Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment最新文献

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Optimizing municipal solid waste collection with GIS-Based High-Density routing and zoning 基于gis的高密度路径和分区优化城市固体废物收集
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.105012
Sedat Yalcinkaya , Hasan İhsan Kaleli
{"title":"Optimizing municipal solid waste collection with GIS-Based High-Density routing and zoning","authors":"Sedat Yalcinkaya ,&nbsp;Hasan İhsan Kaleli","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inefficient routing remains a critical challenge in municipal solid waste (MSW) management. This study aims to improve MSW collection for dispersed collection points through a case study in the Çiğli District of İzmir, Turkey. GIS-based analyses were used to optimize collection routes with the aim of minimizing working time, reducing fuel consumption and travel distance, as well as lowering exhaust emissions. Different routing scenarios were compared, including zoning and non-zoning approaches, using arc and node routing problem types. The high-density routing scenario, in which the built-in GIS-based VRP solver was configured with U-turn restrictions to emulate a capacitated arc routing problem, provided the best improvement. Compared to the current system, this scenario achieved 16.94% savings in collection time, 21.47% in travel distance, 24.57% in fuel consumption, and 29.54% in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Additionally, the overall municipal greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 2.36%. This approach is practically adaptable through easy implementation and requires no custom algorithms. The study demonstrates the environmental and operational benefits of systematic MSW collection optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105012"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Environmental implications and influencing mechanisms of urban ride-hailing services: A systematic perspective 城市网约车服务的环境影响与影响机制:系统视角
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.105003
Fei Wu , Zhengnan Zheng , Hui Ye , Mei Wang , Zexuan Li , Shiyang Wang , Dequn Zhou , Qunwei Wang
{"title":"Environmental implications and influencing mechanisms of urban ride-hailing services: A systematic perspective","authors":"Fei Wu ,&nbsp;Zhengnan Zheng ,&nbsp;Hui Ye ,&nbsp;Mei Wang ,&nbsp;Zexuan Li ,&nbsp;Shiyang Wang ,&nbsp;Dequn Zhou ,&nbsp;Qunwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ride-hailing services have attracted considerable academic interest due to their environmental implications in urban contexts. However, comprehensive long-term analyses examining how ride-hailing contributes to sustainable transportation systems and subsequently shapes carbon emissions remain underdeveloped. This study develops an urban energy system optimization model to evaluate ride-hailing’s impacts on transport-related emissions, distinguished by its endogenous representation of both modal and technological competition, as well as its scenario-based policy integration. Additionally, a decomposition model is introduced to systematically analyze the mechanisms through which ride-hailing influences emission trajectories. The findings demonstrate that ride-hailing’s environmental outcomes are contingent upon policy frameworks and user behavior patterns. In contexts characterized by vehicle electrification policies and shared mobility prevalence, ride-hailing exhibits potential for substantial emission mitigation. Among key determinants, energy intensity emerges as a persistent mitigating factor, while vehicle utilization intensity, technological structure dynamics, and travel demand growth exert upward pressure on carbon emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105003"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Commuting CO2 emissions and built environment around residences and workplaces: Income disparities 通勤二氧化碳排放和住宅和工作场所周围的建筑环境:收入差距
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.105007
Zehang Yu , Chenchen Kang , Xiaoyan Huang
{"title":"Commuting CO2 emissions and built environment around residences and workplaces: Income disparities","authors":"Zehang Yu ,&nbsp;Chenchen Kang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the effects of the built environment (BE) on commuting CO<sub>2</sub> emissions is critical for developing low-carbon cities and advancing sustainable urban development. However, few studies have jointly assessed the effects of BE around residences and workplaces, especially with respect to income-based disparities in high-density urban contexts. In this study, cross-classified multilevel modeling is applied to household travel survey data from Xi’an, a high-density Chinese city. The results show that commuters with higher income generate disproportionately higher commuting CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and exhibit greater sensitivity to the BE attributes. Distance to the city center from residences and transit stations, parking lot density, and job accessibility around workplaces are key BE predictors of commuting CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Unlike in low-density cities, high density and mixed land use are unimportant for carbon reduction in dense urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105007"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Global transport emissions 1850–2020: Historical drivers and lessons for transport decarbonization 1850-2020年全球交通排放:交通脱碳的历史驱动因素和教训
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.104998
Bernardo Tostes , Sofia T. Henriques , Matthew Kuperus Heun , Paul E. Brockway , Tânia Sousa
