Tobacco Control最新文献

{"title":"Cumulative cigarette discount coupon exposure and trajectories of cigarette smoking: a longitudinal analysis in US adults.","authors":"Kristen R Hamilton-Moseley, Timothy S McNeel, Kelvin Choi","doi":"10.1136/tc-2022-057801","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2022-057801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Exposure to cigarette discount coupons is associated with short-term increase in cigarette smoking; however, long-term impact is unclear. This study examined associations of cumulative exposure to cigarette coupons with trajectories of cigarette smoking in US adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were from the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Adult Surveys (n=19 824; waves 2-5). We examined the number of waves participants received cigarette discount coupons/promotions during waves 2-4 and smoking behaviours at wave 5. Weighted logistic multivariable regression models were used, adjusting for wave 2 demographics and stratified by wave 2 smoking status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among wave 2 adults who never smoked, each increment wave of exposure to cigarette discount coupons was associated with greater odds of wave 5 current smoking (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.09, 95% CI 1.24-3.52). Among wave 2 adults who smoked daily, each wave of coupon exposure was associated with lower odds of quitting smoking at wave 5 (aOR=0.67, 95% CI 0.62-0.73). Among wave 2 adults who had quit smoking, each increment wave of exposure was associated with greater odds of wave 5 current smoking (aOR=1.61, 95% CI 1.41-1.85). Additionally, women (vs men) and adults with lower socioeconomic status (SES) (vs higher SES) were more frequently exposed to cigarette coupons for a higher number of waves (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Exposure to cigarette coupons exhibited a dose-response relationship with changes in cigarette smoking behaviours over time, promoting smoking progression and hindering smoking cessation especially among women and people with lower SES. Prohibiting these coupons can be an important tobacco control strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":"565-569"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9617396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing patterns of cigarette and ENDS transitions in the USA: a multistate transition analysis of youth and adults in the PATH Study in 2015-2017 vs 2017-2019.","authors":"Andrew F Brouwer, Jihyoun Jeon, Evelyn Jimenez-Mendoza, Stephanie R Land, Theodore R Holford, Abigail S Friedman, Jamie Tam, Ritesh Mistry, David T Levy, Rafael Meza","doi":"10.1136/tc-2022-057905","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2022-057905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It is unknown how recent changes in the tobacco product marketplace have impacted transitions in cigarette and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multistate transition model was applied to 24 242 adults and 12 067 youth in waves 2-4 (2015-2017) and 28 061 adults and 12 538 youth in waves 4 and 5 (2017-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Transition rates for initiation, cessation and product transitions were estimated in multivariable models, accounting for gender, age group, race/ethnicity and daily versus non-daily product use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Changes in ENDS initiation/relapse rates depended on age, including among adults. Among youth who had never established tobacco use, the 1-year probability of ENDS initiation increased after 2017 from 1.6% (95% CI 1.4% to 1.8%) to 3.8% (95% CI 3.4% to 4.2%). Persistence of ENDS-only use (ie, 1-year probability of continuing to use ENDS only) increased for youth from 40.7% (95% CI 34.4% to 46.9%) to 65.7% (95% CI 60.5% to 71.1%) and for adults from 57.8% (95% CI 54.4% to 61.3%) to 78.2% (95% CI 76.0% to 80.4%). Persistence of dual use similarly increased for youth from 48.3% (95% CI 37.4% to 59.2%) to 60.9% (95% CI 43.0% to 78.8%) and for adults from 40.1% (95% CI 37.0% to 43.2%) to 63.8% (95% CI 59.6% to 67.6%). Youth and young adults who used both products became more likely to transition to ENDS-only use, but middle-aged and older adults did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ENDS-only and dual use became more persistent. Middle-aged and older adults who used both products became less likely to transition to cigarette-only use but not more likely to discontinue cigarettes. Youth and young adults became more likely to transition to ENDS-only use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":"570-579"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10533746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10052068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NRT use as a vaping cessation aid among youth and young adults.","authors":"Michael O Chaiton, Siddharth Seth, Jolene Dubray, Robert Schwartz","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation","authors":"Reinskje Talhout, Adam M Leventhal","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058738","url":null,"abstract":"To inform regulatory policy, this article summarises findings on inhalation facilitation from the ninth report of the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. Some