Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters最新文献

{"title":"A Review of Coastal Zone Management Facing Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Mauritius","authors":"R. Ramessur","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.S1-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.S1-003","url":null,"abstract":"The National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (NCCAPF) enabling framework in Mauritius has been designed to address key barriers such as lack of financing options, lack of institutional framework and low levels of adaptation technology transfer and aims to integrate and mainstream climate change into core development policies, strategies and plans of Mauritius. The long term energy Strategy 2009-2025 now aims to meet 35% of the energy demand throughrenewable energy sources by the year 2025. The limits of the EEZ of Mauritius (1850 km2, 20°S, 58°E, South Western Indian Ocean, 1.3 million inhabitants) have been defined by geographical coordinates through subsequent regulations under the Maritime Zones Act 1977 as the Maritime Zones (EEZ) Regulations 1984. Flash floods in Port-Louis have become increasingly frequent with floods of March 2013, dubbed as the ‘Black Saturday’ due a death toll of 11. Swells with wave heights of about 10 m occurred on the western coast in May 2007 whereas floods were recorded on the island in March 2008 as a consequence of climatic change. The Capability Approach would ensure that social arrangements target at increasing people’s capabilities and would consider indicators that reflect the importance of assessing the quality of processes rather than simply outcomes of policies and the significance of measures to enhance the ownership and participation of local communities in the management of their natural resources under integrated coastal zone management ICZM. The overall objective should be to develop climate compatible projects for vulnerable coastal regions. The paper reviews measures to strengthen coastal zone management facing climate change and natural disasters and to further improve natural disaster risk management in Mauritius in line with climate compatible development schemes and effective integrated coastal zone management of small islands states under the DPSIR Framework.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130702508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fallout Tephra Simulation for Free","authors":"José Brenes-André","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.S1-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.S1-004","url":null,"abstract":"It is here shown how PLUMERIA and TEPHRA2 can be combined to calculate a plausible map of an eventual volcanic eruption, without needing expensive clusters. Being TEPHRA2 a time consuming soft, it is expected that if reasonable correct input parameters are used since the start, only a few runs would have to be executed, possibly overnight, making it possible that even volcanological researchers without sophisticated computing facilities can create a reasonable hazard map","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114173859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Water Governance: A New Institutional Approach","authors":"B. Adhikari, J. Tarkowski","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.S5-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.S5-001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper conducts a synthesis of case studies on different aspects of water governance. Although the concept of water governance encompasses a complex mix of institutions at multiple levels and scales, we consider four elements of governance: public participation, equity, accountability, and transparency in our analysis. A new framework for institutional analysis is proposed which incorporates these elements within a decentralized polycentric social-ecological system. This system is adapted from a number of previously proposed frameworks in the literature. Focus is maintained on developing countries in an attempt to uncover different sources of governance success and inefficiencies. The paper provides some gaps in theory and knowledge with the goal of facilitating discussion and providing some policy implications for the future direction of water governance.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132230914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Law in Disaster Management","authors":"M. Eburn","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000E113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000E113","url":null,"abstract":"A critical factor both in creating and reducing vulnerability to hazards is the law. Law is a tool that reflects, reinforces and creates societal norms and expectations. It may be used to facilitate power sharing or it can reinforce the ability of those with power to exercise and enjoy it at the expense of others. Systems of land use tenure for example, my ensure that the poor remain on the most hazard prone lands perhaps working that land for the benefit of land owners who may be well removed from any risk. Law can be, and is, used to define who can make decisions on behalf of communities and how governments and their agencies will respond to protect their population in times of crises. International law recognises the primary obligation of states to protect the rights of disaster-affected populations [1] including the right to life [2] and economic support [3]. Vulnerable populations can use law to demand that internationally recognised rights are protected [4] and states may use law to bring pressure on their neighbours to provide, or accept, adequate post disaster assistance [5]. Domestic laws may be used to require those that create hazards, or vulnerability, to account to those affected and to make good the damage caused [6]. Law, in all its forms, can both reduce and increase vulnerability. Studying how law as a discipline, as well how specific laws, affect vulnerability and resilience should be considered an essential part of disaster risk reduction but it is a field of study that is largely overlooked or seen only as ‘part of the problem’ rather than ‘part of the solution’. The Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters is a multi-discipline journal looking reporting research that identifies how hazards impact human populations and how the risk posed by natural hazards may be mitigated. As part of the Journal’s objectives, it is hoped that scholars will consider how the law contributes to both vulnerability and resilience. Actions to identify necessary law reform will go a long way to assisting local governments to build community resilience and reduce the impact of natural hazards.