Translational Animal Science最新文献

{"title":"Administering the maternal appeasing substance to <i>Bos taurus</i> and <i>B. indicus</i> cattle placed as yearlings in feedlots with different environmental conditions.","authors":"Reinaldo F Cooke, Shea J Mackey, Izadora S de Souza, Ingo A S Mello, Yasmin M Barreto, Vinicius N Gouvea","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf022","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two experiments evaluated growth performance of finishing cattle placed on feed as yearlings, and receiving the maternal bovine appeasing substance (<b>mBAS</b>) during stressful management events. In Exp. 1, 240 Angus-influenced yearling steers arrived at the research feedyard on d -1 after a 4-h road transport, and body weight (<b>BW</b>) was recorded upon arrival (411.8 ± 2.5 kg). Steers were ranked by arrival BW and received 1 of 2 treatments during initial processing (d 0): 1) 10 mL of a mBAS (Ferappease^®; FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals; College Station, TX) or 2) 10 mL of mineral oil (<b>CON</b>; placebo). Treatments were applied topically to the nuchal skin area (5 mL) and above the muzzle (5 mL). During initial processing, steers were weighed, vaccinated against <i>Clostridium</i> spp. and respiratory pathogens, dewormed, implanted, and then distributed into 30 drylot pens according to arrival BW and treatment (n = 15 pens/treatment, 8 steers/pen). Steers were reapplied treatments concurrently with reimplanting on d 75. Initial BW was the average BW on d -1 and 0, final BW was the average of BW recorded on d 138 and 139, and steers were slaughtered on d 139. Steers assigned to mBAS had greater (<i>P </i>≤ 0.04) ADG, final BW, and hot carcass weight (<b>HCW</b>). Feed intake was greater (<i>P </i>≤ 0.05) in mBAS steers, but mostly after reimplanting (treatment × day; <i>P</i> < 0.01). Carcass yield grade, backfat thickness, marbling score, and % Choice or better were greater (<i>P </i>≤ 0.05) in mBAS steers. In Exp. 2, Nelore (<i>Bos indicus</i>) yearling bulls (n = 2,626) arrived at a feedyard (d 0) after a 96-h road transport, and BW was recorded upon arrival (shrunk BW = 352.9 ± 0.6 kg). Bulls were assigned to receive mBAS or CON as in Exp. 1 during initial processing on d 0 (10 pens/treatment; ~130 bulls/pen) which included deworming and vaccination against <i>Clostridium</i> spp. and respiratory pathogens. Bulls were on feed for 96.0 ± 1.0 d until slaughter. Bull ADG was calculated using arrival BW considering a 14% shrink and final BW recorded when loading bulls to slaughter. Bulls assigned to mBAS had greater (<i>P </i>≤ 0.04) ADG, feed intake, final BW, and HCW. Morbidity and mortality rates due to respiratory disease were less (<i>P </i>= 0.02) in mBAS bulls. Collectively, mBAS administration during stressful management events improved growth performance, mainly by increasing feed intake, in finishing cattle placed on feed as yearlings in feedlot systems typical of US (Exp. 1) and tropical regions (Exp. 2).</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11926797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dogs fed a high protein, low carbohydrate diet have elevated postprandial plasma glucagon and amino acid concentrations and tend to have lower glucose concentrations compared to two different moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate diets.","authors":"Sydney Banton, Shari Raheb, Pawanpreet Singh, John P Cant, Anna K Shoveller","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As dog owners continue to seek to feed their dogs similarly to themselves, there is demand for high protein, low carbohydrate (HPLC) diets. The consumption of HPLC diets can improve glycemic control, similarly to high fiber diets. However, the effects of HPLC and high fiber diets on cardiac function have yet to be evaluated in healthy dogs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the glucose, insulin, glucagon and amino acid (AA) postprandial response and echocardiographic measurements in laboratory-housed, adult large breed dogs fed a commercially available HPLC, a moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate (MPMC), or a commercially available MPMC, high fiber, \"metabolic\" diet for 42 d. This study was conducted as a 3 × 3 Latin square where dogs received: 1) a commercial HPLC diet (48% of metabolizable energy (ME) from protein, 10% of ME from nitrogen-free extract; NFE), 2) a MPMC diet (28% of ME from protein, 39% of ME from NFE) formulated with the same ingredients as HPLC or 3) a MPMC, high fiber, \"metabolic\" (MET) diet (30% of ME from protein, 37% of ME from NFE) as a commercial control. An echocardiogram and a 12-h glucose, insulin