IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202507493

Zongsheng Liu,Meng Ma,Kaiming Du,Huadong Wang,Zewei Yan,Si Chen,Yanqin Shi,Huiwen He,Yulu Zhu,Xu Wang

{"title":"Sulfonyl-Containing Polycarbonate Copolymer: Ultra-Thin Flame-Retardant, Transparency, and High Notched Impact Toughness.","authors":"Zongsheng Liu,Meng Ma,Kaiming Du,Huadong Wang,Zewei Yan,Si Chen,Yanqin Shi,Huiwen He,Yulu Zhu,Xu Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202507493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202507493","url":null,"abstract":"Bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) is facing severe challenges in balancing flame retardancy with optical transparency and mechanical strength, especially in the ultra-thin configuration required for advanced electronic products and 5G applications. Here, a kind of flame-retardant polycarbonate (PC-SDPn) is reported and synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of 4,4'-sulfonyl diphenol (SDP) and bisphenol A. The radical quenching in gas phase, the dilution of combustible gas, and the catalytic char formation in condensed phase can be realized by chemically embedding sulfonyl into the polymer backbone. This molecular design avoids the inherent contradiction in modification based on additives. The PC-SDPn showed excellent flame retardancy and fire safety, and it can still pass the UL-94 V-0 rating when the thickness is 0.8 mm, the limiting oxygen index increased to 32.1%, the peak heat release rate and smoke production rate decreased by 55.7% and 62.5% respectively. In addition, PC-SDP5 maintains a light transmittance of 89.6% and a notched impact strength of 88.3 kJ m-2, which is superior to most commercial PC. This work shows its application potential in microelectronics and fire-proof transparent buildings, which require transparency and ultra-thin flame retardant.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"3 1","pages":"e07493"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Snakeberry‐Inspired Photocatalytic Nanoreactor Activates Endogenous Ca2+ Store for Ca2+ Overload‐Mediated Cancer Therapy 蛇莓启发的光催化纳米反应器激活内源性Ca2+储存，用于Ca2+超载介导的癌症治疗

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202506648

Yuanhong Ma, Zhaowei Zhang, Dacao Yu, Guolong Sun, Ting Wang, Huijie Yan, Zherui Zhang, Junqiu Liu, Dingcheng Zhu

{"title":"A Snakeberry‐Inspired Photocatalytic Nanoreactor Activates Endogenous Ca2+ Store for Ca2+ Overload‐Mediated Cancer Therapy","authors":"Yuanhong Ma, Zhaowei Zhang, Dacao Yu, Guolong Sun, Ting Wang, Huijie Yan, Zherui Zhang, Junqiu Liu, Dingcheng Zhu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202506648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202506648","url":null,"abstract":"Activation of ubiquitously expressed inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) represents a compelling Ca2+ overload strategy for cancer treatment, featuring intrinsic biosafety, a steep 15 000‐fold Ca2+ flux gradient, and pan‐cancer applicability. However, it remains underexplored due to challenges in developing on‐demand and sustainable activation modalities that ensure treatment reproducibility while preventing off‐target toxicity. This study presents a novel snakeberry‐like nanoreactor (APF@ZIF‐67) with a porous photocatalytic core for H2O2 generation via a direct one‐step 2e− oxygen reduction reaction and ZIF‐67 protrusions for •OH production. H2O2 oxidizes IP3R cysteine residue to release endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+, which rapidly accumulates in mitochondria to cause mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. Simultaneously, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress co‐activate ER stress and subsequent pro‐apoptotic unfolded protein response pathway. ER stress and mitochondrial damage activate inflammatory response and inflammation‐driven senescence, eventually leading to cell apoptosis. Importantly, damaged mitochondrial transfer between tumor cells induces bystander effects and amplifies therapeutic effects. Moreover, dark brown APF@ZIF‐67 enables mild photothermal therapy, synergistically enhancing tumor ablation. In vivo, APF@ZIF‐67 efficiently accumulates in tumors and achieves near‐complete eradication without systemic toxicity. Collectively, this study proposes a novel pan‐cancer endogenous Ca2+ overload‐mediated therapy via photocatalytic activation of tumor‐inherent Ca2+ channels.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Humidity Assisted Selective Ion Exclusion in 0D Mixed Halide Perovskite Related Structures for Multimode Anti-counterfeiting. 湿度辅助0D混合卤化物钙钛矿相关结构的选择性离子排除多模防伪。

