Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology最新文献

Bacterial contamination on the white coats of medical laboratory students at a tertiary care hospital 一家三级医院医学检验专业学生白大褂上的细菌污染

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000373

Kusumakshi Nayak, Seema Shetty, Akshaya T Poojary, Thejaswini Prabhu

{"title":"Bacterial contamination on the white coats of medical laboratory students at a tertiary care hospital","authors":"Kusumakshi Nayak, Seema Shetty, Akshaya T Poojary, Thejaswini Prabhu","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000373","url":null,"abstract":"Background: White coats might be a potential source of infection and play a huge role in transmitting pathogenic bacteria in hospital setup as well as in the community. Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the bacterial contamination on white coats of students working in diagnostic laboratories and determine their antibacterial susceptibility. Methods: Swabs were collected from the sleeves and pockets of the white coat of 96 students working in various diagnostic labs in a tertiary care hospital and processed for bacteriological analysis based on standard procedures. Results: Among 96 white coats, bacterial contamination was observed in 63 white coats. Pockets of the white coats were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria than sleeves. Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated only from 13 white coats. The majority were Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Micrococcus luteus. All isolates of S. aureus were susceptible to antibiotics used. Few isolates of A. baumannii were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin. One isolate of P. aeruginosa exhibited resistance to Cefoperazone. Conclusion: White coats of students working in diagnostic labs were contaminated with both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria, which can cause cross contamination and increase the spread of nosocomial infection. Bacteria resistant to antibiotics can lead to treatment complications. Thus, policies should be prepared and followed to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission by following routine laboratory practices such as hand washing, frequent cleaning of white coats and disinfecting other fomites.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"69 1","pages":"201 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139339237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diagnostic performance of two commercially available coronavirus disease 2019 antibody kits: Elecsys Anti-SARS CoV-2 (Roche) and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (IgG) (Euroimmun) 两种市售冠状病毒疾病 2019 抗体试剂盒的诊断性能：Elecsys Anti-SARS CoV-2（罗氏）和 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (IgG)（Euroimmun）

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000375

A. Sarmış, M. E. Kocoglu, Hasan Guclu, Z. Habip, T. Ozekinci

{"title":"Diagnostic performance of two commercially available coronavirus disease 2019 antibody kits: Elecsys Anti-SARS CoV-2 (Roche) and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (IgG) (Euroimmun)","authors":"A. Sarmış, M. E. Kocoglu, Hasan Guclu, Z. Habip, T. Ozekinci","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000375","url":null,"abstract":"Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is no longer a pandemic, it still kills. The risk of a new wild variant means it is still important to monitor and assess the level of immunity in vulnerable populations. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of two widely available commercial antibody testing kits. A total of 170 blood samples with different disease profiles were collected. Sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value (PPV), negative-predictive value (NPV), accuracy, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and kappa values were calculated. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of sensitivity and 1-specificity were performed. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated and P less than 0.05 was considered significant. The positive likelihood ratio LR+ [sensitivity/(1 − specificity)] as a measure of the diagnostic performance of a test was calculated. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was used to compare kit results. For the Roche and Euroimmun tests, the sensitivity was 96 and 89%, the specificity was 100 and 100%, PPV was 100 and 100%, and NPV was 57 and 33%, respectively. AUC was 0.983 for Roche (P < 0.001) and 0.94 for Euroimmun (P < 0.001). A highly significant correlation between the two kits was found (r = 0.917, P < 0.001). Even though the Elecsys Roche kit had a slightly better performance, both kits could be used for the antibody screen of a population. However, combined methods, including memory T-cell and neutralizing antibody tests, can give a better idea of an individual's immune status.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"49 1","pages":"190 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139340722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aggressive abscesses in the head and neck region of probable odontogenic origin – two case reports 可能源于牙源性的头颈部侵袭性脓肿--两例报告

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000359

Anna Suska, M. Wiatr, Martyna Lara, Jacek Czepiel, Jacek Składzień, Piotr Sadowski, Joanna Szpor, M. Czerniuk