and glucagon response and 6-h AA meal response were performed on day 42 of feeding. Data were analyzed using proc glimmix in SAS (version 9.4). All echocardiographic parameters remained within a healthy reference range for dogs of this size. Dogs fed HPLC had a larger net area under the curve (NetAUC) for plasma glucagon (P < 0.001) compared to dogs fed MPMC and MET, a smaller NetAUC for glucose: insulin (P = 0.039) compared to dogs fed MPMC but MET was similar to both. Glucose NetAUC tended to be different among treatments (P = 0.057), where dogs fed MPMC had a greater netAUC than dogs fed HPLC and dogs fed MET tended to have a greater netAUC than HPLC. Dogs fed HPLC had greater concentrations of Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, Tyr and Val over time compared to dogs fed MPMC and MET, and dogs fed MET had greater concentrations of Gln and Met over time compared to dogs fed HPLC and MPMC (P < 0.05). Dogs fed a HPLC diet may have improved glucose uptake compared to dogs fed a MPMC diet. This research provides the first insight into the cardiometabolic health of dogs consuming three diets differing in their protein, carbohydrate and fiber content.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf017"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South Dakota State University Extension's two-year beefSD program has high impact on beginning beef cattle producers.","authors":"Krista A Ehlert, Amanda D Blair, Stacy Hadrick, Kenneth C Olson","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf020","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The value of Extension programming is the generation of short (knowledge gain), medium (behavior change), and long (condition improvement) term outcomes or impact for clientele. Evaluating impact is a critical step in Extension programming. Effective evaluation can be used to measure outcomes, adapt and improve curricula of ongoing programs, and document public value gained from Extension funding. Although evaluation tools administered during or at the end of program activities can measure short-term outcomes, they cannot measure subsequent change in behavior and condition as a result of the program. South Dakota State University Extension has conducted a program entitled \"beefSD\" wherein cohorts of beginning beef cattle producers have been exposed to a two-year curriculum to increase their capacity to successfully manage their beef cattle enterprises. Five cohorts completed the program between 2010 and 2022. To measure the medium- and long-term impacts of this program, an online survey instrument was administered to the alumni of all five cohorts in Fall 2022. Twenty-two percent of alumni completed the survey. Survey results indicated that since completion of the program, most respondents expanded their beef cattle enterprises, implemented goals, financial, marketing, grazing, drought, and business plans, and became more profitable. The majority of respondents found high value from practices, tools, and concepts learned in beefSD that they incorporated into their enterprise management plans. Evaluation results indicated beefSD has positively impacted the beef cattle enterprises and lives of alumni, increasing the likelihood of their improved sustainability going forward. Further, this evaluation survey clearly demonstrated program impact, documenting public value from the program. Similar Extension programs could be developed for other regions or commodities, contributing comparable outcomes with program evaluation documenting further public value.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf020"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feeding of a high protein, low carbohydrate diet leads to greater postprandial energy expenditure and fasted n6: n3 fatty acid ratio in lean, adult dogs compared to a moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate diet.","authors":"Sydney Banton, Júlia G Pezzali, Taylor Richards, Lyn M Hillyer, David W L Ma, Jesús M Pisco, James R Templeman, Anna K Shoveller","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf018","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High protein, low carbohydrate (HPLC) diets are often sought out by dog owners. They are reported to have beneficial effects on energy expenditure (EE), fat oxidation, and may alter the serum fatty acid profile. However, there is little to no data to support the feeding of HPLC diets to healthy adult dogs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to interrogate the health claims related to the feeding of HPLC diets to healthy adult dogs using a commercially available HPLC diet (48% of metabolizable energy (ME) from protein, 10% of ME