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202412073

Sumit Kumar Sharma,Monika Salesh,Abinash Tiwari,Sushobhita Chawla,Nitin Pathoor,Sanika S Padelkar,Aftab Alam,Arindam Chowdhury,Balasubramaniam Kavaipatti,Aswani Yella

{"title":"Humidity Assisted Selective Ion Exclusion in 0D Mixed Halide Perovskite Related Structures for Multimode Anti-counterfeiting.","authors":"Sumit Kumar Sharma,Monika Salesh,Abinash Tiwari,Sushobhita Chawla,Nitin Pathoor,Sanika S Padelkar,Aftab Alam,Arindam Chowdhury,Balasubramaniam Kavaipatti,Aswani Yella","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412073","url":null,"abstract":"Developing materials that are capable of switching the luminescence in response to a stimuli in solid-state are highly desirable for advanced anticounterfieting applications. Herein, we report 0D mixed halide perovskite-related structures (0D-MHs) that undergo reversible phase transformation in the presence of humidity, which results in the rapid and reversible luminescence color switching from green to red. It is found that selective ion exclusion takes place in the presence of humidity, which results in the formation of either iodide-rich 3D perovskite or bromide-rich 3D perovskite. Iodide-rich 3D perovskite is obtained under high humid conditions with surrounding humidity greater than 60%RH, and bromide-rich 3D perovskite is obtained under low humid conditions with humidity less than 30%RH. This is attributed to the exclusion of MABr owing to its higher solubility in water at room temperature. As long as the reservoir of MAX is present, the decomposition of the 3D- perovskite does not occur, and the reversible transformation and multicolor tunable luminescence is observed. Furthermore, flexible, free-standing films using a composite of PVDF and 0D MH is created which are stable in water and can be used for anti-counterfeiting purposes. The free-standing film remains stable even after a year under ambient room conditions, and the reversible phase transformation still takes place.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"27 1","pages":"e12073"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stabilizing Dye‐Sensitized Upconversion Nanosystems via Singlet Oxygen Spin Flipping 通过单线态氧自旋翻转稳定染料敏化上转换纳米系统

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202506685

Chang Jiang, Yang Li, Tao Jia, Hans Ågren, Guanying Chen

{"title":"Stabilizing Dye‐Sensitized Upconversion Nanosystems via Singlet Oxygen Spin Flipping","authors":"Chang Jiang, Yang Li, Tao Jia, Hans Ågren, Guanying Chen","doi":"10.1002/smll.202506685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202506685","url":null,"abstract":"Near‐infrared (NIR) dye sensitization has been widely used to enhance the brightness of lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). However, the stability of these dye‐sensitized upconversion nanosystems remains a significant challenge, primarily due to singlet oxygen (1O2)‐induced damage to the NIR dyes. In this study, a simple strategy is presented to stabilize these nanosystems by flipping the spin of 1O2 through surface‐anchored 4‐aminotriphenylamine (4A‐TPA). The electron‐rich triphenylamine group adsorbs electrophilic 1O2 and flips its spin into 3O2 via intersystem crossing of charge transfer states, while the amino group facilitates coordination with the UCNPs surface in parallel to the NIR sensitizing dyes. It is demonstrated that incorporating 4A‐TPA significantly enhances the stability of the commonly used IR806‐sensitized UCNPs system, improving its photostability by 27‐fold compared to the control without 4A‐TPA after 30 min of 808 nm irradiation. This stability improvement is further validated in aqueous environments with amphiphilic polymer coating, enabling stable cellular upconversion luminescence imaging under high laser power density (1 200 W cm−2). This work provides a simple yet powerful method to overcome the instability of dye‐sensitized upconversion systems, unlocking their potential for a variety of bioapplications ranging from bioimaging to photodynamic therapy.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regulating Reversible Phase Transition at High Voltage Window on O3-Type Layered Cathodes by Doping Zn for Sodium-Ion Batteries. 钠离子电池用掺杂Zn调控o3型层状阴极高电压窗可逆相变。

