam Ezurike,&nbsp;Abraham Nkumah,&nbsp;Oluwatosin Adelowo,&nbsp;Tolulope Aderinola Oke","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.72798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.72798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Mushrooms are fungi with nutritional and health benefits. <i>Lentinus squarrosulus</i> Mont., an edible fungus, has traditional usage and relevance in local therapy for managing metabolic diseases. In that view, this study aimed to evaluate the <i>in vitro</i> anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and cytotoxic potential of the chloroform/methanol extract (CME) and aqueous extract (AE) of the mushroom.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong><i>L. squarrosulus</i> was identified using molecular biology tools. The CME and AE were obtained sequentially and, then, subjected to α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase inhibitory enzyme assays as well as total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) estimations. The cytotoxic potential of extract fractions of <i>L. squarrosulus</i> was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The molecular identification of the mushroom displayed that the internal transcribed spacer sequence was an equivalent match to that of <i>L. squarrosulus</i> with a high percentage similarity, and thus assigned a unique accession number (KT120043.1). The CME of <i>L. squarrosulus</i> had higher TPC, TFC, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than AE. Furthermore, AE of the mushroom showed a higher lipase inhibitory potential with an IC₅₀ value of 22.28 ± 0.65 μg/mL than the CME, while that of the reference, <i>i.e.</i> orlistat was 2.28 ± 0.34 μg/mL. However, these extracts exhibited very low or no α-amylase inhibitory and cytotoxic activity at the tested concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals that CME of <i>L. squarrosulus</i>, rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, possesses considerable α-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"642-648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780580/pdf/TJPS-19-642.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10509339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole Genome Sequencing of Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Isolates from Surfaces in a Science Laboratory.","authors":"Christiana Jesumirhewe,&nbsp;Aisha Olamide Abdusalam,&nbsp;Werner Ruppitsch","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.29794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.29794","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Isolates obtained from laboratory surfaces were identified and characterized. Materials and Methods Ten consecutive isolates were obtained from 30 sample surfaces of a University Science Laboratory in Edo State Nigeria in May, 2021. Swabs of surfaces from the laboratory were obtained aseptically. The sample swabs were streaked on MacConkey, eosin methylene blue, mannitol salt, and nutrient agar plates, respectively, and incubated appropriately. Distinct colonies were randomly obtained from culture plates and characterized phenotypically. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to analyze four isolates (40%) obtained by selection criteria. Susceptibility testing using antibiotics was performed for the identified isolates by Kirby-Bauer method for 15 antibiotics. Isolate characterization and identification of resistance determinants were determined using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Results Microorganisms identified included Leclercia adecarboxylata, Enterobacter hormaechei, Atlantibacter hermanii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Three identified isolates were antibiotics-resistant and were investigated by WGS. Resistance genes were found in all (100%) of the resistant laboratory isolates. The resistance determinants included β-lactamase genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, qnr genes, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and trimethoprim resistance genes, respectively. Two isolates carried ESBL genes and blaCTX-M-15 was detected. Conclusion Our study displays the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among isolates obtained from surface of a University Science Laboratory. To the best of our knowledge, we have reported the first genomic characterization of resistance to antibiotics in isolates obtained from surfaces of a University Science Laboratory in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"681-685"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780576/pdf/TJPS-19-681.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Bioactive Compounds of the Endophytic Fungus <i>Aspergillus egypticus</i>-HT166S Inhibiting the Activity of Pancreatic α-Amylase.","authors":"Dilorom Ruzieva,&nbsp;Tashkan Gulyamova,&nbsp;Saodat Nasmetova,&nbsp;Iqbol Mukhammedov,&nbsp;Gulchehra Rasulova","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.05873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.05873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong><i>Diabetes mellitus</i> (DM) is a worldwide increasing problem, associated with development of hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and other chronic diseases. Decreasing of glucose absorption by inhibition of α-amylase is one of the therapeutic approaches to retard diabetes type 2. Pancreatic α-amylase (PA) inhibition widely studied mechanism for determination of potential of natural compounds as antidiabetic agents. The aim of this work was identification of inhibitory secondary metabolites produced by <i>Aspergillus egypticus</i>, isolated from <i>Helianthus tuberosus</i>.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The PA inhibitory activity of the secondary metabolites determined using iodometric method. Isolation of inhibitory compounds was carried out by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that the inhibitory concentration of a compound, K-10 (Rf : 0.74), isolated from metanolic extract of A. <i>egypticus</i> was 4.82 mg/mL. LC-MS/MS analysis of K-10 showed polymethoxylated flavones (PMF).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The fungal endophyte A. <i>egypticus</i>-HT166S can be considered a source of PMF as potential agents for developing new PA inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"630-635"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780572/pdf/TJPS-19-630.