Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles-Enhanced 3D (Bio)Printing for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Mina Medojevic, Dijana Mitic, Jelena Jacimovic, Raphaël Devillard, Aleksandar Jakovljevic, Olivia Kérourédan","doi":"10.1177/19373341251363638","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251363638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) (bio)printing has emerged as a relevant approach in bone tissue regeneration, enabling the precise fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds. The incorporation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into 3D-(bio)printed constructs represents a promising cell-free strategy to enhance bone regeneration. EVs, as natural mediators of intercellular communication, contribute to osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. This review aims to evaluate current evidence on the use of EVs-enhanced 3D (bio)printing for bone regeneration. The literature search was conducted across different databases. <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies using EVs-containing (bio)printed constructs to assess osteogenic differentiation and/or bone regeneration were included. Out of 552 articles, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Most EVs were derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and were incorporated into scaffolds either before or after printing. Extrusion-based bioprinting was the most commonly used method. Nearly all studies reported enhanced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation in EV-treated groups, underscoring their therapeutic potential. EVs-based bioinks retain the regenerative benefits of stem cells while avoiding challenges associated to cell-based therapies. Despite encouraging results, standardization in EV isolation, storage, and delivery remains crucial for clinical translation. This review highlights the growing significance of EVs in regenerative medicine and identifies key areas for future research and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251363638"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independently Tunable Viscoelasticity in Hydrogels as a Mechanical Cue for Tissue Engineering.","authors":"Qingchen Qiao, Yaxi Sun, Jing Wang, Xiaowei Li, Li Zhang, Hao Yang, Ning Zhang, Ke Zhang, Zeqing Zhao, Yuxing Bai","doi":"10.1177/19373341251377696","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251377696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play a critical role in regulating cellular behavior and fate. In the design and application of tissue engineering materials, previous studies have primarily focused on the role of material stiffness (elastic modulus) in modulating cellular events. However, biological tissues and the ECM exhibit more complex mechanical behaviors, such as viscoelasticity, highlighting the importance of considering viscoelasticity as a design parameter for biomaterials. Current biomimetic strategies might place less emphasis on the dynamic mechanical microenvironment of viscoelastic ECMs. Emerging evidence suggests that independently tuning the viscoelasticity of matrices can influence cellular biological processes and enhance tissue regeneration outcomes. This review highlights the emerging focus on independently tunable viscoelastic hydrogels and their potential applications in tissue engineering. In this article, we review the design of hydrogels with adjustable viscoelasticity aimed at guiding cellular and tissue behavior, advancing the development of <i>in vitro</i> cell culture models and <i>in vivo</i> regenerative therapies. This review introduces the concept of viscoelasticity, elaborates on the viscoelastic properties of biological tissues, and summarizes commonly used evaluation metrics and characterization techniques for viscoelasticity. Next, it highlights the strategies for constructing hydrogels with tunable viscoelasticity and discusses the regulatory effects of viscoelasticity on cellular behaviors, along with the associated mechanobiological mechanisms and signaling pathways. Finally, the review provides an overview of the current applications of viscoelastic hydrogels in tissue engineering and offers perspectives on future research directions.Impact StatementViscoelasticity is an essential but often overlooked mechanical property that governs cellular behaviors and tissue remodeling. Recent advances reveal that cells actively sense and respond to viscoelastic cues, influencing adhesion, migration, differentiation, and proliferation. By examining emerging hydrogel designs with independently tunable viscoelasticity, we highlight their potential to enhance cell-instructive biomaterials, improve organoid models, and enable personalized regenerative therapies. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on viscoelasticity-driven cell regulation and offers insights into future directions for designing biomaterials that better mimic native tissue mechanics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251377696"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Redox: Biocomposites Modulate Macrophage-Stem Cell Dynamics in Osteo-Inflammation.","authors":"Ziyang Min, Yi Zou, Yuanling Meng, Xian Liu, Haoning Li, Hanghang Liu, Jun Liu","doi":"10.1177/19373341251377651","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251377651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review elucidates the complex interplay among oxidative stress (OS), macrophage polarization, and stem cell-driven osteogenesis, emphasizing the regulatory influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on bone repair and regeneration. It demonstrates that an imbalance in ROS can impede bone healing by