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202505197

Ruyi Liu,Shujing Yang,Siteng Zhou,Jiaxin Xing,Xinwang Niu,Guoyao Pang,Guicheng Liu,Feng Ye,Biwei Xiao,Chao Xu

{"title":"Regulating Reversible Phase Transition at High Voltage Window on O3-Type Layered Cathodes by Doping Zn for Sodium-Ion Batteries.","authors":"Ruyi Liu,Shujing Yang,Siteng Zhou,Jiaxin Xing,Xinwang Niu,Guoyao Pang,Guicheng Liu,Feng Ye,Biwei Xiao,Chao Xu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202505197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202505197","url":null,"abstract":"O3-type layered cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries exhibit high capacity for their unique crystal structures and high Na+ content. However, the capacity degradation from irreversible phase transition at the high voltage window, directly limits commercial applications. Herein, Zn-doped O3-NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) cathodes are successfully fabricated by regulating reversible phase transition with doping Zn using the high-temperature solid-state method. The optimal NFM-3% Zn achieves highly efficient performance of 84.5 mAh g-1 at 10 C, and the reversible capacity is remarkably up to 83.5 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles at high voltage window of 2.0-4.2 V. The introduction of additional Zn in the TM layer enhances TM─O bonding interactions, expands alkali metal layers and increases layered crystal structure stability. Moreover, the Zn incorporation provides high electron localization, which regulates the reversible O3-P3-OP2-P3'-O3 phase transition of NFM and suppresses the random migration of TM to alkali metal layers. Combined with the results of in situ XRD and density functional theory (D calculations, the phase transition sodium storage mechanism of Zn-doped NFM cathode is investigated in detail. This study provides a modification strategy for O3-type layered cathode materials to improve performance at the high voltage window for sodium-ion batteries.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"26 1","pages":"e05197"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disulfidptosis and Enzymatic‐Therapy Augmented Cuproptosis via Adding Spear and Discarding Shield Strategy 通过加矛和弃盾策略，酶疗法增强双曲下垂

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202506138

Yong Liu, Xiao‐Qiong Li, Hang Gao, Qiao Yu, Yuxi Long, Bin Kang, Xueli Zhao, Jing‐Juan Xu

{"title":"Disulfidptosis and Enzymatic‐Therapy Augmented Cuproptosis via Adding Spear and Discarding Shield Strategy","authors":"Yong Liu, Xiao‐Qiong Li, Hang Gao, Qiao Yu, Yuxi Long, Bin Kang, Xueli Zhao, Jing‐Juan Xu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202506138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202506138","url":null,"abstract":"Cuproptosis, a new copper‐dependent cell death modality, is increasingly acknowledged for its crucial role in anticancer therapy. It is still hampered by weak activation and the overexpression of cellular self‐protective components, such as glutathione (GSH) and copper efflux transporter ATPase. Here, the Cu2O‐based nanoactivators (CGH NAs) are prepared to enhance the “offensive” of cuproptosis toward tumor cells by “adding spears (Cu+)” and “discarding shields (GSH, ATPase)” simultaneously. Initially, the glucose oxidase (GOx)‐mediated gluconic acid production can promote the release of Cu⁺ from Cu2O for effective cuproptosis activation. Meanwhile, disulfidptosis, a recently found programmed cell death, can be induced by CGH NAs, which inhibit the cystine‐to‐cysteine metabolic pathway and thereby block copper chelator GSH biosynthesis. Next, Cu2O‐induced self‐cascade enzymatic reactions (OXD, SOD, and POD) are first achieved, which lead to significant mitochondrial dysfunction. Benefiting from the dual inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism and GOx‐induced glycolysis, the provision of ATP is fundamentally blocked, thereby further downregulating the ATPase to prevent the efflux of copper ions. Collectively, the “adding spear and discarding shield” strategy dramatically inhibits primary tumor growth in vivo (73.5%). This work first demonstrates disulfidptosis‐augmented cuproptosis, and will also provide unique inspiration for regulating both the positive and negative directions in cuproptosis.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Overcoming Acidic Challenges in Hematite Photoanodes: Charge Transport Engineering and Catalytic Interface Optimization 克服赤铁矿光阳极的酸性挑战：电荷传输工程和催化界面优化