from nitrogen-free extract; NFE), a moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate (MPMC) diet (28% of ME from protein, 39% of ME from NFE) formulated with the same ingredients as HPLC, and a commercially available, MPMC, high fiber, \"metabolic\" (MET) diet (30% of ME from protein, 37% of ME from NFE) as a commercial control. Diets were fed to 9 healthy, large breed dogs for 42 d in a Latin square design. Fasted blood samples were collected on days -2 (baseline), 12, 26 and 40, and indirect calorimetry was performed on 8 dogs on days 20 and 39 to measure respiratory quotient (RQ) and EE. Statistics were performed in SAS Studio (version 9.4). Dogs fed HPLC had a lower RQ at fasted (0.76), 0 to 4 h (0.78) and 5 to 10 h (0.83) post-meal compared to dogs fed MET (0.80, 0.83, 0.90) and MPMC (0.80, 0.84, 0.91; P < 0.05). All dogs had a similar EE at fasted but dogs fed HPLC had a greater postprandial EE at 0 to 4 h (5.36 kcal/kg^0.75) and 5 to 10 h (5.46 kcal/kg^0.75) compared to dogs fed MPMC (4.79 and 4.84 kcal/kg^0.75; P < 0.05). Dogs fed MET (4.98, 4.96 kcal/kg^0.75) were similar to both (P > 0.05). Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n3) and total n3 were all greater in dogs fed MET at each week (P < 0.05). In contrast, total n6: n3 and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n6): eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3) were both greater (P < 0.05) in dogs fed HPLC and MPMC compared to dogs fed MET at each week. This study represents the first to assess EE and serum fatty acids in adult large breed dogs consuming a HPLC diet for 6 wk. Consuming a HPLC diet led to potential beneficial effects of increased EE and fat oxidation after a meal, which has the potential to be useful in managing obesity, a common health concern in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf018"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time digital dermatitis detection in dairy cows on Android and iOS apps using computer vision techniques.","authors":"Agam Dwivedi, Marlee Henige, Kelly Anklam, Dörte Döpfer","doi":"10.1093/tas/txae168","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txae168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to deploy computer vision models for real-time detection of digital dermatitis (DD) lesions in cows using Android or iOS mobile applications. Early detection of DD lesions in dairy cows is crucial for prompt treatment and animal welfare. Android and iOS apps could facilitate routine and early DD detection in cows' feet on dairy and beef farms. Upon detecting signs of DD, dairy farmers could implement preventive and treatment methods, including foot baths, topical treatment, hoof trimming, or quarantining cows affected by DD to prevent its spread. We applied transfer-learning to DD image data for 5 lesion classes, M0, M4H, M2, M2P, and M4P, on pretrained YOLOv5 model architecture using COCO-128 pretrained weights. The combination of localization loss, classification loss, and objectness loss was used for the optimization of prediction performance. The custom DD detection model was trained on 363 images of size 416 × 416 pixels and tested on 46 images. During model training, data were augmented to increase model robustness in different environments. The model was converted into TFLite format for Android devices and CoreML format for iOS devices. Techniques such as quantization were implemented to improve inference speed in real-world settings. The DD models achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.95 on the test dataset. When tested in real-time, iOS devices resulted in Cohen's kappa value of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.49 to 0.65) averaged across the 5 lesion classes denoting the moderate agreement of the model detection with human investigators. The Android device resulted in a Cohen's kappa value of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.29 to 0.47) denoting fair agreement between model and investigator. Combining M2 and M2P classes and M4H and M4P classes resulted in a Cohen's kappa value of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.54 to 0.76) and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.35 to 0.57), for Android and iOS devices, respectively. For the 2-class model (lesion vs. non-lesion), a Cohen's kappa value of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.85) and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.52 to 0.78) was achieved for iOS and Android devices, respectively. iOS achieved a good inference time of 20 ms, compared to 57 ms on Android. Additionally, we deployed models on Ultralytics iOS and Android apps giving kappa scores of 0.56 (95% CI: 0.48 to 0.64) and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.37 to 0.55), respectively. Our custom iOS app surpassed the Ultralytics apps in terms of kappa score and confidence score.