disrupting the equilibrium between pro-inflammatory (M1) and pro-repair (M2) macrophage phenotypes. Furthermore, the review delineates the mechanisms through which ROS can influence mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and osteoclast activity, while also highlighting the body's antioxidant defenses that counteract OS. Innovative strategies are explored, particularly the use of biomaterials and nanomedicine, which aim to modulate ROS levels and macrophage polarization, thereby fostering a conducive microenvironment for bone regeneration. The integration of nanotechnology, biomaterials, and cellular biology emerges as a promising frontier for advancing bone regeneration therapies, with the necessity for clinical validation underscored throughout.Impact StatementThis review establishes redox modulation as a paradigm-shifting strategy for bone regeneration. We elucidate how engineered biocomposites precisely recalibrate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to resolve osteo-inflammation, directing macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory (M1) to pro-regenerative (M2) phenotypes. This immune reprogramming synergistically enhances mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis. By integrating cutting-edge biomaterial design-including enzyme-mimetic nanozymes and organelle-targeted antioxidants-we highlight clinically viable solutions for diabetic bone defects, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Our framework bridges immunology, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering, offering transformative therapeutic avenues for inflammatory osteopathies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251377651"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botanical Nanovesicles Boost Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy: Next-Gen Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products for Spinal Cord Injury.","authors":"Zhe Wang, Wenwen Deng, Qingtong Yu, Jiangnan Yu, Ximing Xu","doi":"10.1177/19373341251372972","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251372972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The poor prognosis constitutes a significant difficulty for spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promises as advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) for SCI patients, challenges such as Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant manufacturing, cellular senescence, and limited therapeutic efficacy continue to hinder their clinical translation. Recent advances have identified botanical nanovesicles (BNs) as potent bioactive mediators capable of \"priming\" MSCs to self-rejuvenate, augment paracrine effect, and establish inflammatory tolerance. In this review, we introduce the physicochemical properties of BNs and systematically explore their synergistic relationship with MSCs in regenerative medicine. By integrating BNs with MSC, BNs-empowered MSCs (Be-MSCs) represent next-generation ATMPs. This innovative strategy addresses the limitations of conventional MSC therapies and offers a scalable, nonimmunogenic solution with significant potential for clinical application in SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251372972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Cardiac Models Toward Recreating Biologically Relevant Multiaxial Mechanical Stimuli.","authors":"Anushka Dey, Leda Klouda, Anita Saraf","doi":"10.1177/19373341251364543","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251364543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding and recreating biomechanical forces in <i>in vitro</i> cultures is integral to regenerating cardiac tissue and finding novel therapies for cardiovascular disease. Mechanical forces influence cardiac physiology from a microscopic cellular scale to the global function of the heart. Here, we will review the mechanical forces within the heart as understood clinically and evaluate <i>in vitro</i> device designs that mimic these mechanical forces at a cellular and tissue level. We will further follow the evolution of bioreactors toward recapitulating multiaxial mechanical forces as they are experienced <i>in vivo</i> and understand the current limitations associated with <i>in vitro</i> systems in the context of recreating <i>in vivo</i> cardiac physiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251364543"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12905672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144970331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of Chitosan-Based Devices in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries: A Literature Review.","authors":"Crystal Jing, Ethan Ong, Emmanuel O Emovon, Hana Shafique, Marcus A F Valenta, Amit S Mohite, Neill Y Li","doi":"10.1177/19373341251376279","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251376279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chitosan is a resorbable cationic polysaccharide known for its biodegradability and electrostatic and self-aggregation properties. Chitosan has been shown to influence Schwann cell proliferation, reduce scarring, support axon growth, and provide superior peripheral nerve regenerative outcomes compared to nerve injuries without chitosan. This article reviews preclinical studies to collectively determine whether the presence of chitosan enhances neuroregenerative outcomes following nerve injury as compared to settings without chitosan. The most consistent outcome measure reported across studies was functional analysis, followed by histomorphometry. Most animal studies showed no significant differences in functional recovery, electrophysiology metrics, and histomorphometry parameters between