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202506878

Fei‐Xue Tian, Shuo Sun, Jian‐Jun Wang

{"title":"Overcoming Acidic Challenges in Hematite Photoanodes: Charge Transport Engineering and Catalytic Interface Optimization","authors":"Fei‐Xue Tian, Shuo Sun, Jian‐Jun Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202506878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202506878","url":null,"abstract":"Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) has emerged as a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting in acidic environments, owing to its abundance, non‐toxicity, and favorable bandgap (≈2.1 eV) enabling visible‐light absorption. Despite its high theoretical photocurrent density and stability, practical applications are hindered by rapid charge recombination, low hole mobility, and poor oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics under acidic conditions. This review highlights recent advances in optimizing hematite‐based photoanodes through nanostructuring, doping, heterojunction engineering, and surface modifications. In particular, heterojunction architectures promote efficient interfacial charge transfer, and surface modifications mitigate oxygen evolution overpotentials and enhance corrosion resistance in acidic media. These strategies collectively boost photocurrent densities and operational stability. Challenges remain in achieving balanced light absorption, carrier dynamics, and acid‐resistant interfaces. Future directions emphasize atomic‐level catalyst design, tandem configurations, and mechanistic studies to bridge the gap between theoretical potential and scalable PEC systems. This work underscores hematite's viability for solar‐driven acidic water splitting, offering insights for next‐generation photoanode development.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ductile Ag5.98SSe0.6Te1.4 with High Room‐Temperature Thermoelectric Performance 具有高室温热电性能的延展性Ag5.98SSe0.6Te1.4

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202502985

Yi Chang, Wenyi Mao, Yu Zhang, Zirui Dong, Yunpu Zhang, Linke Li, Jiye Zhang, Jun Luo

{"title":"Ductile Ag5.98SSe0.6Te1.4 with High Room‐Temperature Thermoelectric Performance","authors":"Yi Chang, Wenyi Mao, Yu Zhang, Zirui Dong, Yunpu Zhang, Linke Li, Jiye Zhang, Jun Luo","doi":"10.1002/smll.202502985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202502985","url":null,"abstract":"Ductile thermoelectric materials and devices, capable of converting human body heat into electricity through the Seebeck effect, are emerging as a promising solution for powering wearable technologies. The recent discovery of Ag2S‐based ductile thermoelectric materials has injected new vitality into this field, while the excess carrier concentration of these materials results in substantially lower thermoelectric performance compared to traditional inorganic thermoelectrics. Herein, by reducing the electronegativity of the anion sublattice and producing a silver deficiency at the cation site, an optimal carrier concentration is attained in the Ag5.98SSe0.6Te1.4 material, leading to simultaneously high power factor (6.0 µW cm−1 K−2) and low total thermal conductivity (0.27 W m−1 K−1) at room temperature. Concurrently, it achieves a record thermoelectric figure of merit of 0.65 among Ag2S‐based ductile thermoelectrics, while maintaining favorable phase stability and mechanical properties. A six‐leg Ag5.98SSe0.6Te1.4 flexible thermoelectric device exhibits a normalized maximum power density of 0.16 W m−1, an order of magnitude higher than that of existing flexible organic as well as inorganic–organic hybrid thermoelectric devices, demonstrating significant progress in the development of ductile thermoelectrics.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Planar Conjugation Engineering in Triazine‐Based Donor‐Acceptor Porous Organic Polymers for Boosting Photo‐Self‐Fenton Antibiotic Degradation 基于三嗪的供受体多孔有机聚合物的平面共轭工程促进光自Fenton抗生素降解

