Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease最新文献

{"title":"Spotlight on Leishmaniasis Research: Insights from the Special Issue \"Emerging Topics in Leishmaniasis Research\".","authors":"Sandra Regina Maruyama","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leishmaniases, caused by dixenous trypanosomatids from the Leishmaniinae subfamily (over 20 <i>Leishmania</i> species), manifest in three primary clinical forms: visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucocutaneous (MCL) [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11436176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitable Mouse Model to Study Dynamics of West Nile Virus Infection in <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> Mosquitoes.","authors":"Lívia Baldon, Silvana de Mendonça, Ellen Santos, Bruno Marçal, Amanda Cupertino de Freitas, Fernanda Rezende, Rafaela Moreira, Viviane Sousa, Sara Comini, Mariana Lima, Flávia Ferreira, João Paulo de Almeida, Emanuele Silva, Siad Amadou, Marcele Rocha, Thiago Leite, Yaovi Todjro, Camila de Carvalho, Viviane Santos, Marta Giovanetti, Luiz Alcantara, Luciano A Moreira, Alvaro Ferreira","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>West Nile Virus (WNV) poses a significant global public health threat as a mosquito-borne pathogen. While laboratory mouse models have historically played a crucial role in understanding virus biology, recent research has focused on utilizing immunocompromised models to study arboviruses like dengue and Zika viruses, particularly their interactions with <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes. However, there has been a shortage of suitable mouse models for investigating WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus interactions with their primary vectors, <i>Culex</i> spp. mosquitoes. Here, we establish the AG129 mouse (IFN α/β/γ R^-/-) as an effective vertebrate model for examining mosquito-WNV interactions. Following intraperitoneal injection, AG129 mice exhibited transient viremia lasting several days, peaking on the second or third day post-infection, which is sufficient to infect <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> mosquitoes during a blood meal. We also observed WNV replication in the midgut and dissemination to other tissues, including the fat body, in infected mosquitoes. Notably, infectious virions were present in the saliva of a viremic AG129 mouse 16 days post-exposure, indicating successful transmission capacity. These findings highlight the utility of AG129 mice for studying vector competence and WNV-mosquito interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Youth-Friendly Clinic for Young People Living with HIV Transitioning from Pediatric Care.","authors":"Hannah Chew, Kemberlee Bonnet, David Schlundt, Nina Hill, Leslie Pierce, Aima Ahonkhai, Neerav Desai","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Adolescents and young adults face challenges when transitioning to adult care due to emerging adulthood and changing providers and insurance. Young people living with HIV (YPLHIV) have additional obstacles with mental health and stigma. During transition, only 55% of YPLHIV are retained in care, and 65% are virally suppressed. To address these challenges, the Adolescent and Young Adult Health Care Transition Clinic (AYAHCTC) was created at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 2017. This mixed methods study evaluates the initial cohort and solicits YPLHIVs' perspectives on transition barriers and facilitators. (2) Methods: Quantitative analyses (n = 21) characterized patients' demographics, clinical engagement, and retention. Qualitative interviews (n = 5) captured patients' transition experiences. (3) Results: This study, conducted in the Southeastern USA, included a cohort where 47.6% were born abroad, with all participants being US citizens by birth or naturalization. Patients' mean age at first visit was 19.6 years. The average AYAHCTC duration was 2.21 years. First-year engagement and retention were 100% and 95.5%, respectively. Viral suppression rates improved from 66.7% at the first visit to 81.0% at the last visit. Eleven patients transitioned out of AYAHCTC. Qualitative analyses indicate that barriers to transition include leaving trusted providers, reduced parental guidance, developing autonomy, and perceived loss of confidentiality in adult clinic environment. Transition was facilitated by youth-friendly services, clear communication, and strong relationships with AYAHCTC providers. (4) Conclusions: YPLHIV positively viewed AYAHCTC experiences. Future directions include optimizing services to build YPLHIVs' independence, supporting YPLHIV experiencing stigma, assuaging concerns about switching providers, collaborating with adult