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10509337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Websites as a Gate of Pharmacy Schools to the World: Does National Accreditation Cause a Difference?","authors":"Leyla Yumrukaya,&nbsp;Bilge Sözen Şahne,&nbsp;Selen Yeğenoğlu","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.55060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.55060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Websites have become the main information source, being a crucial element of our daily life and a global network. In this context, the importance of the websites of pharmacy schools is considered not only for their educational mission, but also for their gates to the world. In this study, we evaluated the websites of pharmacy schools based on criteria issued in the literature.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Websites of all pharmacy schools in Türkiye were evaluated by scoring the availability of predetermined items, where <i>t</i>-tests and paired <i>t</i>-test were used to compare the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As a result, we found that there is no statistical difference between private and public and accredited or non-accredited schools (<i>p</i>>0.05). Also, we observed no statistical difference between the scores in 2012 and 2021 (<i>p</i>>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most pharmacy schools in this study were public, and the accreditation status still seems challenging. Of these 39 schools, only 14 schools are accredited. Total scores of public schools were found to be higher than the private ones and notably, accredited schools have higher scores. Yet, there is no statistically difference between accredited and non-accredited schools or public and private schools. Importance of websites as a communication tool for higher education institutions (HEIs) is indisputable. In conclusion, pharmacy schools should keep up to date with their official websites, considering the virtual world we fell into with the web technologies' developments. Also, further studies should be conducted on the websites of pharmacy schools regarding user demands. Besides we suggest that pharmacy schools' website' quality should be improved and keeping them up to date should be ensured.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"666-670"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780569/pdf/TJPS-19-666.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10509343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychology of the Pharmacy School Stakeholders in Türkiye.","authors":"Muammer Çalıkuşu,&nbsp;Gülbin Özçelikay","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.68726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.68726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The state of anxiety seen during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic needs to be evaluated and controlled. Studies indicate that high anxiety reduces students' academic performance. The productivity and scientific studies of academicians have also been negatively affected during the pandemic. Psychological conditions of students and academicians need to be improved as high anxiety levels can affect academic achievement. In this study, the effects on psychological well-being (PWB) of COVID-19 anxiety levels of students and academicians in pharmacy schools in Türkiye have been determined.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This research was quantitative. As a data collection tool in the research, a questionnaire consisting of three parts was applied to the academic staff and students of pharmacy schools. After the first part of the questionnaire that aimed to determine general information, there were questions about the pandemic anxiety (PA) and the PWB scales. The universe of the study consists of 1.563 academic staff working in pharmacy schools and 17.101 students in these faculties. The level of significance (α) was determined as 0.05 in the analysis made in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two hundred fortyseven academicians and 1.698 students participated in the research. Data was analyzed by SPSS ver. 25.0 program. 79% of the academic staff participating in the study were women, while 21% were men; for students, it was 77% and 23%, respectively. Female academicians found to have significantly higher (<i>p</i>=0.001) PA level than males. Female students had significantly higher levels of PA (<i>p</i>=0.000) and PWB (<i>p</i>=0.027) compared to male students.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the study, PA of academicians was generally lower than students, while PWB was higher. When the relationship between PA and PWB was examined, the relationship between PA and PWB of the academicians was very low and positive; for the students, it was found to be very low and negative.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"657-665"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780575/pdf/TJPS-19-657.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10509341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacist's Knowledge and Behaviors Toward Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions Reporting Process in Türkiye.","authors":"Aslınur Albayrak,&nbsp;Bensu Karahalil","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.59422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.59422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) increase patient-related morbidity and mortality. Additionally, it is an important public health problem associated with prolonged hospital stay and increasing economic burden. Pharmacovigilance is central to reducing ADRs, so the development and growth of this science is critical to effective and safe clinical practice. The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and behaviors of pharmacists toward pharmacovigilance and spontaneous ADR notifications in Türkiye.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The online questionnaire method was used with the pharmacists, whose prior consent was obtained to participate in the study. The survey was uploaded onto Google form. The survey link was distributed electronically to the eligible participants <i>via</i> social media channels. The knowledge of pharmacovigilance practice, ADR reporting compliance rates, reasons for not reporting ADR, and perceptions of the Turkish pharmacists on pharmacovigilance practice were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred six pharmacists (45%) agreed to participate in the study, 81.8% of whose correctly defined correctly defined the term pharmacovigilance. 