{"title":"Aggressive abscesses in the head and neck region of probable odontogenic origin – two case reports","authors":"Anna Suska, M. Wiatr, Martyna Lara, Jacek Czepiel, Jacek Składzień, Piotr Sadowski, Joanna Szpor, M. Czerniuk","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000359","url":null,"abstract":"Odontogenic infections are the most common type of infections of the head and neck among adults. They usually spread continuously from the mandible and/or maxilla into the sublingual, submandibular or masticatory spaces, then directly into the parapharyngeal space. They require comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic management, as they may potentially lead to life-threatening complications. We present two clinical manifestations of aggressive abscesses in the head and neck region of probable odontogenic origin and discuss different therapeutic approaches. The first patient, a 31-year-old man, was admitted because of a tumor-like lesion within the right maxillary sinus. He complained of purulent nasal discharge of two weeks duration despite antibiotic therapy. In the Caldwell-Luc operation a cyst filled with puss was displayed, the sac of the cyst and the polypoid mass were removed. The second patient, a 28-year-old man, was admitted due to an abscess of the left half of the neck and viscerocranium, with a large edema of this area, neck pain, fever, dyspnea and lockjaw. The patient was qualified for surgery. During intubation, a purulent collection emptied into the oral cavity and throat. In both cases, simultaneously with the surgery, an empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered. Microbiological analysis of the material collected during the operations revealed Prevotella melaninogenica in the first case, and Streptococcus group C in the second. Treatment of aggressive odontogenic infections must take a comprehensive approach, including both surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy covering Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic pathogens.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"31 1","pages":"185 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139355214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Occurrence of bone sialoprotein-binding protein gene among clinical vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from bone infections 从骨感染中分离出的临床耐万古霉素肠球菌中出现骨唾液蛋白结合蛋白基因

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000364

S. Al–Alak, Haidar J. Muhammed, S. S. Khazaal

{"title":"Occurrence of bone sialoprotein-binding protein gene among clinical vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from bone infections","authors":"S. Al–Alak, Haidar J. Muhammed, S. S. Khazaal","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000364","url":null,"abstract":"Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium can be found in the bone resulting human osteomyelitis infections, this could be controlled by some encoding genes that can express the bacterial adhesions, which aid in bacterial colonization for the host bone tissues. Hence, this research aimed to detect the occurrence of bbp gene in clinical vancomycin resistant E. faecium isolated from bone infections. After collection, the samples were isolated and identified using different manual and automated protocols. Furthermore, vanA and bbp genes were molecularly investigated. Results show that 60% of the identified E. faecium were vancomycin-resistant with distribution of 32% and 28% in postsurgery and hematogenous infections, respectively. The prevalence of vanA and bbp genes was 100% in 20 vavancomycin-resistant faecium isolates. These findings show that vanA and bbp expression may be associated with bone infections. We draw the conclusion from this study that vanA and bbp detection can be used as a marker for vavancomycin-resistant faecium in the bone invasion.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":"54 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139354940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Amoebiasis and probiotics: perspectives on complementary treatment 阿米巴病与益生菌：辅助治疗的视角

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000367

Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira, G.K.S. Prado, R. E. Cruz, Maria Aparecida Gomes, M. Caliari

