Translational Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Long COVID elevated MMP-9 and release from microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.","authors":"Duraisamy Kempuraj, Irene Tsilioni, Kristina K Aenlle, Nancy G Klimas, Theoharis C Theoharides","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2022-0352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Long COVID is a major health concern because many patients develop chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms, but the precise pathogenesis is unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) can disrupt neuronal connectivity and be elevated in patients with long COVID.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, MMP-9 was measured in the serum of long COVID patients and healthy controls, as well as in the supernatant fluid of cultured human microglia cell line stimulated by recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spike protein, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neurotensin (NT) used as positive controls. MMP-9 was measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MMP-9 was significantly elevated in the serum of long COVID patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, there was significant release of MMP-9 from a cultured human microglia cell line stimulated by LPS, NT, or Spike protein. We further show that pretreatment with the flavonoids luteolin and tetramethoxyluteolin (methlut) significantly inhibited the release of MMP-9 stimulated by the Spike protein.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MMP-9 from Spike protein-stimulated microglia could contribute to the development of long COVID and may serve as a target for treatment including the use of luteolin.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11472557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data science approach to optimize ADHD assessment with the BRIEF-2 questionnaire.","authors":"Lucía Caselles-Pina, Paula Serna Del Amo, David Aguado, Jorge López-Castromán, Juan de Dios Sanjuán-Antúnez, David Delgado-Gómez","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2022-0349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. A key challenge associated with this condition is achieving an early diagnosis. The current study seeks to anticipate and delineate the assessments offered by both parents and teachers concerning a child's behavior and overall functioning with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF-2). Mothers, fathers, and teachers of 59 children diagnosed or in the process of being assessed for ADHD participated in this study. The responses provided by 59 mothers, 59 fathers, and 57 teachers to the BRIEF-2 questionnaire were collected. The performance of various feature selection techniques, including Lasso, decision trees, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, and forward stepwise regression, was evaluated. The results indicate that Lasso stands out as the optimal method for our dataset, striking an ideal balance between accuracy and interpretability. A repeated validation analysis reveals an average positive correlation exceeding 0.5 between the inattention/hyperactivity scores reported by informants (mother, father, or teacher) and the predictions derived from Lasso. This performance is achieved using only approximately 18% of the BRIEF-2 items. These findings underscore the usefulness of variable selection techniques in accurately characterizing a patient's condition while employing a small subset of assessment items. This efficiency is particularly valuable in time-constrained settings and contributes to improving the comprehension of ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>TTBK2</i> ^T3290C mutation in spinocerebellar ataxia 11 interferes with ciliogenesis.","authors":"Ruiqing Luo, Xiaoxia Zeng, Ping Li, Shuai Hu, Xueliang Qi","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2022-0353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to elucidate the impact of the <i>TTBK2</i> ^T3290C mutation (MUT) associated with Spinocerebellar Ataxia 11 (SCA11) on TTBK2 expression, function, and ciliogenesis. Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood samples of SCA11 family members with the MUT and healthy controls (wild-type, WT). HEK-293 cells transfected with either WT or MUT <i>TTBK2</i> plasmids were used to assess the MUT's impact on TTBK2 protein expression, enzymatic activity, and its binding to Cep164 protein. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells transfected with WT or MUT <i>TTBK2</i> plasmids examined the MUT's effect on cilia formation. Clinically, there was no significant difference in the expression of TTBK2 between the SCA11 patients and healthy individuals. The <i>TTBK2</i> ^T3290C MUT did not affect protein expression or enzymatic activity but did reduce ciliary formation in embryonic cells and decreased binding affinity to Cep164. Therefore, our data suggested that the <i>TTBK2</i> ^T3290C MUT in SCA11 may impair ciliogenesis by weakening the interaction with Cep164.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In a rodent model of autism, probiotics decrease gut leakiness in relation to gene expression of GABA receptors: Emphasize how crucial the gut-brain axis.","authors":"Rawan M Bin-Khattaf, Abeer M Al-Dbass, Mona Alonazi, Ramesa Shafi Bhat, Sooad Al-Daihan, Afaf K El-Ansary","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2022-0354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Rodent models may help investigations on the possible link between autism spectrum disorder and increased permeability of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract since autistic patients frequently manifested GI troubles as comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty young male western Albino rats, weighing approximately 60-70 g and aged 3-4 weeks, were used. In each of the six experimental groups, eight animals were treated as follows. The mice in the control group (I) received phosphate-buffered saline orally. For 3 days, the animals in the propionic acid (PPA)-treated groups (II and III) were given an oral neurotoxic dose of PPA (250 mg/kg body weight each day). Group II was euthanized after 3 days; however, Group III was left alive to be euthanized alongside the other groups. The animals were kept at 22 ± 1°C and allowed to access water and normal food as needed. Identical dosages of PPA were given to the rats in the three treatment groups (IV, V, and VI), and for 3 weeks, they were given the following treatments: 0.2 g/kg body weight of pure <i>Bifidobacterium infantis</i>, a probiotic mixture of PROTEXIN®, Somerset, UK and pure <i>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</i>, respectively. The six groups underwent measurements of serum zonulin and occludin as variables associated with leaky gut, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and catalase as oxidative stress-related variables, with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor gene expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study demonstrated the potential effects of pure or mixed probiotics in lowering zonulin and occludin as markers of increased intestinal permeability, enhancing GABA receptor expression, and reducing oxidative stress as neurotoxic effects of PPA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates that various probiotics protect gut barrier function and could be used to alleviate increased intestinal permeability caused by oxidative stress and impaired GABA signaling as a result of PPA neurotoxicity, addressing the clinical implications of probiotic supplements.