clinics to maintain confidentiality, and designing interventions focused on adherence during transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Genomic Analysis of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Isolates Circulating in North Santander, Colombia.","authors":"Diana Patricia Bohada-Lizarazo, Karen Dayana Bravo-Sanabria, Paola Cárdenas-Malpica, Raúl Rodríguez","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease in relation to global public health and is caused species of the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex (MTBC). In this study, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and comparative genomics to investigate the genetic diversity of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>) isolates circulating in North Santander (NS), Colombia. WGS was used for the phylogenetic and lineage characterization of 18 isolates of <i>Mtb</i> typed with orphan genotypes from 11 municipalities of NS between 2015 and 2018. The isolates studied were included in six sublineages from L4; the most frequent were 4.1.2.1, 4.3.3, and 4.3.4.2, corresponding to a proportion of 22.2%. The genome analysis conducted allowed the identification of a set of genetic variants mainly associated with determinants of virulence and evasion of the immune system (<i>PPE34</i> and <i>PE_PGRS2</i>); adaptation and survival (<i>PGL/p-HBAD</i>); stress response (<i>sigJ</i> and <i>sigM</i>); geographic variability (<i>PPE34</i>); and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (<i>aldA</i>, <i>rocA</i>, and <i>cyp144</i>). This is the first description of the molecular epidemiology of <i>Mtb</i> isolates circulating in NS achieved through WGS. It was possible to perform comparative genomics analyses between <i>Mtb</i> isolates against the universal reference H37Rv and Colombian UT205 genome, which can help us to understand the local genetic diversity and is relevant for epidemiological studies, providing insight into TB transmission dynamics in NS.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11436241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Domenico Umberto De Rose, Maria Paola Ronchetti, Ludovica Martini, Jole Rechichi, Marco Iannetta, Andrea Dotta, Cinzia Auriti","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis remains the second cause of death among neonates after the pathological consequences of extreme prematurity. In this review we summarized knowledge about pathogens causing early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS), the role of perinatal risk factors in determining the EOS risk, and the tools used to reduce unnecessary antibiotics. New molecular assays could improve the accuracy of standard blood cultures, providing the opportunity for a quick and sensitive tool. Different sepsis criteria and biomarkers are available to date, but further research is needed to guide the use of antibiotics according to these tools. Beyond the historical antibiotic regimens in EOS and LOS episodes, antibiotics should be based on the local flora and promptly modulated if specific pathogens are identified. The possibility of an antibiotic lock therapy for central venous catheters should be further investigated. In the near future, artificial intelligence could help us to personalize treatments and reduce the increasing trend of multidrug-resistant bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do <i>Babesia microti</i> Hosts Share a Blood Group System Gene Ortholog, Which Could Generate an Erythrocyte Antigen That Is Essential for Parasite Invasion?","authors":"Ryan P Jajosky, Audrey N Jajosky, Philip G Jajosky, Sean R Stowell","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The United States of America (US) has the highest annual number of human babesiosis cases caused by <i>Babesia microti</i> (<i>Bm</i>). <i>Babesia</i>, like malaria-causing <i>Plasmodium,</i> are protozoan parasites that live within red blood cells (RBCs). Both infectious diseases can be associated with hemolysis and organ damage, which can be fatal. Since babesiosis was made a nationally notifiable condition by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in January 2011, human cases have increased, and drug-resistant strains have been identified. Both the <i>Bm</i> ligand(s) and RBC receptor(s) needed for invasion are unknown, partly because of the difficulty of developing a continuous in vitro culture system. Invasion pathways are relevant for therapies (e.g., RBC exchange) and vaccines. We hypothesize that there is at least one RBC surface antigen that is essential for <i>Bm</i> invasion and that all <i>Bm</i> hosts express this. Because most RBC surface antigens that impact <i>Plasmodium</i> invasion are in human blood group (hBG) systems, which are generated by 