chitosan-based conduit repairs, reconstruction using autografts, or direct nerve repairs. A subset of studies reported superior outcomes with chitosan conduits for nerve reconstruction, while others indicated inferior results compared to conventional repair. The two human studies focused on digital nerve repair with sensory gaps ≤ 26 mm and demonstrated significantly improved 2-point discrimination at 6 months and equivalent function by 12 months with chitosan conduits compared to standard direct repair. The introduction of chitosan into nerve repair and reconstructions provides a potentially beneficial biological augmentation to the nerve microenvironment that enhances cellular, electrophysiological, and functional outcomes. However, heterogeneous approaches to functional, electrodiagnostic, and histological assessments in addition to varying control groups create a significant deficiency in understanding the true utility of chitosan-based devices within the field of nerve regeneration. Further needs for standardization in the study and comparison of biomaterials for effective clinical translation is needed. Nonetheless, this study highlights papers that are effective in achieving a strong propensity towards the utility of chitosan within biomaterial development for nerve reconstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251376279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145132014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coaxial Bioprinting in Regenerative Medicine: Advances and Emerging Applications.","authors":"Isabella Demirdjian Guanche, Tina Joshua, Sara E Munkwitz, Matteo Simone Torquati, Hana Shah, Kashyap Komarraju Tadisina, Lukasz Witek, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Paulo G Coelho","doi":"10.1177/19373341251381677","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251381677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coaxial extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) is an emerging technology that enables the fabrication of biomimetic tissues with precise structural and biological complexities. This three-dimensional bioprinting technique utilizes specialized concentric nozzles to facilitate the simultaneous extrusion of distinct biomaterials, enabling the fabrication of layered constructs that closely resemble native tissues. Unlike traditional extrusion-based methods, coaxial printing allows for independent control over core and shell materials. This enables multimaterial integration, and tailored microenvironments that conventional extrusion methods cannot achieve. Recent technical innovations in coaxial EBB also include improved nozzle designs and bioink formulations, which have contributed to enhanced functional mimicry of native tissues and mechanical integrity of printed constructs. Coaxial EBB has demonstrated potential in spinal cord injury repair, perfusable small-diameter vessel engineering, accurate tumor microenvironment replication for oncology research, and complex organoid systems for personalized medicine. Despite these advancements, persistent challenges in coaxial EBB include maintaining cell viability under shear stress, optimizing bioink rheology, preventing nozzle clogging, and managing regulatory considerations. Future research directions involve the development of predictive computational models and the incorporation of innovative biomaterials for dynamic functionality. Addressing these challenges would allow the full therapeutic and clinical potential of coaxial bioprinting in regenerative medicine to be achieved. This review discusses and summarizes these advancements and limitations in coaxial EBB over the last decade, with an emphasis on applications in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251381677"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Astragaloside IV Modulate Immune Response and Skin Cells Promoting Wound Healing.","authors":"Hongting Xiao, Yuqi Cao, Ziyi Wang, Chenggang Liu","doi":"10.1177/19373341251381830","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251381830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skin wound healing remains a major clinical challenge. Natural plant extracts have attracted increasing attention due to their high biocompatibility and biosafety, offering effective wound healing while avoiding antibiotic resistance and the development of resistant bacterial strains. Astragaloside IV (AS), a naturally active compound primarily extracted from <i>Astragalus mongholicus</i> Bunge, has demonstrated significant efficacy in promoting skin wound healing. AS is capable of modulating all phases of wound healing, including the inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase. These effects contribute to reduced inflammation, accelerated tissue regeneration, and controlled scar formation by regulating immune responses and acting on various tissue cells. The potential of AS for clinical application in promoting skin wound healing has been confirmed by numerous <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies; however, no comprehensive review has yet been published. This article provides the first systematic overview of the mechanisms by which AS and AS-loaded wound dressings promote wound healing, including the modulation of immune responses in wound healing through antimicrobial, antioxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities, and the regulation of endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes to promote angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, and re-epithelialization. This article also summarizes the common types and advantages of AS-loaded wound dressings. These dressings enhance the bioavailability of AS and enable controlled release, while