{"title":"Global transport emissions 1850–2020: Historical drivers and lessons for transport decarbonization","authors":"Bernardo Tostes ,&nbsp;Sofia T. Henriques ,&nbsp;Matthew Kuperus Heun ,&nbsp;Paul E. Brockway ,&nbsp;Tânia Sousa","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes global transport CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from 1850 to 2020 using the LMDI method, offering, for the first time, a decomposition over such a long timespan and global scope. Emissions are split into technological and demand-related drivers using a new dataset. Transport efficiency is divided into final-to-useful efficiency and useful energy intensity, a novel distinction. Key findings include: (1) efficiency improvements avoided 9067 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> by 2019, with peak impacts in 1950–1973 (-1.62 %/yr) and 2008–2020 (-3.63 %/yr), respectively; (2) these gains were insufficient to counter rising demand, which led to 8252 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> in cumulative emissions; (3) demand growth driven by GDP per capita, service intensity, and population accounted for 16 683 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> in 2019, with service intensity dominating in 1850–1913 (+3.97 %/yr) and GDP and population drivers peaking in 1950–1973 (+2.57 % and +1.83 %/yr); (4) keeping emissions at 2020 levels through 2029 would require electricity to supply 52 % of transport energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104998"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can we become car-free in just one month? Evidence from Switzerland 我们能在一个月内实现无车化吗?来自瑞士的证据
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.104991
Francesca Cellina , Tiziano Gerosa , Leonardo Ventimiglia , Raphael Hoerler , Andrea Del Duce , Nadine Klopfenstein Frei , Julia Grundisch
{"title":"Can we become car-free in just one month? Evidence from Switzerland","authors":"Francesca Cellina ,&nbsp;Tiziano Gerosa ,&nbsp;Leonardo Ventimiglia ,&nbsp;Raphael Hoerler ,&nbsp;Andrea Del Duce ,&nbsp;Nadine Klopfenstein Frei ,&nbsp;Julia Grundisch","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We analyse a mobility trial performed in 2024 in the Swiss city of Winterthur: voluntary participants were invited not to use their car for one month, and provided with free access to e-bikes, public transport, and car-sharing. Using a mixed-methods pretest-posttest design based on surveys (<span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>257</mn></mrow></math></span>) and focus groups (<span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>43</mn></mrow></math></span>), we estimate the short-term effects on car use intention and car ownership. The trial mostly attracted individuals already into the transition to “car-freedom”. It reduced frequent car use intention in 36 % of the participants, with greater effect (54 %) in those at early transition phases. It also reduced car ownership, though limitedly: immediately after the trial 2 % of the households became car-free. Two months later, car-free households increased to 13 %, also thanks to generous municipal car-selling incentives. Our results strengthen the findings by recent trials, suggesting partial substitution effects between car and its alternatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104991"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deep learning-based long-medium prediction of Chinese new energy vehicle sales and air quality towards 2035 基于深度学习的2035年前中国新能源汽车销量及空气质量中长期预测
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.105002
Meiping Wang , Jin Shao , Shouxin Zhang , Jingke Hong , Xiangyang Tao , Li Guo
{"title":"Deep learning-based long-medium prediction of Chinese new energy vehicle sales and air quality towards 2035","authors":"Meiping Wang ,&nbsp;Jin Shao ,&nbsp;Shouxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingke Hong ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Tao ,&nbsp;Li Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately forecasting new energy vehicle (NEV) sales carries significant policy and strategic implications. This study proposes a deep learning framework to assess policy incentive intensity for NEV and employs natural language processing techniques to quantify media sentiment index. A deep learning algorithm named P-PLSTM is developed, and Monte Carlo simulation and scenario analysis are embedded, constructing a dynamic scenario forecasting model. It predicts the dynamic development trajectories of Chinese NEV sales and the corresponding air quality between 2024 and 2035 under different scenarios. The results indicate that, compared to traditional machine learning models and commonly used LSTM-based deep learning models, the P-PLSTM model achieves higher predictive accuracy for Chinese new energy vehicle sales, with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.98. Under current conditions, NEV sales exhibit a steady upward trend, surpassing 15 million units by 2030 and reaching 21.29 (±2.87) million units by 2035. With the increase in NEV promotion, the concentrations of major pollutants exhibit a declining trend. By 2035, the atmospheric concentrations of NO<sub>2</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> are expected to decrease by 10.38 and 7.17 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105002"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploratory real-world emission modal assessment of three-wheeled autorickshaws in urban road networks 城市道路网络中三轮机动三轮车实际排放模式的探索性评估
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.105006
Saket Ranjan, Shiva Nagendra Saragur Madanayak PhD
