Tobacco Control最新文献

{"title":"Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.","authors":"Amanda Y Kong, Joseph G L Lee, Sarah M Halvorson-Fried, Kerry B Sewell, Shelley Diane Golden, Lisa Henriksen, Lily Herbert, Kurt M Ribisl","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058718","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2024-058718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine inequities in tobacco retailer availability by neighbourhood-level socioeconomic, racial/ethnic and same-sex couple composition.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>We conducted a 10 November 2022 search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Global Health, LILACS, Embase, ABI/Inform, CINAHL, Business Source Complete, Web of Science and Scopus.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>We included records from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries that tested associations of area-level measures of tobacco retailer availability and neighbourhood-level sociodemographic characteristics. Two coders reviewed the full text of eligible records (n=58), including 41 records and 205 effect sizes for synthesis.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>We used dual independent screening of titles, abstracts and full texts. One author abstracted and a second author confirmed the study design, location, unit of analysis, sample size, retailer data source, availability measure, statistical approach, sociodemographic characteristic and unadjusted effect sizes.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>Of the 124 effect sizes related to socioeconomic inequities (60.5% of all effect sizes), 101 (81.5%) indicated evidence of inequities. Of 205 effect sizes, 69 (33.7%) tested associations between retailer availability and neighbourhood composition of racially and ethnically minoritised people, and 57/69 (82.6%) documented inequities. Tobacco availability was greater in neighbourhoods with more Black, Hispanic/Latine and Asian residents (82.8%, 90.3% and 40.0% of effect sizes, respectively). Two effect sizes found greater availability with more same-sex households.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are stark inequities in tobacco retailer availability. Moving beyond documenting inequities to partnering with communities to design, implement, and evaluate interventions that reduce and eliminate inequities in retail availability is needed to promote an equitable retail environment.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration number: </strong>CRD42019124984.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141470935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and perceived behaviour changes following the New York state vaping flavour ban, 2021-2022.","authors":"Liane M Schneller, Jessica L Reid, Karin A Kasza, Richard J O'Connor, Andrew Hyland, David Hammond","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058569","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2023-058569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Despite an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) flavour ban in New York (NY) since May 2020, most youth who vape continue to report vaping restricted flavours. This study aims to examine youth awareness and perceived behaviour change associated with the NY vaping flavour ban.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>NY cross-sectional data from 2021 and 2022 ITC Youth Survey were combined and analysed (N=1014). Weighted analyses were used to describe awareness and understanding of the e-cigarette flavour ban, as well as changes in tobacco use behaviour.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 0.9% (n=8) of NY youth understood the flavour ban, in that they were both aware of the flavour ban in all stores and accurately reported that all non-tobacco flavours were banned. Awareness and understanding of the flavour ban differed by vaping status (p<0.01): respondents who had vaped in the past 12 months or 30 days were more likely (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.15, 95% CI 1.34, 3.45; aOR=2.07, 95% CI 1.17, 3.64, respectively) to be aware of the flavour ban but misunderstand the stores or flavours included. Of the majority of youth who reported awareness of a flavour ban and vaped (n=122) or smoked (n=78) in the past 12 months reported no changes in behaviour (64.0% and 69.7%, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Less than one-third of NY youth, regardless of vaping status, reported that an e-cigarette flavour ban was present where they live. Further, most youth who were aware of the ban misunderstood which flavours were restricted and/or that the ban applied to all stores that sold e-cigarettes. Increased enforcement and educational efforts could improve awareness and understanding of the NY e-cigarette flavour ban.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141724572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IQOS news media coverage in Israel: a comparison across three subpopulations.","authors":"Amal Khayat, Yael Bar-Zeev, Yechiel Kaufman, Carla Berg, Lorien Abroms, Zongshuan Duan, Cassidy R LoParco, Yan Wang, Yuxian Cui, Hagai Levine","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2023-058422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Philip Morris International's (PMI) IQOS, a leading heated tobacco product globally, entered the Israeli market in 2016. IQOS and/or electronic cigarette use is higher in Israel's Arab population (2.8% vs 1.2% of Jews). However, previous research indicated possible targeting of the Ultra-orthodox Jewish population with more IQOS paid ads. This paper examined how IQOS is framed in news media articles directed at three subpopulations in Israel: Arab, Ultra-orthodox Jews and general public.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Media articles (January-October 2020) were obtained from Ifat media and were coded using abductive coding. Characteristics of articles (photo and article content) targeting each subpopulation were compared using χ², Fisher's exact test, one-way analysis of variance and median test, as appropriate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 63 unique articles identified, 16 targeted Arab, 24 Ultra-orthodox Jews and 23 general public. Arab and Ultra-orthodox Jewish media significantly differed from the general public's media in their positive framing of PMI (100% Arab and 75% Ultra-orthodox Jews vs 52% general public, p=0.004), and IQOS (100% Arab and 88% Ultra-orthodox Jews vs 61% general public, p=0.006). Arab media differed from others by highlighting IQOS' retail locations (81% vs 17% Ultra-orthodox Jews and 13% general public), social benefits (88% vs 8% Ultra-orthodox Jews and 17% general public) and reflecting content from PMI's press release (100% vs 46% Ultra-orthodox Jews and 35% general public; ps <0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IQOS was framed more positively in media targeting minority populations (Arab and Ultra-orthodox Jews), compared with general public. Arabic media in particular emphasised IQOS' retail accessibility and social benefits. These findings highlight the need for media surveillance and regulation, especially of minority-oriented media.