the incorporation of AS improves their physicochemical properties, thereby markedly enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Finally, the article points out existing research limitations, such as insufficient mechanistic exploration, a limited variety of AS-loaded dressing types, and the absence of clinical trials, and proposes future directions to advance the application.Impact StatementThe potential of AS for clinical application in promoting skin wound healing has been confirmed by numerous <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies; however, no comprehensive review has yet been published. This article provides the first systematic overview of the mechanisms by which AS and AS-loaded wound dressings promote wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251381830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Osseointegration in Different Parts of Bone: A Systematic Review of <i>in vivo</i> Experiments.","authors":"Gustavo M Albuquerque, Paula Maria G S Telles, Caroline Vieira Maluf, Maria Castellon, Camila Suarez, Adriana I Sandino, Estevam A Bonfante, Lukasz Witek, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Paulo G Coelho","doi":"10.1177/19373341251382107","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251382107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osseointegration is critical for the long-term success of endosteal implants, as it is influenced by factors such as implant design, material selection, and site of implantation. Considering the structural and vascular properties of trabecular bone, it is reasonable to hypothesize that osseointegration could be enhanced in this region. However, emerging evidence indicates that cortical bone frequently offers a more favorable environment for osseointegration. The objective was to conduct a systematic review of preclinical translational studies comparing osseointegration outcomes around implants placed in cortical and trabecular bone. Preclinical studies comparing bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupied (BAFO) between cortical and trabecular regions in animals with solid endosteal implants were retrieved from the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. We included randomized and nonrandomized preclinical translational trials published in English between 2014 and 2024 that reported at least one outcome of interest. Exclusion criteria comprised <i>in vitro</i> or <i>ex vivo</i> experiments, research involving human subjects, studies using powder, liquid, or plasma implants, abstracts, technical descriptions, and narrative or systematic reviews. The systematic review comprised 15 studies, which included a total of 298 animals and 877 implants. The mean follow-up period ranged between 4 and 17 weeks. In 13 studies, the cortical bone region demonstrated higher BIC values, with differences in BIC between cortical and trabecular bone ranging from 5.55% to 49.55% during the first 4 weeks, 1.80% to 51.30% between 4 and 8 weeks, and 9.65% to 35.41% following the 8-week healing period. Regarding BAFO values, data were reported in three studies, all of which indicated elevated values in cortical bone. The mean difference in the first 4 weeks ranged from 15.83% to 29.92%, and from 26.33% to 60.11% after 4 weeks of healing. These findings suggest that cortical regions exhibit enhanced short- and long-term osseointegration outcomes compared to trabecular bone regions.Impact StatementThe specific site of implantation significantly influences the degree and rate of osseointegration. Trabecular bone, characterized by its high porosity and larger surface area relative to volume, facilitates the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the surrounding marrow and blood vessels. Nevertheless, emerging evidence indicates that cortical bone, due to its greater density and superior mechanical properties, often provides a more stable environment for osseointegration compared to trabecular bone. This systematic review of preclinical studies represents the first comprehensive effort to evaluate and compare osseointegration in cortical versus trabecular bone.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373341251382107"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145239813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keratins' Advantages and Applications in Tissue Engineering: A Review.","authors":"Yi-Ning Liu, Xiao-Yan Wang, Peng Yu","doi":"10.1177/19373368261419661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373368261419661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The main objective of this research is to systematically summarize the characteristics of keratin-based materials and their current applications in the tissue engineering field, with a particular emphasis on highlighting their unique advantages over other traditional protein-based materials (such as collagen and silk fibroin). An electronic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted, identifying publications related to keratin-based materials and their application in tissue engineering. The majority of literature was published between 2015 and 2025. The structure of keratins, which is rich in disulfide bonds, gives it unique advantages in the field of tissue engineering, such as sustainability, versatility, and controllable degradability. Future research in this area could focus on improving the brittleness of keratin, developing more stable extracting sources, such as marine-derived sources, and conducting long-term clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":23134,"journal":{"name":"Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"19373368261419661"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}