Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters最新文献

{"title":"Consideration of the Maximum Impact Force Design for the Rock-Shed Slab","authors":"C. Lo, Ching-Fang Lee, Ming-Lang Lin","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000169","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at the estimation of the maximum impact force for a rock-shed slab under collision by a rock fall. A DEM program calibrated from small-scale physical experiments is used to model the movement of rock fall clusters and to measure the resultant impact forces. The results obtained from the small-scale experiments show that the maximum impact forces are significantly affected by the mass of the rock fall, the height from which they fall as well as the falling process. Full-scale numerical modeling based upon a field case not only confirms the experimental results but also sheds light upon the influence of the rock fall mode and the contact stiffness between the rock and the rock-shed. This study provides guidelines for the design of rock-shed structures countering large rock fall problems.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123147619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Preparedness Elevated: Seismic Risk Perception and Household Adjustment in Salt Lake City, Utah","authors":"K. Nicoll, T. Cova, Laura K. Siebeneck, E. Martineau","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000168","url":null,"abstract":"Determining household earthquake risk perceptions and adjustments is important for improving our understanding of community preparedness and establishing baselines fro improvements. Greater than 90% of the Utah population lives within 25 km of the Wasatch Fault System (WFS), and a 2012 FEMA report ranked seismic risk in Utah as the 6th highest in the U.S.A. We administered a geocoded, mail-out survey to households located in high-risk ground shaking and liquefaction hazard zones. We examined relationships between adoptions of 13 household adjustments and how respondents perceive risk and responsibility in the context of demographic characteristics, house location, and construction type (e.g. year built, unreinforced masonry (URM) or not, number of floors). Results characterize a population that perceives seismic risk as high, but varies significantly in its preparedness and sense of vulnerability. Further research is needed about how residents obtain information, given that fewer than 10% of respondents were aware of Utah's earthquake preparedness guide.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115896106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Cyclonic Storm as Natural Disaster and other Factors on VultureMortality in India","authors":"B. Paital","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"Post mortem analyses in vultures across India and its neighboring countries traced diclofenac and its derivative compounds in their carcasses. Therefore, it is inferred that biomagnification of diclofenac from the consumed infected domestic animal carcasses contributes mortality by causing renal failure and hepatic damages in vultures. However, reports also indicate that both extrinsic environmental and intrinsic cellular causes might also be contributing factors. It offers a debate to confirm whether only diclofenac is the primary cause of vulture mortality versus their susceptibility to microbial pathogens, diseases or physiological conditions, such as oxidative stress due to diclofenac biomagnification. It is observed that natural disasters such as heavy cyclonic storm which affect arboreal life may be one of the major causes of the death of vultures in some parts of India. Therefore, extrinsic insults such as heavy cyclonic storms are believed to be also contributing factor to affect arboreal life including vultures in some other parts of the world. A perspective is made on the above facts as a cause of catastrophic mortality of vultures in India.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122735401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Variability and Extreme Climate Events: Rural Women Farmers Perception in Southwest Nigeria","authors":"Abuloye Ap, Moruff Ga","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000166","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the level of rural women farmers understanding of their local climate and their indigenous perception of climate variability and extreme climate events. One hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires were administered randomly to a pool of registered women farmers in the study area. Temperature and precipitation data from a local meteorological station was used to examine the perception of the sampled women farmers. The result showed that rural women farmers understand their local climate but found it highly variable and unpredictable. This was confirmed by the result of statistical analysis conducted on the temperature and precipitation data. The result further suggest a positive trend in temperature (b=0.018, P 0.05) within the said period. This suggests that annul temperature has increased in the study area while annual precipitation volume has reduced. Majority of the women farmers perceive extreme climate events to be anthropogenically induce. The study concluded that while some rural farmers lack adequate knowledge of their local climate, vast majority of them understands how the climate works.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127902110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stakeholders Capacity Building and Participation in Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Water Supply and Health Projects in Kenya: Case of Kisii Town, Kisii Country","authors":"Ondieki Wm","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000163","url":null,"abstract":"This study sought to investigate the role of capacity building on stakeholders’ participation in M&E urban Water and Health projects initiated by the county government of Kisii Central Ward. This research project was guided by research questions based on the objective aforementioned. Data was collected using the questionnaire and interview schedules from county officers, public health officers, water officers, project committee members in Kisii Town. Reliability of research instruments were tested using test-retest technique and validated by experts in academic research. Stratified random sampling and simple random sampling were used to select the sample size of 45 respondents. The data was collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The study concluded that inadequate capacity building contributes to low participation of stakeholders in M&E of community projects in Kisii Town. Based on the findings the research recommended for Training (capacity building) on project M&E undertaken within the county government of Kisii. This will enable them embrace community participation and service delivery. Adequate resources (money, personnel, materials/ equipments) for M&E should be allocated for capacity building of communities and committees involved in project identification, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of community development projects. The Members of County Assembly (MCAs) should desist from interfering with the allocation of funds and materials/facilities to community health, water and sanitation projects. The county government should put in place severe punishment for MCAs who influence the selection of committee members and allocation of funds. Based on the findings, the study suggests further study to be carried out to establish the extent to which stakeholders’ participation in monitoring and evaluation affects sustainability of county government initiated community projects.