91.6% knew the name of the Turkish Pharmacovigilance Center. Clinical and hospital pharmacists were found to have a more adequate knowledge than community pharmacists (<i>p</i><0.05). 18.7% of pharmacists stated that they had previously reported ADRs. Most of the pharmacists stated that the most important reason for not reporting ADRs was not knowing how and where spontaneous reporting should be done, a single spontaneous reporting would not make a difference and the report would generate extra work.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results showed that Turkish pharmacists had adequate knowledge about the concept of pharmacovigilance and the spontaneous ADR reporting system. However, they had little experience in reporting. Training programs should continue to increase the knowledge and reporting experience of pharmacists about the reporting process and requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"694-700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780574/pdf/TJPS-19-694.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for Health-Promoting Properties of <i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.: An Updated Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Yalda Hekmatshoar, Tülin Özkan, Yalda Rahbar Saadat","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.07504","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.07504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Lepidium sativum</i> L. is a common herb distributed worldwide, used as a food ingredient and therapeutic agent in traditional medicine for treating health-related disorders. <i>L. sativum</i> and its extracts have been described to possess numerous biological activities including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, anticancer, and numerous health-promoting effects in <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings describing important biological functions and therapeutic effects of <i>L. sativum</i> in various cell lines and animal models. In this review, the English-language articles were gathered from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar with no time limit applied to any database. The search terms used in this review include, \"<i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.\" and/or \"chemical composition\", \"health benefits\", \"antimicrobial\", \"antioxidant\", \"anticancer\", \"diuretic\", \"nephro-protection\", \"antidiarrheal\", \"antidiabetic\", \"anti-asthmatic\", \"neuroprotection\", \"metabolic\", \"bone fracture\", and \"reproductive performance\". Additional and eligible studies were collected from reference lists of appropriate articles. The information presented will be helpful to attract more interest toward medicinal plants by defining and developing novel clinical applications and new drug formulations in the future. Pre-clinical studies showed that <i>L. sativum</i> possesses potent health-promoting effects involving various molecular mechanisms. Taken all together, data suggested that identified herbal plants such as <i>L. sativum</i>, can be exploited as nutritional and therapeutic agents to combat various ailments. Despite much research in this field, further comprehensive <i>in vitro/in vivo</i> studies and clinical trials are needed to identify the mechanisms underlying the biological and therapeutic activities of <i>L. sativum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"714-723"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780570/pdf/TJPS-19-714.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poloxamer and Chitosan-Based <i>In Situ</i> Gels Loaded with <i>Orthosiphon stamineus</i> Benth. Extracts Containing Rosmarinic Acid for the Treatment of Ocular Infections.","authors":"Ravi Sheshala,&nbsp;Ng Zing Wai,&nbsp;Iqbal Danial Said,&nbsp;Kamran Ashraf,&nbsp;Siong Meng Lim,&nbsp;Kalavathy Ramasamy,&nbsp;Farrukh Zeeshan","doi":"10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.40121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.40121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong><i>Orthosiphon stamineus</i> Benth. (OS) is a commonly used medicinal plant for curbing bacterial infections globally. This work aimed to fabricate poloxamer and chitosan-based <i>in situ</i> gels loaded with standardized aqueous-ethanolic OS leaf extracts and investigate their antimicrobial efficacy as a potential remedy against ocular infections.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong><i>In situ</i> gels containing 0.5% w/v OS extract prepared using cold dispersion method were subjected to physicochemical characterization, including <i>in vitro</i>-release studies. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested against <i>Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using agar diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography chromatograms confirmed the presence of rosmarinic acid (RA) and sinensitin in OS extracts with same retention factor (0.26 and 0.49) and retention times (12.2 and 20.7 min) against reference standards. A homogenous brown coloured <i>in situ</i> gel exhibited low viscosity as a solution and increased viscosity in gel form at ocular temperature. The optimized formulations, P7 (21% P407/4% P188), P8 (21% P407/5% P188) and F5 (1.5% chitosan and 45% <i>β</i>-glycerophosphate) exhibited ideal ocular pH (7.27-7.46), phase transition at ocular temperature (33-37°C) and prolonged RA release up to 12 h. Formulation F5 showed an inhibition zone of 4.3 mm against <i>M. luteus</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among all, formulation F5 alone exhibited modest antimicrobial activity against <i>M. luteus</i>. OS extracts at 5% and 10% were most active against tested bacteria however, loading them into <i>in situ</i> gels resulted in sedimentation. Hence, isolation of RA from OS extract is suggested before loading into formulations for a better antimicrobial activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23378,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"19 6","pages":"671-680"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780577/pdf/TJPS-19-671.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}