additives counteract the harshness and bitterness of tobacco and nicotine product aerosols, making them easier to inhale. Additives that promote inhalability may perpetuate and increase the use of inhaled tobacco and nicotine products, especially by young people. Thus, as a class, additives that facilitate inhalation are an important regulatory target to prevent tobacco and nicotine product uptake. We defined inhalation facilitation as modifications to products during manufacturing that enhance the sensory experience and (potentially) behaviours associated with inhalation (eg, deeper puffs, faster inhalation, larger puff volume, shorter intervals in between puffs and use episodes). Evidence review showed that: (a) menthol and synthetic coolants decrease irritation caused by aerosol constituents by activating sensory perception receptors (eg, cooling receptors) and may promote dependence in inexperienced users; (b) acid additives and sugars, which lower the pH of aerosols and shift nicotine from free-base to protonated salt forms, reduce harshness and increase blood nicotine yield; (c) e-cigarette flavourings perceived as sweet or fruity reduce subjective bitterness, increase attractiveness and may escalate use, although their effects on perceived harshness are inconclusive; (d) sugars in tobacco impart sweet sensations, but limited industry-independent data preclude strong conclusions for sugars’ roles in inhalation facilitation. Given these findings, WHO policy recommendations suggest that regulators might consider banning ingredients that facilitate inhalation in all commercial inhaled tobacco and nicotine products.","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142179956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Youth and young adult flavour expectancies for new ‘non-menthol’ cigarettes introduced following California’s ban on flavoured tobacco products","authors":"Jennifer M Kreslake, Jamie Cordova, Andrew B Seidenberg, Fatma Romeh M Ali, Barbara Schillo, Kristy Marynak","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058589","url":null,"abstract":"Background Following California’s statewide law prohibiting the sale of flavoured tobacco products, some cigarette brands introduced new variants advertised as non-menthol, yet featuring design and text commonly found in menthol cigarette marketing. Methods Data are from the February–May 2023 wave of the Tobacco Epidemic Evaluation Network (TEEN+) national probability-based survey (aged 13–25 years). Respondents (N=10 217) were shown images of two (of four) ‘new non-menthol’ brand ads or packaging and two comparators (‘classic’ non-menthol and menthol cigarette brands). Respondents reported expected taste of each (no or any minty/menthol taste; ‘don’t know’). Multinomial regression models tested associations between predictors (age, gender identity, race and ethnicity, perceived financial situation, smoking status) and expectation of minty/menthol taste. Results Younger age was associated with expectations of minty/menthol taste, controlling for covariates. Respondents aged 13–17 years had greater odds of expecting minty/menthol taste than no minty/menthol taste for all tested new non-menthol brands (Camel Crush Oasis adjusted OR (aOR): 1.30, p<0.05; Camel Crisp aOR: 1.47, p<0.001; Kool Non-Menthol Blue aOR: 1.27, p<0.05; Kool Non-Menthol Green aOR: 1.43, p<0.01), compared to respondents aged 21 and older. Respondents aged 18–20 years had greater odds of reporting minty/menthol expectancies than no minty/menthol expectancies for Camel Crush Oasis (aOR: 1.35, p<0.05) and Kool Non-Menthol Green (aOR: 1.29, p<0.05) compared to those aged 21–25 years. Compared to non-Hispanic white respondents, non-Hispanic Asian respondents had greater odds of expecting minty/menthol taste than no minty/menthol taste for Camel Crush Oasis (aOR: 1.89, p<0.01), Kool Non-Menthol Blue (aOR: 1.88, p<0.01) and Kool Non-Menthol Green (aOR: 1.72, p<0.05). Discussion Younger age was associated with expectations of new non-menthol cigarettes having a minty/menthol taste. Results raise concerns regarding the potential appeal of these products to youth and young adults. No data are available.","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoke-free legislation impact on the hospitality sector in the Republic of Georgia.","authors":"George D Bakhturidze, Lucy Popova, Alexander Kirpich, Carla J Berg, Michael P Eriksen","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2023-058513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Comprehensive smoke-free (SF) policies reduce secondhand smoke exposure and improve population-level health outcomes. However, some decision-makers heed the tobacco industry's argument that SF policies negatively impact the hospitality sector. This study examines the intermediate economic impact of the Republic of Georgia's SF legislation (effective since early 2018) on the hospitality sector in Georgia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Analyses used 2015-2019 hospitality sector data from Georgia's National Statistics Office. Simple linear regression models were conducted to examine the impact of Georgia's SF policy on economic indicators (ie, number of employees, food service facilities, hotels and international visitor trips; employee remuneration; production value; turnover; hospitality sector value added tax (VAT)).