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121268794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NCAA Football and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning: A Probability Analysis","authors":"M. Reagan, Mike Brown, Tory Farney, Rachael Kroot, N. Owen, L. Watkins, T. Watkins, Bryce R. Williams","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000112","url":null,"abstract":"Large venue events present inherent risks, both natural and man-made, for spectators and players alike. Lightning frequency and location is one of the most difficult hazards to forecast. This research investigates cloud-to-ground lightning strikes that occurred within 15 miles of the 81 NCAA football stadiums within the Southeast region of the United States. The domain of the study covers an area of the Mid-South from the Gulf of Mexico north to southern Illinois and from eastern Texas east to western Georgia. Using the NCAA policy on lightning as a guideline, probabilities of risk from lightning were found at various radii from each stadium during the time of day and year in which NCAA football games are played. Additionally, the average delay time due to lightning and near-stadium strike lead times were investigated. While individual stadium statistics were calculated, entire study area and latitudinal divisions are presented temporally","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122371902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical Characteristics and the Components at Risk of Tornado in Rural Bangladesh: A Case Study of Brahmanbaria Tornado","authors":"Rezwan Siddiqui, Taslima Hossain, Shakil Ahmed","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000111","url":null,"abstract":"On 22 March 2013, a tornado swept over the Brahmanbaria and Akhura Sadar Upazila (sub-district) of Brahmanbaria district in Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and caused 35 deaths. There were also high levels of property damages. The aim of this paper is to present the geographical characteristics of Brahmanbaria tornado and the detail of damages it has done. Through this we will assess the components at risk of tornado in the context of rural Bangladesh. Research shows that, though small in nature and size, Brahmanbaria tornado was very much catastrophic – mainly due to the lack of awareness about this natural phenomenon. This tornado lasts for about 15 minutes and traveled a distance of 12 kilometer with an area of influence of 1 square kilometer of area. Poor and unplanned construction of houses and other infrastructures was also responsible for 35 deaths, as these constructions were unable to give any kind of protection during tornado. From this research, it has been seen that human life, poultry and livestock are mostly at risk of tornadoes in case of rural Bangladesh. Inhabitants of this region are completely unaware of the life and property saving measures necessary to take during tornado. This tornado caused high level of human death and casualties and it will take a long time for the affected to overcome the losses","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131188199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Spatial Aspects of Forest Damage and Recovery on the South Carolina Coast Following Hurricane Hugo","authors":"T. Williams, B. Song, C. Trettin, C. Gresham","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000110","url":null,"abstract":"Southern US coastal forests are subject to damage by major Atlantic Hurricanes at a frequency that influences forest succession. Forest species may be: a) resistant: unchanged in mortality and growth; b) susceptible: increase in mortality and decrease in growth, and c) resilient: increase in mortality but increase in abundance and growth, or d) usurper: absent prior to disturbance and increase abundance and growth afterwards. Although there is a wide literature on resistance of temperate species found in the southern US to hurricane wind and salt damage, long-term ecological implications are poorly understood outside of the tropics. Hurricane Hugo struck the South Carolina Coast with an estimated wind speed of 60 m/s. Due to the relatively fast forward movement of the storm, high wind speed and severe forest damage extended nearly 100 km into the state. In depth studies of immediate damage were reported for four sites and seven forest types. Species resistance to hurricane damage was found to be similar to that reported after other major hurricanes (Camille, Katrina, and Rita) although mortality percentages were influenced by position in the wind field. Susceptible species were highly dependent on position (wind speed) and proximity to the ocean (salt water in storm surge). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua),varied between resilient and usurper roles in response to mortality percentage of susceptible species.