{"title":"Amoebiasis and probiotics: perspectives on complementary treatment","authors":"Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira, G.K.S. Prado, R. E. Cruz, Maria Aparecida Gomes, M. Caliari","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000367","url":null,"abstract":"Amoebiasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica that has a worldwide geographic distribution, with a higher prevalence in developing countries where social and sanitary conditions are considerably precarious. Amoebiasis can be accompanied by severe clinical manifestations such as amoebic colitis and amoebic liver abscess, aggravating the host's condition, with death as one of the consequences. Several health actions and pharmacological strategies have been made to prevent the infection and possible complications of this disease, and have achieved success in containing the disease in most patients. However, some medications such as metronidazole can also cause serious complications to the individual because of their potential hepatotoxic effect in addition to producing other side effects. Research directed towards an alternative and effective treatment for amebiasis has been conducted. The use of probiotics has been highlighted as a promising treatment against Entamoeba spp. In this review, we will address the prospects of using probiotics as a treatment for amoebiasis patients. In addition, we will provide information on the biology of Entameba spp.; the clinical manifestations of amoebiasis and a perspective of the use of Weissella paramesenteroides as a possible treatment.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"5 1","pages":"225 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139369423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Factors influencing microbial growth in the human oral cavity 影响人类口腔微生物生长的因素

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000338

R. Khan, R. Sarmah

引用次数: 0

Bioactivities and production of antihypertensive peptides during fermentation of soy milk by lactic cultures 乳酸培养豆浆发酵过程中的生物活性和降压肽的产生

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000346

S. Hati, N. Patel, Rinkal Pipaliya

{"title":"Bioactivities and production of antihypertensive peptides during fermentation of soy milk by lactic cultures","authors":"S. Hati, N. Patel, Rinkal Pipaliya","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000346","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH on fermentative characteristics of selected lactic acid bacteria in soy milk, determining α-galactosidase activity and the utilization pattern of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose during fermentation of soymilk and also to evaluate the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and proteolytic activities. In this study, Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC5463 (V3) reduced maximum pH (pH 4.25) in soy milk (pH 6.5), produced highest viable lactic counts, i.e. 13.32 log CFU/ml in soy milk (pH 8.0) during fermentation. Highest acidity was observed in case of V3 (0.75% lactic acid (LA)) in soy milk (pH 6.5) during fermentation. Overall, lactic acid bacteria performed well in natural soy milk (pH 6.5) as compared to soy milks having pH 7.0 and pH 8.0. V3 also showed highest α-galactosidase activity in comparison to other lactic cultures at pH 6.5. Similarly, Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC 5945 (NS4) utilized maximum amount of sucrose and stachyose after 24 h of incubation than other cultures at pH 6.5. NS4 (L. rhamnosus MTCC 5945) culture showed the highest ACE inhibition activity (65.33%) and the highest proteolytic activity (3.264 mg/ml) in soymilk (pH 6.5). The results suggested that the strains (V3 and NS4) could be used for the development of fermented soy milks to reduce complex soy oligosaccharides.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125418375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Relationship between blood components, inflammatory factors and bacterial spp that cause tonsillitis and dental caries in Iraqi children 伊拉克儿童扁桃体炎和龋齿的血液成分、炎症因子和细菌种类之间的关系

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000333

Dunia B. Shabeeb, E. N. Naji

{"title":"Relationship between blood components, inflammatory factors and bacterial spp that cause tonsillitis and dental caries in Iraqi children","authors":"Dunia B. Shabeeb, E. N. Naji","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000333","url":null,"abstract":"Aims and Objectives: Study the correlation between anti-streptolysin O titer (ASOT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) with other related factor and the correlation between bacterial species and related with some tested parameter. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients were part of the study and was divided into six groups, each group had 20 patients with age range was 6–12 years. Blood sample collection about 10 ml was withdrawn from each patient via vein puncture using 10 ml disposable syringes, 5 ml for immunological study and 5 ml for hematological study. Results: The results of ASOT showed that a highly significant positive correlation with monocytes and a highly negative correlation with eosinophil. As for CRP, it was found it have a highly significant positive correlation with eosinophil, lymphocytes and have a highly negative correlation with neutrophil percentage and monocytes percentage with a positive correlation with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Conclusion: Our study shown that ASOT are still useful diagnostic tools for tonsillitis. CRP levels in the tonsillitis patients group were significantly higher than those in other groups, whereas ESR levels in the tonsillectomy patients group were significantly higher than those in other groups.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133686930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

CTX-M gene and presence of insertion elements in patients with septicemia caused by Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌所致败血症患者CTX-M基因与插入元件的存在

