Small最新文献

{"title":"Atomic Layer Deposited Tin Oxide Buffer Layer via Layer-by-layer Growth for Efficient Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Lingen Yao, Buchao Chen, Zerong Li, Weiyan Wang, Jing Zhuang, Jin Zhang, Huahang Lai, Yuehui Lu, Hua Xu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202502206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202502206","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of compact tin oxide (SnO₂) sputtering buffer layer plays a crucial role in high-performance semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, when the substrate exhibits low reactivity with the ALD reactants, the ALD process tends to follow an island growth mode, leading to a prolonged incubation period and pinhole films, which ultimately degrade device performance. In this study, the substrate is activated by simply altering precursor introduced sequence, switching from introducing the tin precursor first to introducing the oxygen precursor first. The hydroxyl groups generated by the oxygen precursor enhance nucleation sites on the substrate, allowing the initial ALD films growth transforming from island-like mode to layer-by-layer mode, resulting in dense and vertically uniform SnO₂ films. Semitransparent PSCs constructed with dense ALD SnO₂ layer effectively mitigate sputtering-induced damage and improve the interface properties. As a result, the initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the ST-PSC increased from 19.37% to 19.99%, corresponding to the improvement by 3.2%. The perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are also fabricated with PCE of 28.77%. Furthermore, ST-PSCs with dense ALD SnO₂ layer exhibit improved moisture and thermal stability, which maintain 96.6% and 95.6% of initial PCE after being stored at relative humidity of 30% for 600 h and 85 °C for 600 h, respectively. This study provides a simple and effective approach for fabricating dense and uniform ALD SnO₂ buffer layers, demonstrating their potential application not only in efficient semitransparent perovskite solar cells and tandem solar cells but also in other optoelectrical devices.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized Indazaboles: A New Class of Low-k Interfacial Layer for Multi-Polar Charge Transport in Organic Field Effect Transistors","authors":"Anna Chandrasekar Murali, Mrinali Mohanty, Riya Singh, Indrajit Mondal, Subrat Rout, Avani A, Biplab K. Patra, Satyaprasad P. Senanayak, Krishnan Venkatasubbaiah","doi":"10.1002/smll.202507561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202507561","url":null,"abstract":"Demonstration of high-performance field effect transistors (FETs) necessitates designing of ordered semiconductors as well as dielectric materials with a low degree of dipolar disorder. Majority of efforts for improving the performance of FETs has been directed toward modifying the semiconducting layer. Here, indazaboles, which are a class of relatively unexplored tetra-coordinated organoboranes, are utilized as an active interfacial layer in a field effect transistor structure. It is shown that with suitable functionalization of the indazabole core, it is possible to tune the dielectric constant ranging from 2.2 to 5.1. Such wide tunability of the dielectric constant makes these materials fundamentally interesting as a platform to controllably probe the effect of interfacial dipolar disorder on the field effect charge transport. These indazaboles, when introduced as a low k-modifying layer at the transport interface on conventional oxide dielectric result in significant enhancement of both electron and hole field effect mobility by up to six times. The results bring out the applicability of this new class of indazabole materials as dielectric material supporting multi-polar transport and provide insight for developing high performance field effect transistor through suitable interfacial chemical design.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"348 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “MAX Phase Purity Contingent Interlayer Spacing Regulated Ti3C2-F MXene Electrodes for Efficient Energy Storage Application”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/smll.202509303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202509303","url":null,"abstract":"<p>E. Choudhary, M. Samtham, R. Sharma, et al.: MAX Phase Purity Contingent Interlayer Spacing Regulated Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>-F MXene Electrodes for Efficient Energy Storage Application. <i>Small</i> <i>21</i>, 2410802 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410802</p>\u0000<div>Earlier report should be considered with the following minor corrections in the text. It is noteworthy that the below mentioned corrections are technical rather than scientific in nature. Thus, these corrections nowhere alter the scientific discussion/findings of the report and are for the sake of the clarity of the discussion provided. <ol start=\"1\">\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Scheme 1, illustrating the effect of the purity of parent MAX phase on electrochemical performance of MXene (extreme right panel), has been updated to reflect the corrected C<sub>s</sub> values.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Figure 3d,e and Figure 5b,c should be considered as provided in the updated figure herein.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>The axis “log Z(ohm)” in Figure 3g should be read as “Z(ohm).”</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Re-evaluated values should be considered as provided in Table C1 herein.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ol>\u0000</div>\u0000<figure><picture>\u0000<source media=\"(min-width: 1650px)\" srcset=\"/cms/asset/6e509533-9162-4101-b625-69187ce92291/smll71053-fig-0003-m.jpg\"/><img alt=\"Details are in the caption following the image\" data-lg-src=\"/cms/asset/6e509533-9162-4101-b625-69187ce92291/smll71053-fig-0003-m.