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141627742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarking a universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing.","authors":"Ahmad El-Hellani, Clifford H Watson, Michelle Huang, Clark W Wilson, Clint C Fleshman, Hang Tran, Dana Chafin, Megan McGuigan, Roberto Bravo Cardenas, Ryan Petitti, Mary Pancake, Chad Bennett, Darren Mays, Brittney L Keller-Hamilton, Jeremy Jones, Wei Ye, Jason Schaff, Robert P Borthwick, Raymond L Williamson, Theodore L Wagener, Marielle C Brinkman","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2023-058517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Characterisation of tobacco product emissions is an important step in assessing their impact on public health. Accurate and repeatable emissions data require that a leak-tight seal be made between the smoking or vaping machine and the mouth-end of the tobacco product being tested. This requirement is challenging because of the variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries being puffed on by consumers today. We developed and tested a prototype universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) that interfaces with existing machines and reliably seals with a variety of tobacco product masses and geometries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Emissions were machine-generated using the USMA and other available adaptors for a variety of electronic cigarettes (n=7 brands), cigars (n=4), cigarillos (n=2), a heated tobacco product, and a reference cigarette (1R6F), and mainstream total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine were quantified. Data variability (precision, n≥10 replicates/brand) for all products and error (accuracy) from certified values (1R6F) were compared across adaptors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TPM and nicotine emissions generated using the USMA were accurate, precise and agreed with certified values for the 1R6F reference cigarette. Replicate data indicate that USMA repeatability across all tobacco products tested generally meets or exceeds that from the comparison adaptors and extant data.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The USMA seals well with a variety of combustible tobacco products, e-cigarettes with differing geometries and plastic-tipped cigarillos. Variability for all measures was similar or smaller for the USMA compared with other adaptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141620927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing.","authors":"Ahmad El-Hellani, Clifford H Watson, Michelle Huang, Clark W Wilson, Clint C Fleshman, Ryan Petitti, Mary Pancake, Chad Bennett, Brittney L Keller-Hamilton, Jeremy Jones, Hang Tran, Roberto Bravo Cardenas, Darren Mays, Wei Ye, Robert P Borthwick, Jason Schaff, Raymond L Williamson, Theodore L Wagener, Marielle C Brinkman","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058428","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2023-058428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Historically, tobacco product emissions testing using smoking machines has largely focused on combustible products, such as cigarettes and cigars. However, the popularity of newer products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), has complicated emissions testing because the products' mouth-end geometries do not readily seal with existing smoking and vaping machines. The demand for emissions data on popularly used products has led to inefficient and non-standardised solutions, such as laboratories making their geometry-specific custom adaptors and/or employing flexible tubing, for each unique mouth-end geometry tested. A user-friendly, validated, universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) is needed for testing the variety of tobacco products reflecting consumer use, including e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, cigarettes, plastic-tipped cigarillos and cigars.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prototype USMA that is compatible with existing smoking/vaping machines was designed and fabricated. The quality of the seal between the USMA and different tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos, was evaluated by examining the leak rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Unlike commercial, product-specific adaptors, the USMA seals well with a wide range of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and masses. This includes e-cigarettes with non-cylindrical mouth ends and cigarillos with cuboid-like plastic tips. USMA leak rates were lower than or equivalent to commercial, product-specific adaptors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This report provides initial evidence that the USMA seals reliably with a variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and can be used with existing linear smoking/vaping machines to potentially improve the precision, repeatability and reproducibility of machine smoke yield data. Accurate and reproducible emissions testing is critical for regulating tobacco products.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141620928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability in self-reported and biomarker-derived tobacco smoke exposure patterns among individuals who do not smoke by poverty income ratio in the USA.","authors":"Andrea R Titus, Donna Shelley, Lorna E Thorpe","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058512","DOIUrl":"10.1136/tc-2023-058512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) among individuals who do not smoke has declined in the USA, however, gaps remain in understanding how TSE patterns across indoor venues-including in homes, cars, workplaces, hospitality venues, and other areas-contribute to TSE disparities by income level.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We obtained data on adults (ages 18+, N=9909) and adolescents (ages 12-17, N=2065) who do not smoke from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2018. We examined the prevalence of self-reported, venue-specific TSE in each sample, stratified by poverty income ratio (PIR) quartile. We used linear regression models with a log-transformed outcome variable to explore associations between self-reported TSE and serum cotinine. We further explored the probability of detectable cotinine among individuals who reported no recent TSE, stratified by PIR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Self-reported TSE was highest in cars (prevalence=6.2% among adults, 14.2% among adolescents). TSE in own homes was the most strongly associated with differences in log cotinine levels (β for adults=1.92, 95% CI=1.52 to 2.31; β for adolescents=2.37 95% CI=2.07 to 2.66), and the association between home exposure and cotinine among adults was most pronounced in the lowest PIR quartile. There was an income gradient with regard to the probability of detectable cotinine among both adults and adolescents who did not report recent TSE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Homes and vehicles remain priority venues for addressing persistent TSE among individuals who do not smoke in the USA. TSE survey measures may have differential validity across population subgroups.