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000337

Bahman Yousefi, A. Pakdel, Sahar Hasanpour, A. Abdolshahi, Alireza Emadi, Daryoush Pahlevan, M. Dadashpour, M. Eslami

{"title":"CTX-M gene and presence of insertion elements in patients with septicemia caused by Escherichia coli","authors":"Bahman Yousefi, A. Pakdel, Sahar Hasanpour, A. Abdolshahi, Alireza Emadi, Daryoush Pahlevan, M. Dadashpour, M. Eslami","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000337","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Septicemia is a significant infection caused by some agents such as Escherichia coli. The goal of this study was to see how effective antibiotics were against E. coli isolates from septicemia patients, as well as to look into their genetic relationship. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 E. coli isolates were collected from septicemic patients. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted with disk diffusion method. The prevalence of CTX-M gene and presence of insertion elements IS26 (IS26a and IS26b) and ISEcp1 were investigated. Phylogrouping, serogrouping and virulence typing were also investigated. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was also performed for genetic classification. Results: Fifty-one CTX-M positive isolates were identified. There was no resistance to phosphomycin. The ISEcp1, IS26a, and IS26b were detected in upstream of 84.3%, 5.8% and 9.8% of CTX-M, respectively. The orf477 was detected downstream of all CTX-M positive isolates. Thirty-six isolates belonged to the B2 phylogroup, followed by 25 D, 22 A, and 17 B1. The most frequent serogroup in the isolates is O1 serogroup. The highest rate of virulence genes included csgA, traT, iutA, hlyA, and kpsMII. The results of PFGE showed five clusters (A–E) using 80% cut-off. Conclusion: A significant relation between CTX-M gene and virulence factors was determined. Hence, surveillance and proper control strategies are essential to prevent the distribution virulent and drug-resistant E. coli. Although phosphomycin was found to be effective in eradicating extended spectrum β-lactamases-producing E. coli infections in septicemic patients, no genetic relationships between isolates were discovered.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117163686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of genetic factors of Escherichia coli in patients with urosepsis and urinary tract infections. A systematic review 尿脓毒症与尿路感染患者大肠杆菌遗传因素的比较。系统回顾

Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000331

A. Varghese, Ummer V. Saleena, Gopalakrishna Bhat, V. Ke, Ciraj Am

{"title":"Comparison of genetic factors of Escherichia coli in patients with urosepsis and urinary tract infections. A systematic review","authors":"A. Varghese, Ummer V. Saleena, Gopalakrishna Bhat, V. Ke, Ciraj Am","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000331","url":null,"abstract":"Extraintestinal pathogenic bacteria, ExPEC Escherichia coli strains produce a wide range of invasive infections in humans and animals, and these infections frequently result in septicemia. ExPEC pathogenicity factors (VF) include adhesins, toxins, iron acquisition factors, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharide capsules, and invasins, which are usually encoded on pathogenicity islands (PAIs), plasmids, and other genetic elements, and have a wide range of activities, from bacteria colonization to virulence. The data was retrieved using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science with specific keywords. Data constraints were imposed, such as limiting the publishing year to the previous five years and using English as the medium of publication. The review follows the PRISMA principles for systematic reviews and has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021245293). A total of 14 papers were pulled from several databases, and were found to be appropriate for scrutiny after a thorough analysis of their whole content. In Uro-Pathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) virulence, the polysaccharide capsule plays a key role. The capsule, when combined with adhesins, facilitates the organism's attachment to the urinary tract's walls, allowing the infection to start. The iutA, pap GII, and hlyA genes were discovered with significantly varied frequencies in urosepsis isolates. These findings imply that a variety of VFs can mediate the bloodstream infection process, and that each train might have a different arrangement of these factors. Several genetic processes that contribute to genomic plasticity, including as plasmids, phages, and transposable elements, can be used to explain the diversity of virulence genes.","PeriodicalId":231643,"journal":{"name":"Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127383534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0