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202505911

Xin Liu, Yongkang Xia, Jiaqian Dong, Ruilong Zong, Xiaojuan Bai

{"title":"Planar Conjugation Engineering in Triazine‐Based Donor‐Acceptor Porous Organic Polymers for Boosting Photo‐Self‐Fenton Antibiotic Degradation","authors":"Xin Liu, Yongkang Xia, Jiaqian Dong, Ruilong Zong, Xiaojuan Bai","doi":"10.1002/smll.202505911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202505911","url":null,"abstract":"To combat antibiotic pollution in aquatic systems, this work designed dimension‐controlled porous organic polymers (POPs) with ordered porosity via a molecular‐dimensional control strategy. The 2D POP utilizes highly planar triazine groups as electron acceptors, which are linked to thiophene electron donors via imine bonds to form a donor‐acceptor structure. The strong coplanarity of triazine groups significantly enlarges molecular dihedral angles, facilitating ordered π–π stacked lamellar architecture with enhanced interlayer conjugation. In contrast, the 3D POP constructed with methane as the central unit has reduced coplanarity and electronic coupling due to steric hindrance. Comparative studies are shown that the planar layered structure of the 2D POP effectively promotes exciton dissociation (with an exciton binding energy of only 2.01 eV), achieving continuous electron supply and stable catalytic performance. The 3D POP achieves continuous H2O2 production at 1672 µmol g−1 h−1 under sacrificial agent‐free conditions, enabling efficient degradation of ibuprofen via the photo‐self‐Fenton process and increasing the degradation rate constant to 0.034 min−1. This work elucidates the structural superiority of 2D donor‐acceptor‐type POPs in photocatalytic systems from the perspective of spatial configuration regulation of molecular building blocks, providing insights for designing advanced water‐treatment materials.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Novel Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Dynamic Proportional‐Integral Control in Scanning Probe Microscopy 一种新的用于扫描探针显微镜动态比例积分控制的深度强化学习方法

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202503921

Ziwei Wei, Shuming Wei, Qibin Zeng, Wanheng Lu, Huajun Liu, Kaiyang Zeng

{"title":"A Novel Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Dynamic Proportional‐Integral Control in Scanning Probe Microscopy","authors":"Ziwei Wei, Shuming Wei, Qibin Zeng, Wanheng Lu, Huajun Liu, Kaiyang Zeng","doi":"10.1002/smll.202503921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202503921","url":null,"abstract":"Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) measurements often encounter challenges due to the nonlinear and time‐varying behavior of materials, as well as abrupt changes in structure, properties, or topography. These issues can lead to system instability and imaging artifacts. Traditional proportional‐integral (P‐I) controllers with fixed parameters struggle to adapt to such conditions. To address this limitation, this study introduces the Parallel Integrated Control and Training System (PICTS), which leverages deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to dynamically adjust control strategies in real time. This approach stabilizes probe–sample interactions, even for samples with sharp edges, soft multiphase materials, or complex topographies. Experimental results demonstrate that the DRL‐based controller reduces deflection errors by 26% – 90% compared to commercial fixed‐parameter controllers, producing more stable images with fewer artifacts. Statistical analyses confirm improved precision, with error values concentrated near zero. Additionally, the system employs a field‐programmable gate array (FPGA) for critical tasks, ensuring efficient operation without the need for high‐performance computing. By integrating advanced machine learning, this work enhances imaging quality and stability in demanding environments, paving the way for further innovations in SPM.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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