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"/cms/asset/be72bdc8-6248-478b-88a1-d6405f76c249/smll71053-fig-0003-m.png\" title=\"Details are in the caption following the image\"/></picture><figcaption>\u0000<div><strong>Scheme 1<span style=\"font-weight:normal\"></span></strong><div>Open in figure viewer<i aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><span>PowerPoint</span></div>\u0000</div>\u0000<div>Schematic illustration of the purity of parent MAX phase affecting the interlayer spacing and electrochemical performance of MXene.</div>\u0000</figcaption>\u0000</figure>\u0000<figure><picture>\u0000<source media=\"(min-width: 1650px)\" srcset=\"/cms/asset/ccba0fdf-f07e-4a4e-923a-b754baefdb06/smll71053-fig-0001-m.jpg\"/><img alt=\"Details are in the caption following the image\" data-lg-src=\"/cms/asset/ccba0fdf-f07e-4a4e-923a-b754baefdb06/smll71053-fig-0001-m.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"/cms/asset/4db9054c-0976-43e0-901a-30d58ba38757/smll71053-fig-0001-m.png\" title=\"Details are in the caption following the image\"/></picture><figcaption>\u0000<div><strong>Figure 3<span style=\"font-weight:normal\"></span></strong><div>Open in figure viewer<i aria-hidden=\"true\"></i><span>PowerPoint</span></div>\u0000</div>\u0000<div>d) C<sub>s</sub> of MXene (i.e., M<sub>1</sub> to M<sub>4</sub>) and CB@M<sub>4</sub> at different current densities. e) Ragone plot consisting of M<sub>4</sub> and CB@M<sub>4</sub> electrodes.</div>\u0000</figcaption>\u0000</figure>\u0000<figure><picture>\u0000<source media=\"(min-width: 1650px)\" srcset=\"/cms/asset/4bcf87cc-4b9d-493e-abc8-dec779c8a522/smll71053-fig-0002-m.jpg\"/><img alt=\"Details are in the caption following the image\" data-lg-src=\"/cms/asset/4bcf87cc-4b9d-","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechano‐Locking Strategy for Broad‐Spectrum SARS‐CoV‐2 Neutralization","authors":"Yang Ye, Shijie Chen, Yixiang Zhang, Tongtong Zhang, Tailin Liao, Zilin Ren, Wei Chen, Wei Hu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202505582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202505582","url":null,"abstract":"Viral entry into host cells is typically initiated by interactions between viral surface proteins and host cell receptors. Conventional neutralization strategies aim to disrupt these interactions but often lose effectiveness against rapidly mutating viral strains. This challenge extends beyond SARS‐CoV‐2 to other viruses such as HIV and influenza. To overcome this limitation, a novel mechano‐locking strategy is proposed, using SARS‐CoV‐2 as a model system, in which bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) lock the spike protein in its prefusion conformation by preventing force‐induced conformational changes. These bsAbs demonstrate broad‐spectrum neutralization efficacy against multiple SARS‐CoV‐2 variants in pseudoviral assays. Single‐molecule magnetic tweezers experiments further reveal that these bsAbs significantly raise the mechanical force threshold required for S1–S2 dissociation, thereby enhancing spike protein mechano‐stability. This stabilization mechanism offers a mutation‐resistant approach to neutralization and introduces a new design paradigm for antiviral therapeutics. These findings establish a mechanistically driven framework for developing biomechanically enhanced strategies potentially applicable to a wide range of mechanically activated enveloped viruses.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable Manufactured ZrO2‐Al2O3 Heterostructured Coating with High Reflectivity and Enhanced Toughness for Space Laser Protection","authors":"Xinrui Zhao, Shuqi Wang, Yongchun Zou, Guoliang Chen, Zhiyun Ye, Jianzheng Cui, Xiang Li, Yaming Wang, Jiahu Ouyang, Dechang Jia, Yu Zhou","doi":"10.1002/smll.202508424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202508424","url":null,"abstract":"Developing ceramic coatings with high reflectivity, emissivity, and mechanical robustness is critical for enhancing laser protection and thermal management in various optical precision instruments and engineering equipment. However, insufficient optical and mechanical performance causes heat accumulation and fracture under thermomechanical stress that can lead to catastrophic failure. Herein, a scalable ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> heterostructured coating featuring anti‐laser ablation, thermal management, and toughness is fabricated via a facile yet effective strategy. The multiple scattering of the micro‐convex structure on the coating surface and the refractive index mismatching at the heterogeneous interface enhance its reflectivity to 92% (780–2500 nm), while the enlarged effective radiation area improves its emissivity to 0.93 (8–25 µm). The combination of high reflectivity and low thermal conductivity of 0.6 W/(m K) enables the coating to achieve a laser damage threshold of 637 W cm<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> for 35 s, reducing the damage depth by 35.46% compared to a single Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> coating. Notably, the fracture toughness of the coating reaches 6.77 MPa m<jats:sup>1/2</jats:sup> due to the synergistic effects of zirconia phase transformation toughening and heterogeneous interface energy absorption. These characteristics make the ZrO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> heterostructured coating potential protective materials for various laser protection and thermal management applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Performance and Scalable Ferroelectric Diodes Enabled via 2D-MoS2 Buffer Layer Under Low Thermal Budget","authors":"Seungkwon Hwang, Kyumin Lee, Laeyong Jung, Hojung Jang, Byeongjin Park, Seock-Jin