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txae168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11829201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy requirements of growing small ruminants raised for meat production in contrasting climatic regions: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Vinícius C Souza, Adeline Bougouin, Harry Archimede, Adegbola Adesogan, Ermias Kebreab","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this meta-regression was to evaluate the influence of ruminant species, sex, and climatic regions on the metabolizable energy (<b>ME</b>) requirements for maintenance (<b>MEm)</b> and weight gain (<b>MEg</b>) in growing small ruminants raised for meat production across different climatic regions. Data included 655 and 337 treatment means from 173 and 99 studies on sheep and goats, respectively. Metabolizable energy intake (<b>MEI</b>; MJ/kg^^0.75) was regressed against average daily gain (<b>ADG</b>; g/kg^^0.75), with the study included as a random effect. The analysis found that MEm was not affected by species (<i>P</i> = 0.50), but MEg (MJ/g ADG) was significantly different between species (<i>P</i> = 0.02), with sheep requiring 0.032 (± 0.002) and goats 0.026 (± 0.002) MJ/g ADG. Sex did not affect MEm in either species (<i>P</i> ≥ 0.32). However, in goats, intact males had a greater MEg (<i>P</i> = 0.02) than females (0.030 ± 0.003 vs. 0.013 ± 0.006 MJ/g ADG). MEm was lower (<i>P</i> = 0.03) in small ruminants raised in subtropical regions (0.497 ± 0.046 MJ/kg^^0.75) compared to those in semi-arid (0.600 ± 0.038 MJ/kg^^0.75) and tended to be lower than those in arid regions (0.529 ± 0.050 MJ/kg^^0.75). However, these differences disappeared when adjusting for maturity, diet composition, digestibility, or altitude. MEg was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in animals raised in arid regions (0.032 ± 0.006 MJ/g ADG) compared to those in Mediterranean (0.009 ± 0.004 MJ/g ADG) or semi-arid regions (0.009 ± 0.004 MJ/g ADG) after adjusting for diet composition and digestibility. Similarly, ruminants in Mediterranean regions had lower MEg (0.019 ± 0.004 and 0.009 ± 0.004 MJ/g ADG) than those in tropical regions (0.033 ± 0.002 and 0.024 ± 0.002 MJ/g ADG), respectively after adjusting for maturity, diet composition, and digestibility. MEg in semi-arid regions was consistently lower than in tropical regions, regardless of the covariates tested. For predictive purposes, the global model exhibited the best accuracy (CCC = 0.57 and RSR = 0.79), comparable to the model derived specifically for the tropical region (CCC = 0.58 and RSR = 0.80). This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of species-specific differences in ME requirements in small ruminants while recognizing the challenges posed by confounding effects and climatic variability inherent in global datasets. The analysis suggests that animals raised in tropical conditions may have lower MEm than current feeding systems that use data from temperate climates.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf012"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a botanical feed additive blend of capsicum oleoresin, clove and garlic essential oils on growth performance and fecal dry matter in nursery pigs.","authors":"Ty H Kim, Jason C Woodworth, Mike D Tokach, Joel M DeRouchey, Robert D Goodband, Jordan T Gebhardt, Mark T Knauer, Christiaan P A van de Ligt, Emma H Wall","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf016","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a botanical-derived feed additive containing capsicum oleoresin, clove and garlic essential oils (CCG; Fytera Start, Selko, Indianapolis, IN) in nursery pigs fed with or without pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu. In Exp. 1756 pigs (Duroc × Landrace/Large White composite (Smithfield Premium Genetics), initially 7.8 ± 0.09 kg) were used in a 40-d study to determine the effects of CCG level on growth performance of nursery pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu. In Exp. 2340 barrows (DNA 200 × 400, initially 6.1 ± 0.08 kg) were used in 38-d study to determine the effect of CCG in diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu on growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). For both experiments, pigs were randomly allotted to pens which were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 9 pigs per pen and 21 pens per treatment in Exp. 1 and 5 pigs per pen and 17 pens per treatment in Exp. 2. Dietary