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131268326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment Sense of Place, Citizens of Urban Public Space, with Emphasis on the Street a Case Study, Imam Street Mahabad","authors":"Hassan Houshyar, M. Abdollahpouri","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000109","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-demographic features have been reported as an important factor in human attachment to places in several studies. So, regarding the role of public spaces on human social life, this study tries to examine this effect in a certain case in Iran regarding some socio-demographic indicators like: gender, age, education, marriage statue and job. With this aim, we surveyed place attachment in one of the most important public spaces in Mahabad, based on four its dimensions: functional, emotional, behavioral and cognitive attachment. Therefore, significance of the correlations between those socio-demographic indicators and different aspects of place attachment was evaluated. The interviews carried out with 598 of Mahabad citizens that participated in this study by random selection. We analyze the result with SPSS software applying T-test, Pearson correlation and F-test (ANOVA) exams. The results indicate, in comparison with other examined indicators; only user’s education level had significant relation with the place attachment degree and its emotional dimension. In addition, singles, older participants and also labors group reported more behavioral attachment to the place.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132583372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote Sensing of Ecological Hotspots: Producing Value-added Information from Multiple Data Sources","authors":"I. Witharana, Uchitha S. Nishshanka, J. Gunatilaka","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.1000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000108","url":null,"abstract":"Fusing high-spatial resolution panchromatic and high-spectral resolution multispectral images with complementary characteristics provides basis for complex land-use and land-cover type classifications. In this research, we investigated how well different pan sharpening algorithms perform when applied to single-sensor single-date and multi-senor multi–date images that encompass the Horton Plains national park (HPNP), a highly fragile eco-region that has been experiencing severe canopy depletion since 1970s, in Sri Lanka. Our aim was to deliver resolution-enhanced multitemporal images from multiple earth observation (EO) data sources in support of long-term dieback monitoring in the HPNP. We selected six candidate fusion algorithms: Brovey transform, Ehlers fusion algorithm, high-pass filter (HPF) fusion algorithm, modified intensity-hue-saturation (MIHS) fusion algorithm, principal component analysis (PCA) fusion algorithm, and the wavelet-PCA fusion algorithm. These algorithms were applied to eight different aerial and satellite images taken over the HPNP during last five decades. Fused images were assessed for spectral and spatial fidelity using fifteen quantitative quality indicators and visual inspection methods. Spectral quality metrics include correlation coefficient, root-mean-square-error (RMSE), relative difference to mean, relative difference to standard deviation, spectral discrepancy, deviation index, peak signal-to-noise ratio index, entropy, mean structural similarity index, spectral angle mapper, and relative dimensionless global error in synthesis. The spatial integrity of fused images was assessed using Canny edge correspondence, high-pass correlation coefficient, RMSE of Sobel-filtered edge images, and Fast Fourier Transform correlation. The Wavelet-PCA algorithm exhibited the worst spatial improvement while the Ehlers.MIHS and PCA fusion algorithms showed mediocre results. With respect to our multidimensional quality assessment,the HPF emerged as the best performing algorithm for single-sensor single-date and multi-sensor multi-date data fusion.We further examined the effect of fusion in the object-based image analysis framework. Our subjective analysis showed the improvement of image object candidates when panchromatic images’ high-frequency information is injected to low resolution multispectral images.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116659820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A GIS Methodology to Assess Exposure of Coastal Infrastructure to Storm Surge & Sea-Level Rise: A Case Study of Sarasota County, Florida","authors":"Christopher A. Tate, T. Frazier","doi":"10.4172/2167-0587.S1-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.S1-001","url":null,"abstract":"Storm surge is the leading cause of loss of life and property from hurricanes. Recent research using geographical information system (GIS) technology has demonstrated sea level rise (SLR) will increase storm surge inundation zones. While effective and accepted GIS models exist for framing surge inundation there is a lack of depth information and consideration of SLR that may be critical for examining the exposure of coastal assets to current and future storm surge hazards. There is a need for a methodology that relates depth to inundation and asset exposure, and is supported by recent hazard vulnerability and resilience literature. Furthermore, new data has been collected that facilitates more detailed SLR modelling than available in previous research. Researchers provide a framework for GIS depth modelling of contemporary and SLR enhanced storm surge that is superior to two-dimensional inundation modelling for examining exposure of societal assets to storm surge and SLR in Sarasota County, Florida. The effectiveness of this framework is demonstrated in a GIS by comparing inundation modelling, depth modelling, and SLR modelling as applied to the exposure of flood-depth sensitive infrastructure in Sarasota County, Florida.","PeriodicalId":233291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121732465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}