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amelioration of behavioral and histological impairments in somatosensory cortex injury rats by limbal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation.","authors":"Ali Derakhshani, Farahnaz Taheri, Nima Geraminia, Lily Mohammadipoor-Ghasemabad, Mansoureh Sabzalizadeh, Farzaneh Vafee, Mohammad Reza Afarinesh, Vahid Sheibani","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0346","DOIUrl":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cortical lesions can cause major sensory and motor impairments, representing a significant challenge in neuroscience and clinical medicine. Limbal mesenchymal stem cells (LMSCs), renowned for their remarkable ability to proliferate and distinct characteristics within the corneal epithelium, offer a promising opportunity for regenerative treatments. This study aimed to assess whether the transplantation of LMSCs could improve tactile ability in rats with lesions of the barrel cortex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this experimental study, we divided 21 rats into three groups: a control group, a lesion group with cortical cold lesion induction but no stem cell treatment, and a group receiving LMSC transplantation following cold lesion induction. We conducted 3-week sensory assessments using a texture discrimination test and an open-field test. We also performed Nissl staining to assess changes on the cellular level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rats in the LMSC transplantation group demonstrated significant improvements in their ability to discrimination textures during the second and third weeks compared to those in the lesion group. The open-field test results showed an increased exploratory behavior of rats in the LMSC transplantation group by the third week compared to the lesion group. Additionally, Nissl staining revealed cellular alterations in the damaged cortex, with a significant distinction observed between rats in the LMSCs and lesion group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that LMSC transplantation enhances sensory recovery in rats with cortical lesions, particularly their ability to discriminate textures. LMSC transplantation benefits brain tissue reparation after a cold lesion on the somatosensory cortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11330157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activating α7nAChR suppresses systemic inflammation by mitigating neuroinflammation of the medullary visceral zone in sepsis in a rat model.","authors":"Lin Peng, Hongbing Li, Cheng Zhang, Weiwei Jiang","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0345","DOIUrl":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our previous studies have shown that activating α7nAChRs suppresses systemic inflammation and immunity through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) in early sepsis. Now that the medullary visceral zone (MVZ) is the center of CAP and responsible for regulating systemic inflammation, what changes will occur in MVZ's pathology and function in sepsis, especially when interfering with α7nAChRs? Does activation of MVZ's α7nAChRs contribute to the inhibition of systemic inflammation? To clarify these issues, we explored the systemic inflammation and immunity state by detecting serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, HMGB1, sCD14, and CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg and TH17 lymphocytes percentage, meanwhile, we analyzed the apoptosis of cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons and the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) in MVZ in sepsis and the interfering effects on α7nAChRs. In this study, we found that in sepsis, serum TNF-α, IL-6, HMGB1, sCD14, CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg, and TH17 lymphocytes significantly increased and the ratio of Treg/TH17 significantly decreased, cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons underwent apoptosis with low expressions of TH and CHAT in MVZ; activation of α7nAChRs not only significantly decreased the levels of septic serum TNF-α, IL-6, HMGB1, sCD14, and TH17 lymphocytes (<i>P</i> ＜ 0.05), but also significantly reduced cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons' apoptosis, and promoted expressions of TH/CHAT. Our study reveals that sepsis undermines MVZ through neuroinflammation which contributes to the uncontrolled systemic inflammation. Activating central α7nAChRs is not only helpful to restore MVZ's structure and function but also beneficial to subside the inflammatory storm in sepsis. Even if MVZ is damaged in sepsis, cholinergic neurons in MVZ still regulate the systemic inflammation stably.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11330160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid hormone T3 induces Fyn modification and modulates palmitoyltransferase gene expression through αvβ3 integrin receptor in PC12 cells during hypoxia.","authors":"Elisabed Kvergelidze, Tamar Barbakadze, Judit Bátor, Irine Kalandadze, David Mikeladze","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0347","DOIUrl":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential in neuronal and glial cell development and differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelin sheath formation. In addition to nuclear receptors, TH acts through αvβ3-integrin on the plasma membrane, influencing transcriptional regulation of signaling proteins that, in turn, affect adhesion and survival of nerve cells in various neurologic disorders. TH exhibits protective properties during brain hypoxia; however, precise intracellular mechanisms responsible for the preventive effects of TH remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of TH on integrin αvβ3-dependent downstream systems in normoxic and hypoxic