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses indicated no negative impact on any of the economic indicators. Instead, from 2018 to 2019, the number of food service facilities, hotels and international visitor trips increased by 20%, 17% and 7%, respectively. Additionally, there were increases in the number of employees (9%), average employee remuneration (3%), production values (13%), turnover/total revenue (13%) and VAT (26%). Moreover, the economic indicator values during the studied period were strongly correlated with each other (p>0.95) and indicated a consistent and uniform improvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After the SF legislation went into effect, the hospitality sector demonstrated significant growth and no adverse effects in the economic indicators studied. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining and enforcing SF policies in Georgia and expanding the evidence base for SF policies globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of tobacco tax increases on cost-minimising behaviours and subsequent smoking cessation in Australia: an analysis of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project.","authors":"Ara Cho, Michelle Scollo, Gary Chan, Pete Driezen, Andrew Hyland, Ce Shang, Coral E Gartner","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined the relationship in Australia from 2007 to 2020 between tobacco tax increases and use of cost-minimising behaviours (CMBs) when purchasing tobacco and: (1) tobacco expenditure and (2) smoking cessation attempts and quit success.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data collected from adults who smoked factory-made and/or roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes in nine waves (2007-2020) of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Australia Survey (N_sample=4975, N_observations=10 474). CMBs included buying RYO tobacco, cartons, large-sized packs, economy packs, or tax avoidance/evasion, smoking reduction and e-cigarette use. Logistic regression, fit using generalised estimating equations, estimated the CMB-outcome association for quit attempts and quit success at the next wave follow-up (N_subsample=2984, N_observations=6843).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over half of respondents used a CMB for tobacco purchase (P-CMB) at baseline (57.1% in 2007-2008), increasing to 76.8% (2018) post-tax increases. Participating in any P-CMB was associated with having higher weekly tobacco expenditure. Engaging in any P-CMB was negatively associated with attempting to quit (aOR=0.82, 95% CI 0.69-0.98). Purchasing RYO tobacco or cartons was associated with making no quit attempts (aOR=0.66, 95% CI 0.52-0.83; aOR=0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.89, respectively). Among respondents smoking cigarettes who made quit attempts, there were no significant associations between all P-CMBs and quit success. Neither smoking reduction nor vaping were significantly associated with quit attempts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>P<b>-</b>CMBs are associated with reduced smoking cessation. Reducing opportunities for industry to promote purchasing-related CMB options, such as by standardising pack sizes and reducing the price differential between RYO and manufactured cigarettes could increase the effectiveness of tax increases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142081620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Five years of discourse related to Indonesia tobacco control reform: a content analysis of online media coverage.","authors":"Beladenta Amalia, Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti, Joanna E Cohen","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In 2017, Indonesia initiated the amendment of its 11-year-old tobacco control regulation (PP 109/2012) to reduce smoking among youth, but the process was stalled. The proposed changes in the regulation include a full ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS), increasing health warning label (HWL) size and regulating electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). This study analysed the arguments and actors for and against the PP 109/2012 amendment in online media articles.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Content analysis of 326 online articles reporting on the PP 109/2012 amendment published from 2018 to 2023, retrieved from the Tobacco Watcher platform. We coded articles for statements supporting or opposing the amendment (position statement), content of the arguments used to support (supporting argument) and oppose (opposing argument) the amendment, actors presenting the arguments and tobacco control measures. We iteratively reviewed and coded data and presented the frequency of categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 332 position statements, 53.3% were against the amendment. The main categories of supporting arguments (N=1448) included smoking trends (21.1%), health implications (16.6%), science-based evidence (9.6%) and protecting the population (9.2%). Opposing arguments (N=1413) emphasised the tobacco farmers' welfare (16.6%), impact on the industry (16.4%) and current regulation is sufficient (11.0%). Supporting actors were predominantly health-related entities and government officials (89.3%), while 