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ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms最新文献

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Uniform Corrosion of Carbon Steel Boiler Feedwater Tubes 碳钢锅炉给水管的均匀腐蚀
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091291
{"title":"Uniform Corrosion of Carbon Steel Boiler Feedwater Tubes","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091291","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Carbon steel tubes from a boiler feedwater heater feeding a deaerator were treated to control scale formation, but the treatment instead produced more iron oxide. The additional iron oxide reduced the tubing to a totally corroded condition. Investigation showed that the chelate injected to control the scaling was added ahead of the preheater, where the boiler water still contained oxygen. As the chelate removed iron oxide, the O2 in the water continued to form more. Recommendations included moving the chelate addition to a point after the deaerator to stop the corrosion.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129093661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Superheater Components 过热器组件
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001688
H. Furtado, I. Le May
{"title":"Superheater Components","authors":"H. Furtado, I. Le May","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001688","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Some examples of equipment failures involving high temperature operation are presented. They include some steam generator superheater components and a pump shaft that should not have been at high temperature. Metallographic analysis is used to determine the causes of failure in each case.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122324137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of Piping System Cross by Intergranular Cracking Traceable to Improper Heat Treatment 由于热处理不当导致的管系交叉晶间裂纹失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048791
{"title":"Failure of Piping System Cross by Intergranular Cracking Traceable to Improper Heat Treatment","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048791","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Linear indications on the outer surface of a cross in a piping system were revealed by dye-penetrant examination. The cross was specified to be SA403 type WP 304 stainless steel. The cross had been subjected to induction-heating stress improvement. The linear indications on the cross were located in wide bands running circumferentially below the cross-to-cap weld and above the cap-to-discharge-pipe weld. The material was found to conform to the requirements both in terms of hardness and strength. Intergranular cracks filled with oxide were observed on metallographic analysis of a sectioned and oxalic acid etched sample. The grain size was found to exceed the ASTM standard. No indications of sensitization were observed during testing with practice A of ASTM A 262. Definitive evidence of contaminants to support SCC as the failure mechanism was not disclosed during analysis. It was concluded that overheating or burning of the forging, which classically results in large grain size, intergranular fractures, and fine oxide particles dispersed throughout the grains was the possible reason for the failure.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123138138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Hard-Faced Stainless Steel Pump Sleeve Because of Abrasive Wear by River-Water Silt 硬面不锈钢泵套因河水泥沙磨料磨损而失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0046378
{"title":"Failure of a Hard-Faced Stainless Steel Pump Sleeve Because of Abrasive Wear by River-Water Silt","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0046378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0046378","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 River water was pumped into a brine plant by a battery of vertical pumps, each operating at 3600 rpm and at a discharge pressure of 827 kPa (120 psi). The pumps were lubricated by means of controlled leakage. The 3.8 cm (1 in.) OD pump sleeves were made of an austenitic stainless steel and were hard faced with a fused nickel-base hardfacing alloy (approximately 58 HRC). Packing for the pumps consisted of a braided PTFE-asbestos material. After several weeks of operation, the pumps began to leak and to spray water over the platforms on which they were mounted at the edge of the river. Analysis supported the conclusions that the leaks were caused by excessive sleeve wear that resulted from the presence of fine, abrasive silt in the river water. The silt, which contained hard particles of silica, could not be filtered out of the inlet water effectively.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115041253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of Coal Crushing Plant Taper Bearing 破碎煤厂锥度轴承失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001741
H. Walton
{"title":"Failure of Coal Crushing Plant Taper Bearing","authors":"H. Walton","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001741","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Butterfly-shaped microstructural features in tempered martensite in an otherwise clean steel suggested that overloading led to premature spalling of a coal-crushing plant taper bearing. Extensive rolling contact fatigue occurred because of the overload condition. The crusher was designed to handle soft lignite coals but had been used to crush hard deep-mined anthracite coals.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124266227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Solving an Aluminum Bracket Failure 解决铝制支架故障
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001734
B. K. Young
{"title":"Solving an Aluminum Bracket Failure","authors":"B. K. Young","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c9001734","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An aircraft engine in which an in-flight fire had occurred was dismantled and examined. A bracket assembly fabricated from 2024 aluminum, one of several failed components, was of prime interest because of apparent heat damage. Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare laboratory-induced fractures made at room and elevated temperatures with the bracket failure. The service failure exhibited grain separation and loss of delineation of the grain boundaries due to melting. SEM revealed deep voids between grains and tendrils that connected grains, which resulted from surface tension during melting. Microscopic examination of polished, etched section through the fractured surface verified intergranular separation and breakdown of grain facets. The absence of any reduction of thickness on the bracket assembly at the point of fracture, along with evidence of intense heat at this point, indicated that little stress had been applied to the part. Comparisons of the service failure and laboratory-induced failures in conjunction with macroscopic and metallographic observations showed that the bracket assembly failed because an intense, localized flame had melted the material.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128335022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Intergranular Fracture of Martensitic Welds 马氏体焊缝的晶间断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047579