{"title":"Exploratory real-world emission modal assessment of three-wheeled autorickshaws in urban road networks","authors":"Saket Ranjan,&nbsp;Shiva Nagendra Saragur Madanayak PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.105006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the real-world emission characteristics and driving behavior of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and gasoline fueled three-wheeler vehicles in complex urban settings. The measured emissions from gasoline-fueled autorickshaws showed 1.93 fold increase for CO and 1.55 times higher for HC+NO than LPG models, while LPG vehicles recorded 1.37 times increased CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (g/km) during peak-hour traffic. Real world emissions followed a polynomial trend, with applied regression fit effectively capturing the initial rise with speed and stabilizing beyond moderate speeds (10–20 km/h) for LPG. Acceleration led to 25–37 % rise in emissions, while cruising resulted in 15–19 % increase compared to idling across all study areas. The model utilized the speed specific bin-averaged data for vehicle specific power (VSP) under naturalistic driving conditions. Real world emission factor substantially exceeded Bharat Stage (BS) limits, emphasizing the need for enhanced transit management strategies to mitigate vehicular emissions in urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 105006"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shore power deployment strategies and policies including alternative fuels 包括替代燃料在内的岸电部署战略和政策
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.104999
Hugo Daniel , João Pedro F. Trovão , Loïc Boulon , David Williams
{"title":"Shore power deployment strategies and policies including alternative fuels","authors":"Hugo Daniel ,&nbsp;João Pedro F. Trovão ,&nbsp;Loïc Boulon ,&nbsp;David Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel evaluation framework to compare and optimize shore power deployment policies across shipping networks. The framework considers a wide range of policy instruments, including incentives, emission reduction regulations, and public funding. In addition to assessing the business case for shore power adoption, it incorporates the influence of alternative fuels and their implications for deployment strategies, offering a more holistic approach than previous models have suggested.</div><div>A test case on the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes dry and liquid cargo shipping network illustrates the framework’s application for policymakers. Under appropriate policies, shore power could cover 30–50% of vessels’ berth energy use. Achieving large-scale adoption would require an estimated government investment of $257 million USD in infrastructure. With projected cost savings of $240 million USD in external costs and a cumulative reduction of 2,556 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2040, this scenario represents the most compelling policy option.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104999"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Noisiness of road surfaces in Poland according to the Statistical Pass-By method 根据统计通过方法的波兰路面噪声
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.104996
Wladyslaw Gardziejczyk , Marek Motylewicz , Pawel Gierasimiuk , Robert Ziolkowski , Dominik Grzyb
{"title":"Noisiness of road surfaces in Poland according to the Statistical Pass-By method","authors":"Wladyslaw Gardziejczyk ,&nbsp;Marek Motylewicz ,&nbsp;Pawel Gierasimiuk ,&nbsp;Robert Ziolkowski ,&nbsp;Dominik Grzyb","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the key strategies for improving the acoustic climate in the environment, according to Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council , is the construction of road surfaces that significantly reduce tyre/road noise levels. Research work is being carried out in various countries to develop technologies for constructing pavements that reduce tyre/road noise and methods for measuring noise levels from road traffic. The study presents the results of maximum sound level measurements of passing vehicles, conducted using the Statistical Pass-By (SPB) method on different pavement types in Poland, along with an analysis of the findings. The ranking of surfaces was established, and their classification in terms of noisiness was proposed. The reference pavement was presented in relation to the pavements used in Poland, along with the proposal of a new ’virtual’ pavement within the CNOSSOS-EU method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104996"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Big data, big bias? On factors shaping transit and shared micromobility integration 大数据,大偏见?影响公共交通和共享微交通一体化的因素
IF 7.7 1区 工程技术
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2025.104977
Yiheng Qian , Luyu Liu , Xiang Yan
{"title":"Big data, big bias? On factors shaping transit and shared micromobility integration","authors":"Yiheng Qian ,&nbsp;Luyu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trd.2025.104977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding what drives shared micromobility use as a first-/last-mile (FM/LM) connection to transit is vital for enhancing multimodal travel. However, reliable data on transit-connecting micromobility trips are limited. Researchers often use buffer-based methods to infer FM/LM trips from large datasets, but such methods may cause bias in study results. This study uses a novel dataset with thousands of user-reported transit-connecting e-scooter trips to build a ground-truth model. Results show that more FM/LM trips are associated with higher transit-stop and road density, lower residential and intersection density, CBD proximity, greater employment rate, and lower shares of Black residents. Also, we find that using transit-connecting trips inferred from buffer-based methods unavoidably lead to biased model outputs. These biases stem from heterogeneity in station characteristics and transit-connecting trip patterns. We highlight trade-offs in inference accuracy and offer guidance for the use of big data in future research on transit and micromobility integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23277,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104977"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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