62.1% of opposing actors included trade and Islamic groups, the tobacco industry and front groups. HWLs, e-cigarette/heated tobacco product regulation and TAPS were the main (77.8%) tobacco control measures mentioned in the proamendment arguments, while HWLs, TAPS and cigarette sale restrictions were the dominant (79.3%) tobacco control measures in anti-amendment arguments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Indonesia's tobacco control reform faced opposition by false claims primarily from industry allies, resulting in a 5-year delay in enactment. Future tobacco control media advocacy must address these claims and emphasise the alignment of economic interests with public health goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing patterns of cigarette and ENDS transitions in the USA: a multistate transition analysis of adults in the PATH Study in 2017-2019 vs 2019-2021.","authors":"Andrew F Brouwer, Jihyoun Jeon, Evelyn Jimenez-Mendoza, Stephanie R Land, Theodore R Holford, Abigail S Friedman, Jamie Tam, Ritesh Mistry, David T Levy, Rafael Meza","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058453","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2023-058453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The use of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) has likely changed since 2019 with the rise of pods and disposables, the lung injuries outbreak, flavour bans, Tobacco 21 and the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, we applied a multistate transition model to 28 061 adults in waves 4-5 (2017-2019) and 24 584 adults in waves 5-6 (2019-2021), estimating transition rates for initiation, cessation and switching products for each period overall and by age group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cigarette initiation among adults who never used either product decreased from 2017-2019 to 2019-2021, but ENDS initiation did not significantly change. The persistence of ENDS-only use remained high (75%-80% after 1 year). Cigarette-only use transitions remained similar (88% remaining, 7% to non-current use and 5% to dual or ENDS-only use). In contrast, dual use to ENDS-only transitions increased from 9.5% (95% CI 7.3% to 11.7%) to 20.0% (95% CI 17.4% to 22.6%) per year, decreasing the persistence of dual use. The dual to cigarette-only use transition remained at about 25%. These changes were qualitatively similar across adult age groups, though adults ages 18-24 years exhibited the highest probability of switching from cigarette-only use to dual use and from dual use to ENDS-only use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The persistence of ENDS use among adults remained high in 2019-2021, but a larger fraction of dual users transitioned to ENDS-only use compared with 2017-2019. Because the fraction of cigarette-only users switching to dual use remained low, especially among older adults, the public health implications of this change are minimal.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco retailer density and its association with birth outcomes in the USA: 2000-2016.","authors":"Chris D Baggett, David B Richardson, Tzy-Mey Kuo, Jacqueline E Rudolph, Amanda Y Kong, Kurt M Ribisl, Shelley D Golden","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058779","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2024-058779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Significant progress has been made in reducing maternal exposure to tobacco smoke and subsequent adverse birth outcomes, however, reductions may require strategies that reduce the availability of tobacco retailers. In this study, we investigated the relationship between tobacco retailer density and birth outcomes across the USA and predicted the potential impact of a tobacco retailer density cap on these outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Annual US county (n=3105), rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, small-for-gestational age, all-cause infant mortality and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were calculated using National Vital Statistics System data. Tobacco retailers were identified from the National Establishment Time-Series Database. We used Poisson regression to estimate the effect of capping retailer density at 1.4 retailers per 1000 population, controlling for county demographics and air pollution, using propensity score weighting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tobacco retailer density was positively associated with most adverse birth outcomes. We estimate that a nationwide cap on tobacco retailer density, implemented in 2016, would have resulted in a reduction of 4275 (95% CI 2210 to 6392) preterm births, 6096 (95% CI 4421 to 7806) small-for-gestational-age births, 3483 (95% CI 2615 to 4378) low birthweight births, 538 (95% CI 345 to 733) all-cause infant deaths and 107 (95% CI 55 to 158) SIDS deaths in that year.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher rates of adverse birth outcomes were seen in counties with high tobacco retailer density compared with those with low density. These results provide further support for regulating tobacco retail density to reduce adverse health outcomes associated with tobacco use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142018734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}