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133311536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Rainstorms during Austral Winter in Sao Paulo State, Brazil: A Case Study","authors":"Franchito Sh, M. Gan, Rao Vb, Santo Cme, Conforte Jc, O. Pinto","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000162","url":null,"abstract":"September 2015 was an atypical austral winter rainy month. Rainstorms were observed in Sao Paulo State, Brazil (53oW-44oW; 20oS-25oS) with catastrophic consequences. In this paper the atmospheric conditions responsible for the rainstorms that occurred on 8th September 2015 in Sao Paulo State and their social and economic consequences were analyzed. The results showed that the rainstorms affected practically the entire Sao Paulo State causing floods and threw down trees, interrupting of the traffic on the streets and affecting the system of electric energy. Rainstorms accompanied by high winds and strong divergence at 200 hPa and ascending motion were observed due to intense squall line moving over Sao Paulo State. Satellite and radar images showed strong convective activity and the heavier rainfall (around 90 mm) in the center-east sector at 20:45 UTC. Hourly data from meteorological stations showed that the wind gust and the precipitation were higher than 65 km h-1 and 10 mm, respectively in almost the entire State. In Sao Paulo city, the rainfall was the highest for September in the last 20 years. The amount of precipitation was 3% higher than the amount expected for the entire September. Since each region of inundation in Sao Paulo city causes a daily damage higher than US$ 263,000,00 a great economic harm must be expected. A co-operative project between National Institute for Space Research (INPE) institution and Energisa Power Company is in progress aimed to mitigate the effects of adverse weather conditions as in the case of the rainstorm that occurred in 8th September 2015.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115950767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Development of the Tornado Impact-Community Vulnerability Index","authors":"Stimers Mj, Paul Bk","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"Given the recognition that not only physical processes, but also social, political, and economic aspects of hazards determine vulnerability to and impact of an event, a classification system that addresses those factors is needed. Current classifications for natural disasters, such as the Fujita Scale for tornadoes and the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale, focus on the physical properties of the event, not the impact on a community. Pre-event vulnerability to a natural hazard is determined by factors such as age, race, income, gender, infrastructure, density of the built environment and health of the industrial base. The behavior of residents in the community, construction quality of shelters, and warning system effectiveness also affect vulnerability. If vulnerability is influenced by such factors, post-event impact should be, at least in part, as well. The goal of this research was to develop the Tornado Impact- Community Vulnerability Index (TICV) that utilizes variables such as the number of persons killed, economic impacts, and social vulnerability to describe to the level of impact a tornado event has on community. As tornadoes that strike unpopulated areas are often difficult to classify, even in the traditional sense, the TICV will take into consideration only events that strike communities defined as “places” according to the U.S. Census Bureau. By assigning a rating to the impact, this index will allow the severity of the storm to be understood in terms of its effect on a specific community and hence its impact, rather than in terms of its physical strength.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122403489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamics Reason for Dying of Urmia Lake, This is not Just an Aral Syndrome!","authors":"H. Hossieni, Ahmed Ss","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000158","url":null,"abstract":"This research demonstrates some physical factors that have been responsible for the drying up and shrinking of the Urmia Lake. The goal of this paper is to revive the Urmia Lake. The shrinking of the lake has been recognized as crucial by many researchers because of its impact on nature. Constructing a highway, which is one of the physical issues being highlighted, divides the lake into two parts and this is primarily why the lake is drying out.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125595620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Extreme Weather Events since 1900 An Enduring Conundrum for Wise Policy Advice","authors":"Kelly Mj","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000155","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely promulgated and believed that human-caused global warming comes with increases in both the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. A survey of official weather sites and the scientific literature provides strong evidence that the first half of the 20th century had more extreme weather than the second half, when anthropogenic global warming is claimed to have been mainly responsible for observed climate change. The disconnect between real-world historical data on the 100 years’ time scale and the current predictions provides a real conundrum when any engineer tries to make a professional assessment of the real future value of any infrastructure project which aims to mitigate or adapt to climate change. What is the appropriate basis on which to make judgements when theory and data are in such disagreement?","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131847640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistence and Structure of the Fish Assemblage from the Ganga River (Kanpur to Varanasi section), India","authors":"A. Dwivedi, Mishra As, P. Mayank, A. Tiwari","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000159","url":null,"abstract":"Fish assemblages are an important component of aquatic ecosystems. Present investigation was undertaken to study the Persistence, structure and abundance of fishes from the Ganga river (site 1: Kanpur, site 2: Allahabad and site, 3: Varanasi section), India. The Ganga river is a back bone of Indian fishery. The samples were collected monthly during the period June 2011 to May 2013. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that axis 1 and 2 accounted for 67% and 33% variance for species and environmental relation, respectively. Structure of the fish assemblage of the Ganga at Kanupr to Varanasi harbors of 102 fish species belong to 8 orders and 28 families. 74, 89 and 82 fish species were recorded at Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi sites, respectively. Cypriniformes and Cyprinidae were the most rich fish species order and family in all sites. At total stretch, Cypriniformes order was shared 49 species, followed by Siluriformes 26 species and Perciformes 17 species. Orders Clupeiformes shared 5 species. Abundance was dominated by Eutropiichthys vacha compared to Clupisoma garua and Sperata seenghala. According to abundance, Cyprinus carpio var. communis (9.64%) and Oreochromis niloticus (9.19%) were powerfully invader in the Ganga river. Exotic species is alarming for indigenous species biodiversity. C. carpio var. communis and O. niloticus are frequently recorded in the Ganga river. Total hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen were responsible for the presence of Catla catla, Rita rita and Sperata aor, while Labeo calbasu, Cyprinus carpio and Cirrhinus mrigala preferred nitrate, phosphate and total dissolved solid for their abundance. Oreochromis niloticus preferred high biological oxygen demand and lead while Zn and Sulphate were responsible for abundance of L. rohita. For conservation point of view C. carpio var. communis and O. niloticus species should be monitored in the Ganga river. Both species are very harmful for fish biodiversity in the Ganga river. Fish assemblage and their abundance know the health of ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123552973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}