51 genes, they were the focus of this study. More than 600 animals with at least one hBG system gene ortholog were identified using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) command-line tools. Google Scholar searches were performed to determine which of these animals are susceptible to <i>Bm</i> infection. The literature review revealed 28 <i>Bm</i> non-human hosts (NHH). For 5/51 (9.8%) hBG system genes (e.g., <i>RhD</i>), no NHH had orthologs. This means that RhD is unlikely to be an essential receptor for invasion. For 24/51 (47.1%) hBG system genes, NHH had 4-27 orthologs. For the <i>ABO</i> gene, 15/28 NHH had an ortholog, meaning that this gene is also unlikely to generate an RBC antigen, which is essential for <i>Bm</i> invasion. Our prior research showed that persons with blood type A, B, AB, O, RhD+, and RhD- can all be infected with <i>Bm</i>, supporting our current study's predictions. For 22/51 (43.1%) hBG system genes, orthologs were found in all 28 NHH. Nineteen (37.3%) of these genes encode RBC surface proteins, meaning they are good candidates for generating a receptor needed for <i>Bm</i> invasion. In vitro cultures of <i>Bm</i>, experimental <i>Bm</i> infection of transgenic mice (e.g., a CD44 KO strain), and analyses of <i>Bm</i> patients can reveal further clues as to which RBC antigens may be essential for invasion.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11436039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergence between Cardiometabolic and Infectious Diseases in Adults from a Syndemic Perspective: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Silvia Quiroz-Mena, Juan Gabriel Piñeros-Jimenez, Wilson Cañon-Montañez","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>. Synthesize the approaches used to study the convergence between cardiometabolic and infectious diseases in adults from a syndemic perspective based on the scientific evidence available to date worldwide. <b>Methods</b>. Scoping review that follows the recommendations of the PRISMA statement. The protocol was registered in INPLASY202150048. The search for studies was carried out in MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus. <b>Results</b>. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in studies in the field of convergence between cardiometabolic and infectious diseases from a syndemic perspective, but only three studies were classified as true syndemics. There are weaknesses in the adherence to the elements of the syndemic theory, given a low incorporation of population measurements, and until now it has not been possible to find convincing empirical evidence that supports the bio-bio interface. Quantitative methods predominated through models focused on \"sum scores\". <b>Conclusions</b>. Future studies should comprehensively address the elements of syndemics, review discrepancies between additive analyses versus other modeling, and incorporate the influence of large-scale social forces. The lack of these aspects distances studies from the notion of syndemic, bringing them closer to comorbidity or multimorbidity approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concomitant Serological and Molecular Methods for <i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i> Screening in an Endemic Area of Spain.","authors":"Ana Lucas Dato, Philp Wikman-Jorgensen, Emilio Borrajo Brunete, María Dolores Hernández Rabadán, Hilarión García-Morante, María Adelino Merino Trigueros, José María Saugar Cruz, Elisa García-Vazquez, Jara Llenas-García","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Strongyloidiasis is a widespread parasitic disease that can be life-threatening in immunosuppressed people. In the Mediterranean basin, autochthonous cases coexist with imported ones. We aimed to assess the utility of different screening methods, along with the frequency of strongyloidiasis and its associated risk factors in migrants and the native population. This cross-sectional study took place from 2019 to 2022 in the area of the Vega Baja Hospital in Alicante, Spain. Screening was performed in people who were immunosuppressed, at risk of immunosuppression, with blood asymptomatic eosinophilia, and in asymptomatic people from highly endemic countries. Screening methods were serological techniques (ELISA), stool parasitological tests (fecal concentration methods and agar plate culture), and a stool molecular test (PCR). Of the 168 participants (62.5% males, 53.0% migrants, 36.3% immunosuppressed, median age 57 years), 14 (8.3%) had confirmed strongyloidiasis, where 6 were confirmed by serology, 4 by PCR, and 4 by both methods. Overall, 9% of the migrants and 7.6% of the native-born patients were infected. Elevated IgE and hemoglobin and Latin American origin were associated with