conditions of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Our findings reveal that triiodothyronine (T3), acting through αvβ3-integrin, induces activation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway and suppression of the SHP2 in hypoxic PC12 cells. This activation correlates with the downregulation of the expression palmitoyltransferase-ZDHHC2 and ZDHHC9 genes, leading to a subsequent decrease in palmitoylation and phosphorylation of Fyn tyrosine kinase. We propose that these changes may occur due to STAT5-dependent epigenetic silencing of the palmitoyltransferase gene, which in turn reduces palmitoylation/phosphorylation of Fyn with a subsequent increase in the survival of cells. In summary, our study provides the first evidence demonstrating the involvement of integrin-dependent JAK/STAT pathway, SHP2 suppression, and altered post-translational modification of Fyn in protective effects of T3 during hypoxia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11306964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141907804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis alleviates brain injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits by activating PI3K/Akt signaling\".","authors":"Jing Cheng, Hong Yang, Fang Chen, Li Qiu, Fang Chen, Yanhua Du, Xiangping Meng","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2022-0986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0334.].</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220986"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11306958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141907726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute ischemic STROKE - from laboratory to the Patient's BED (STROKELABED): A translational approach to reperfusion injury. Study Protocol.","authors":"Alessandro Sodero, Emilia Conti, Benedetta Piccardi, Cristina Sarti, Vanessa Palumbo, James Kennedy, Anna Maria Gori, Betti Giusti, Enrico Fainardi, Patrizia Nencini, Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro, Francesco Saverio Pavone, Marzia Baldereschi","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0344","DOIUrl":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral edema (CE) and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) are frequent and unpredictable events in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), even when an effective vessel recanalization has been achieved. These complications, related to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, remain difficult to prevent or treat and may offset the beneficial effect of recanalization, and lead to poor outcomes. The aim of this translational study is to evaluate the association of circulating and imaging biomarkers with subsequent CE and HT in stroke patients with the dual purpose of investigating possible predictors as well as molecular dynamics underpinning those events and functional outcomes. Concurrently, the preclinical study will develop a new mouse model of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and recanalization to explore BBB alterations and their potentially harmful effects on tissue. The clinical section of the study is based on a single-center observational design enrolling consecutive patients with AIS in the anterior circulation territory, treated with recanalization therapies from October 1, 2015 to May 31, 2020. The study will employ an innovative evaluation of routine CT scans: in fact, we will assess and quantify the presence of CE and HT after stroke in CT scans at 24 h, through the quantification of anatomical distortion (AD), a measure of CE and HT. We will investigate the relationship of AD and several blood biomarkers of inflammation and extracellular matrix, with functional outcomes at 3 months. In parallel, we will employ a newly developed mouse model of stroke and recanalization, to investigate the emergence of BBB changes 24 h after the stroke onset. The close interaction between clinical and preclinical research can enhance our understanding of findings from each branch of research, enabling a deeper interpretation of the underlying mechanisms of reperfusion injury following recanalization treatment for AIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11245877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comorbidity in spinal cord injury in Iran: A narrative review.","authors":"Taher Taheri, Saereh Hosseindoost, Hadi Kazemi, Seyedehalia Kamali, Pirhossein Kolivand, Zeinab Gharaylou","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0343","DOIUrl":"10.1515/tnsci-2022-0343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide each year. In Iran, an estimated 9 out of every 100,000 individuals experience traumatic SCI occurrences. Long-term disabilities and comorbidities stemming from SCI often necessitate multiple therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the morbidity in Iranian SCI patients. In this study, a four-step process was used to select, extract, analyze, and synthesize relevant literature. The search covered 750 records from five databases, resulting in 25 articles included in the review. These articles, published between 2000 and 2023, utilized cross-sectional, qualitative, or cohort designs. The findings explored the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of comorbidities associated with SCI, categorized into four themes: physical, sexual, psychological, and metabolic morbidity. Physical morbidity refers to medical conditions or complications affecting body functions or structures in SCI patients. The most frequently reported cases include pressure ulcers, pain, osteoporosis, fractures, impaired pulmonary function, renal failure, and obesity. Metabolic morbidity includes conditions such as vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic risk factors. Psychological morbidity encompasses depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders. Sexual morbidity refers to conditions or complications affecting the sexual function or satisfaction of SCI patients. This narrative literature review offers a comprehensive examination of various aspects of SCI in Iranian patients. The review identifies numerous challenges and difficulties faced by SCI patients while also highlighting protective factors that can improve their well-being. Additionally, the review acknowledges gaps and limitations within the current literature and suggests possible avenues for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23227,"journal":{"name":"Translational Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"20220343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11229886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141559843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}