{"title":"Intergranular Fracture of Martensitic Welds","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0047579","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Several fractures occurred in flange studs used for remote handling of radioactive equipment. The studs, of quenched-and-tempered type 414 stainless steel, fractured in the HAZs produced in the studs during the circumferential welding that joined the studs to the flanges. The weld deposits were of type 347 stainless steel, and the flanges were type 304 stainless steel. Metallographic examination of the failed studs revealed that the HAZs contained regions of martensite and that intergranular cracks, which initiated at the stud surfaces during welding, propagated to complete separation under subsequent loading. The studs fractured under service loads as a result of intergranular crack propagation in the HAZ. Rapid heating and cooling during attachment welding produced a martensitic structure in the HAZ of the stud, which cracked circumferentially from the combination of thermal-gradient and phase-change stresses. Joining the studs to the flanges by welding should be discontinued. They should be attached by screw threads, using a key and keyway to prevent turning in service.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128418930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impingement-Corrosion Failure of a Ferritic Malleable Iron Elbow 铁素体可锻铸铁弯头的冲击腐蚀失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091402
{"title":"Impingement-Corrosion Failure of a Ferritic Malleable Iron Elbow","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0091402","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Leakage was detected in a malleable iron elbow (ASTM A 47, grade 35018) after only three months in service. Life expectancy for the elbow was 12 to 24 months. The piping alternately supplied steam and cooling water to a tire-curing press. The supply line and elbow were subjected to 14 heating and cooling cycles per hour for at least 16 h/day, or a minimum of 224 cycles/day. Steam and water pressure were 1035 kPa (150 psi) and 895 kPa (130 psi) respectively, and water-flow rate was estimated to be 1325 L/min (350 gal/min) based on pump capacity. Water-inlet temperature was 10 to 15 deg C (50 to 60 deg F) and outlet temperature was 50 to 60 deg C (120 to 140 deg F). The pH of the water was 6.9. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, and 67x nital etched micrographs) supported the conclusion that the elbows had been given the usual annealing and normalizing treatment for ferritizing malleable iron. This resulted in lower resistance to erosion and corrosion than pearlitic malleable iron. Recommendations included replacing the elbows with heat-treated fittings with a pearlitic malleable microstructure.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132448970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distortion Failure of an Automotive Valve Spring 汽车气门弹簧的变形失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0092131
{"title":"Distortion Failure of an Automotive Valve Spring","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0092131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0092131","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The engine of an automobile lost power and compression and emitted an uneven exhaust sound after several thousand miles of operation. When the engine was dismantled, it was found that the outer spring on one of the exhaust valves was too short to function properly. The short steel spring and an outer spring (both of patented and drawn high-carbon steel wire) taken from another cylinder in the same engine were examined in the laboratory to determine why one had distorted and the other had not. Investigation (visual inspection, microstructure examination, and hardness testing) supported the conclusion that the engine malfunctioned because one of the exhaust-valve springs had taken a 25% set in service. Relaxation in the spring material occurred because of the combined effect of improper microstructure (proeutectoid ferrite) plus a relatively high operating temperature. Recommendations included using quenched-and-tempered steel instead of patented and cold-drawn steel or using a more expensive chromium-vanadium alloy steel instead of plain carbon steel; the chromium-vanadium steel would also need to be quenched and tempered.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134514451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pitting Corrosion of a Carbon Steel Superheater Tube Caused by Oxygenated Water Trapped in a Bend 弯管内含氧水引起的碳钢过热管点蚀
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048318
{"title":"Pitting Corrosion of a Carbon Steel Superheater Tube Caused by Oxygenated Water Trapped in a Bend","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.modes.c0048318","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A resistance-welded carbon steel superheater tube made to ASME SA-276 specifications failed by pitting corrosion and subsequent perforation, which caused the tube to leak. The perforation was found to have occurred at a low point in a bend near the superheater outlet header. It was found that the low points of the superheater tubes could not be completely drained during idle periods. Water-level marks were noticed on the inside surface above the area of pitting. It was revealed by microscopic examination that localized pitting had resulted from oxidation. It was concluded that water contained in the tube during shutdowns had accumulated and cumulative damage due to oxygen pitting resulted in perforation of one of the tubes. Filling the system with condensate or with treated boiler water was suggested as a corrective action. Alkalinity was suggested to be maintained at a pH of 9.0 and 200 ppm of sodium sulfite should be added to the water.","PeriodicalId":231268,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Failure Modes and Mechanisms","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134560360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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