strongyloidiasis diagnosis. Screening with serology alone would have missed 28.6% of cases. We conclude that strongyloidiasis prevalence is high in our population, both in native and migrant groups, and stool PCR is a useful tool to increase case detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Cardiac Device-Related Infective Endocarditis.","authors":"Gustavo Brandão Oliveira, Isabela Galizzi Fae, Vinícius Tostes Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Oliveira Murta Pinto, Roni Arley Silva Duque, Fernanda Alves Gelape, Fernanda Sophya Leite Cambraia, Guilherme Lelis Costa, Lucas Chaves Diamante, Renato Bráulio, Cláudio Léo Gelape, Marcos Roberto Sousa, Teresa Cristina Abreu Ferrari, Maria Carmo Pereira Nunes","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infective endocarditis (IE) associated with implantable cardiac devices (ICD) is a serious disease with high mortality rates. The increased number of ICD implants has led to increased ICD infection rates. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical, laboratory profiles and the prognosis of cardiac-device-related endocarditis (CDIE), as well as to identify predictors of in-hospital death. A total of 274 patients with IE were included in a prospective cohort (2007-2019). From these, 82 patients (30%) had CDIE (46 pacemakers, 23 cardioverter defibrillators, and 13 cardiac resynchronization therapy devices). Predisposed conditions; clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters; etiologic agents; and in-hospital outcomes were evaluated. The mean age was 55.8 ± 16.4 years, where 64.6% were male. Among the clinical manifestations at diagnosis, the most prevalent were heart failure (67.9%), fever (60.5%), anorexia/hyporexia (44.4%), and heart murmur (37.5%). The median serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level at diagnosis was 63 mg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 20-161). Etiological agents were identified through positive blood cultures in 55% of cases. The main etiologic agents were negative-coagulase staphylococci (19.5%) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (18.3%). Vegetation was identified in 74 patients (90.1%). In-hospital mortality was 28%. CRP concentrations at diagnosis were identified as markers of disease severity (odds ratio [OR] 1.006; 95%CI 1.001-1.011; <i>p</i> = 0.016), and the worsening of heart failure was associated with unfavorable outcomes (OR 3.105; 95%CI 1.397-6.902; <i>p</i> = 0.005). Unlike what is traditionally accepted, CDIE does not have a better prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11436160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trypanocide Use and Molecular Characterization of Trypanosomes Resistant to Diminazene Aceturate in Cattle in Northern Côte D'Ivoire.","authors":"Jean-Yves Ekra, Eliakunda Michael Mafie, Henri Sonan, Michael Kanh, Biégo Guillaume Gragnon, Edouard K N'Goran, Jagan Srinivasan","doi":"10.3390/tropicalmed9090192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The resistance of trypanosomes to the doses of trypanocide administered by farmers to their animals acts as a real brake on efforts to control to combat African trypanosomiasis. Thus, in-depth knowledge of the use of these different molecules and their resistance profiles will be necessary to establish an integrated strategy to combat African trypanosomiasis. To achieve these objectives, a participatory survey among farmers and a resistance diagnosis of trypanosome strains identified in three regions of northern Côte d'Ivoire (Bagoué, Poro and Tchologo) was carried out using the PCR-RFLP technique, followed by sequencing of genes of interest. This study made it possible to identify three molecules that are commonly used by 85% (63/74) of farmers. In descending order of use, we identified Isometamidium chloride (43%), Diminazene aceturate (28%) and Homidium bromide (14%). Three species of trypanosomes, <i>Trypanosoma congolense</i>, <i>Trypanosoma. theileri</i> and <i>Trypanosoma vivax</i>, were identified in farms, and only one strain had the adenosine transporter gene (<i>Trypanosoma congolense</i>), but this strain was sensitive to the Diminazene aceturate molecule. Comparison of the sequence of this trypanosome strain showed that it is different to the Kenyan strain diagnosed as resistant to the Diminazene aceturate molecule. This study shows that a variety of trypanocides are used by farmers, and that the resistance profile of the strains to the Diminazene aceturate molecule could not be observed. However, it is important to further investigate the other molecules encountered in Côte d'Ivoire.</p>","PeriodicalId":23330,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11435713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}