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco and e-cigarette promotion on social media: the case of German rap music.","authors":"Christopher Heidt, Mehmet Sefa Dal, Laura Graen, Nobila Ouédraogo, Katrin Schaller","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>German rap artists advertise hookah tobacco and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on social media. Advertising tobacco products on the internet is banned under European Parliament and the German Tobacco Products Act. Despite this, 26 out of 60 famous German rap artists have their own e-cigarette or hookah tobacco editions, which are promoted on social media platforms such as Instagram, Tiktok or Youtube. The products convey the image of the artists and appeal particularly to adolescents. In the interest of preventive health protection and the well-being of children, influencers should abide by the existing laws, social media platform operators should enforce existing laws more effectively and legislators should work towards a comprehensive advertising ban for tobacco and related products and consistently prevent marketing of tobacco and e-cigarettes to youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cigarette smoking decline among US young adults from 2000 to 2019, in relation to state-level cigarette price and tobacco control expenditure.","authors":"Karen Messer, John P Pierce, Jiayu Chen, Man Luo, Matthew D Stone, Eric C Leas, Yuyan Shi, David R Strong, Dennis R Trinidad, Sara B McMenamin","doi":"10.1136/tc-2023-058483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2023-058483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the association of state-level cigarette price and tobacco control expenditure with the large 2000-2019 decline in cigarette smoking among US 18-24 year-olds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Smoking behaviour was assessed in the 24 most populous US states using the 1992-2019 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey; association with price and expenditure was tested using adjusted logistic regression. States were ranked by inflation-adjusted average price and tobacco control expenditure and grouped into tertiles. State-specific time trends were estimated, with slope changes in 2001/2002 and 2010/2011.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2000 and 2010, the odds of smoking among US young adults decreased by a third (adjusted OR, AOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84). By 2019, these odds were one-quarter of their 2000 level (AOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.31). Among states in the lowest tertile of price/expenditure tobacco control activity, initially higher young adult smoking decreased by 13 percentage points from 2010 to 2018-2019, to a prevalence of 5.6% (95% CI 4.5% to 6.8%), equal to that in the highest tobacco-control tertile of states (6.5%, 95% CI 5.2% to 7.8%). Neither state tobacco control spending (AOR 1.0, 95% CI 0.999 to 1.002) nor cigarette price (AOR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.01) were associated with young adult smoking in statistical models. In 2019, seven states had prevalence over 3 SDs higher than the 24-state mean.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>National programmes may have filled a gap in state-level interventions, helping drive down the social acceptability of cigarette smoking among young adults across all states. Additional interventions are needed to assist high-prevalence states to further reduce smoking.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141564429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring associations of population characteristics and tobacco and vape retailer density and proximity in Australia: a scoping review.","authors":"Hollie Bendotti, Coral E Gartner, Henry M Marshall, David Ireland, Gail Garvey, Sheleigh Lawler","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This scoping review synthesises Australian evidence on associations between tobacco and vape retailer density/proximity and various population measures and smoking behaviour to identify research gaps and inform future policy and strategies.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, relevant studies published in English since 2003 were identified via searches of eight databases in March and August 2023.</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Two reviewers independently completed screening procedures. Eligible studies were from Australia and described associations between tobacco or vape retailer density/proximity and adult or youth smoking/vaping prevalence or behaviours, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, geographic location, school locations and/or Indigenous status.</p><p><strong>Data extraction: </strong>Results are reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>Of 794 publications screened, 12 studies from 6 Australian states were included. Six studies from five states reported statistically significant associations between neighbourhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage and tobacco retailer density, yet only two studies from two states found a significant relationship between retailer density and adult smoking prevalence. Increasing retailer density was consistently significantly associated with increasing geographical remoteness in three states. No studies explored associations with tobacco retailer proximity or vape retailer density/proximity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite a moderate number of studies overall, state-level evidence is limited, and unknown for Australian territories. Evidence from five Australian states reflects the international evidence that increasing retailer density is significantly associated with increasing socioeconomic disadvantage and remoteness, supporting the need for tobacco supply-based policies. Further research is required to understand the impact of retailer density and adult and youth smoking prevalence in Australia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141538685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marketing ZYN: examining branded and unbranded content.","authors":"Ollie Ganz, Patrick V Barnwell, Mary Hrywna, Scott I Donaldson, Jon-Patrick Allem, Cristine D Delnevo","doi":"10.1136/tc-2024-058766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/tc-2024-058766","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23145,"journal":{"name":"Tobacco Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}