treatments in Exp. 1 were corn-soybean meal based with pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu and included either 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of CCG. Dietary treatments in Exp. 2 were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of CCG (none or 100 mg/kg) and nutritional or pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu. All Exp. 2 diets contained 110 mg/kg of Zn and 16.5 mg/kg of Cu from the trace mineral premix. For both experiments, pharmacological levels of Zn were added at 3,000 and 2,000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 2, respectively and Cu was added at 250 mg/kg in all phases. For Exp. 1, overall average daily gain (ADG) increased (linear, <i>P </i>< 0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) tended to increase (linear, <i>P </i>< 0.10) as CCG increased from 0 to 100 mg/kg. For Exp. 2, there was a CCG × Zn/Cu interaction observed for overall ADG and ADFI (<i>P </i>< 0.05) where CCG numerically increased ADG and ADFI in pigs fed nutritional levels of Zn and Cu; but reduced ADG and ADFI in pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu. There was a Zn/Cu × day interaction (<i>P </i>= 0.001) for fecal DM, in which there was no difference (<i>P </i>> 0.10) in fecal DM on d 10, but pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu had lower (<i>P </i>< 0.001) fecal DM on d 21 compared to pigs fed nutritional levels of Zn and Cu. In summary, when included in diets with pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu, feeding increasing levels of CCG increased ADG in Exp. 1 but did not improve performance in Exp 2.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf016"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of feeding varying levels of mycotoxin-containing corn fines on diet choice and growth performance of nursery pigs.","authors":"Duncan B Paczosa, Tyler B Chevalier, Sunday A Adedokun, Lan Zheng, Merlin D Lindemann","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf015","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxins in feed are known to negatively affect growth and other physiological processes in pigs. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding diets with varying levels of mycotoxins and boron (a nutrient reported to mitigate some aspects of mycotoxicosis). Screenings from the 2020 crop year corn contained mycotoxin levels of 23,038 ppb total fumonisins (FUM), 1,446 ppb zearalenone (ZEA), and 5,032 ppb total deoxynivalenol (DON). The corn fines were added to a corn-soybean meal diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC (National Research Council. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/13298) nutrient requirements as a replacement for corn at 0, 10, and 20% for Diets 1 to 3. Diets 4 to 6 were Diets 1 to 3, respectively, plus 40 ppm boron from sodium tetraborate decahydrate. Diets 3 and 6 were formulated to approximate the guidance level of fumonisin and the advisory level of DON stated by the FDA. Exp. 1 used 48 crossbred pigs (initial body weight [BW] = 9.18 kg ± 0.12 kg) blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatment comparisons: Comparison 1) Diet 1 vs. Diet 2; Comparison 2) Diet 1 vs. Diet 3; and Comparison 3) Diet 2 vs. Diet 3. There were 4 replicates (4 pigs/pen) for the 21-d preference trial. Exp. 2 used 144 crossbred pigs (mean initial BW = 10.20 ± 0.23 kg) blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to diets for a total of 6 replicates (4 pigs/pen) for a 21-d growth trial. On d 21, serum was collected from the heaviest and lightest pig in each pen for clinical chemistry assessment. Exp. 1 demonstrated the barrows' ability to discern between diets in Comparisons 2 and 3 (<i>P</i> < 0.01) for each week while gilts only started to exhibit that ability during Week 3 for Comparison 2 (<i>P</i> = 0.06). Increasing mycotoxin levels in Exp. 2 had no effect on overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F (<i>P</i> = 0.16, 0.53, and 0.92, respectively). The increasing mycotoxin levels affected serum glucose and cholesterol (<i>P</i> = 0.03, and <i>P </i>< 0.01, respectively). There was no effect of boron on the same performance measures (<i>P</i> = 0.81, 0.59, and 0.76, respectively) although it did lower serum glucose (<i>P</i> = 0.02). In conclusion, pigs can differentiate and choose between diets containing these mixed mycotoxins but when not given a choice, the pigs do not necessarily have different growth performance using the particular mycotoxins and concentrations within the framework of this assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf015"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring industry perspectives and preferences about calf handling and restraint methods used during spring processing of calves in western Canada.","authors":"Lindsey Arkangel, Claire Windeyer, Christy Goldhawk, Cindy Adams, Ed Pajor","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calf processing events have important animal health, management, and sociocultural roles in the beef cattle industry. In western Canada, the three most commonly used methods for spring processing are roping and wrestling (RW), roping and Nord fork (NF), and tilt table (TT). The objective of this study was to understand the preferences and perceptions of handling event participants about calf handling and restraint methods commonly used during western Canadian beef calf processing events during the spring season. Data were collected using a mixed-methods online questionnaire. Quantitative analysis was used to describe the study participants and determine preference rankings. Qualitative, thematic analysis was used to explore participants' perceptions about the common handling and restraint methods and to identify values within and across participants. The majority of participants were farm hands or staff members (92.8%), followed by owners (4.9%), family members (1.4%), friends (0.5%), and others (0.4%). The most preferred method to use was RW, and TT was the least preferred (χ² = 3239.1, df = 6, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Participants shared values regarding calf safety and stress, processing efficiency, convenience, human safety, and labor intensity when explaining their preference to use calf handling and restraint methods for spring processing. Responses highlighted the need for understanding and skill in low stress handling and processing tasks in order for any of the methods to be effective. These values identify aspects to address when developing best practice recommendations for calf handling and restraint. Furthermore, focusing communication through the lens of these shared values will likely positively engage participants in extension efforts and community discussions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11842966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary chemistry in healthy cross-bred pet rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) and rabbits with suspected chronic kidney disease.","authors":"Yeh Sze-Yu, Sung Chi-Hsuan, Liu Pin-Chen, Wu Ching-Fen, Lin Tsai-Lu, Cheng Tsung-Li, Chi-Chung Chou","doi":"10.1093/tas/txaf002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/tas/txaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal biomarkers for early detection of decreased kidney function have been extensively studied in dogs and cats, but there is limited research for pet rabbits. Specifically, studies on urinary indices for cross-bred rabbits are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential use of urinalysis in cross-bred pet rabbits. Urine samples from 30 healthy crossbred pet rabbits and 11 rabbits with suspected kidney disease (KD) from three clinics were collected. RIs of urinary indices, including urinary protein, creatinine (uCRE), urinary protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio, gamma-glutamyl transferase (uGGT), and uGGT ratio, were established and compared to two published reference intervals (RIs). The results showed that healthy rabbits consistently had low urine protein levels and abnormal UPC ratios, compared to a published study involving only pure-bred rabbits. Rabbits with KD had higher urine protein levels and a significantly higher UPC ratio (<i>P</i> < 0.001), with 63% having ratios greater than 0.4. Additionally, rabbits with KD showed significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.001) lower uCRE levels and urine specific gravity (USG) with elevated uGGT index (<i>P</i> < 0.05), compared to the healthy group. Significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) were also observed in urine color, turbidity, pH, and positivity of the occult blood by dipstick. This study underscores potential breed-specific variations in urinary protein levels and UPC ratio, as well as highlights the diagnostic potential of USG, UPC ratio, and uGGT index in rabbits with KD. However, the presence of breed-specific variations and technical nuances in laboratory equipment necessitate careful interpretation of results. Therefore, further studies across larger and more diverse rabbit populations are crucial to validate the diagnostic performance of urinary indices in diagnosing KD in rabbits.</p>","PeriodicalId":23272,"journal":{"name":"Translational Animal Science","volume":"9 ","pages":"txaf002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}