Jeong, Jongwon Yoon, Jung-Dae Kwon, Yonghun Kim, Hyunsang Hwang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202508853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202508853","url":null,"abstract":"Hafnium-based (Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂, HZO) ferroelectrics exhibit robust polarization switching even in ultrathin films and are compatible with atomic layer deposition (ALD), making them promising for two-terminal (2-T) non-volatile memory devices. However, their practical use remains limited by low ON/OFF ratios, high leakage currents, and poor endurance. Herein, A high-performance ferroelectric diode (FE-diode) based on a W/MoS₂/HZO/TiN stack is demostrated, fabricated entirely below 400 °C for back-end-of-line (BEOL) compatibility. Two strategies are employed: 1) optimization of the HZO thickness and 2) insertion of a 2D MoS₂ buffer layer at the top electrode/ferroelectric interface. Increasing the HZO thickness from 3 to 8 nm changed the dominant conduction mechanism from direct tunneling to Schottky emission, enabling polarization-driven barrier modulation. The MoS₂ buffer, synthesized via low-temperature (&lt;300 °C) atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced CVD, minimized interfacial defects and improved device stability. As a result, the FE-diode exhibited a high current density of 50 A cm⁻² (read at 3 V), an electroresistance ratio exceeding 2 × 10⁶, endurance over 10¹⁰ cycles, and stable memory retention of 10 years at room temperature. A 1 K (32 × 32) memory array is also demonstrated, confirming excellent scalability and the strong potential of this FE-diode design for next-generation integrated memory applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual‐Bipolar Conjugated Organic Polymer Cathode Enabling Ultra‐Stable 10 000‐Cycle Organic Lithium and Sodium Batteries","authors":"Tianfu Li, Ping Gao, Yu Li, Tao Zhang, Caihong Sun, Xi Peng, Junwan Su, Zhi Chen, Zhifeng Huang, Zhen Chen, Xiu‐Mei Lin, Jian‐Feng Li","doi":"10.1002/smll.202509056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202509056","url":null,"abstract":"Organic molecules are potential electrode materials for various rechargeable batteries owing to their designable molecular structures and renewable resources; however, their poor electronic conductivity and high solubility in electrolytes limit their electrochemical performance. These challenges can be addressed by constructing conjugated organic polymers (COPs). Herein, a dual‐bipolar centers COP is reported via polymerization of 5,15‐bis(4‐cyanophenyl) porphyrin (H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>BCPP) using triazine linker (H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>BCPP‐COP) and evaluate its performance as a cathode for both lithium and sodium batteries. The electrochemical performance of H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>BCPP‐COP is significantly improved compared with H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>BCPP in both systems, exhibiting high capacity, outstanding rate capability, and excellent cycling stability. Notably, in organic lithium batteries (OLBs), H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>BCPP‐COP achieves a capacity of 121 mAh g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> over 10 000 cycles with 89% capacity retention of maximum capacity at 2.0 A g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> at room temperature, while maintaining stable operation across a wide temperature range (−20–50 °C). Even higher capacities are observed in organic sodium batteries (OSBs), highlighting their versatility. In/ex situ spectroscopic analyses and theoretical simulations reveal that the exceptional performance arises from the highly stable COP backbone and the alternating interaction of cations and anions with the dual‐bipolar active sites (C─N/C═N) in the porphyrin and triazine units.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D‐Printed Crosslinked Nanocellulose‐MXene Hydrogels and Aerogels with High Strength and Conductivity","authors":"Nuzhet Inci Kilic, Kyle Matthews, Giovanni Marco Saladino, Yury Gogotsi, Per A. Larsson, Mahiar Max Hamedi","doi":"10.1002/smll.202507491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202507491","url":null,"abstract":"Extrusion‐based 3D‐printing is a promising manufacturing method because it can integrate various nanomaterials, including highly conductive MXenes. Nevertheless, the fabrication of both wet and dry stable 3D‐printed structures with MXene has remained challenging due to the difficulty in forming mechanically stable, crosslinked networks with the required rheological properties. In this work, a MXene ink formulation incorporating cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as rheology modifiers is developed, enhancing structural integrity and enabling a one‐step freeze‐induced crosslinking process to produce lightweight, porous structures. The 3D‐printed structures exhibit remarkable mechanical strength, supporting up to 10,000 times their own weight, while maintaining a conductivity of over 195 S m<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. Additionally, they demonstrate a specific capacitance of 240 F g<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> at 5 mV s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, highlighting their potential for applications in advanced iontronic devices. A fully 3D‐printed supercapacitor concept is showcased in two distinct configurations: in‐plane and stacked; demonstrating their structural integrity and electrochemical stability in aqueous environments.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controllable Synthesis of Multicolor-Light-Emitting Carbon Dots via Gas–Liquid Repetitive Pulsed Discharges: The Role of Graphitic Nitrogen","authors":"Yuan Li, Yazhen Wang, Yaxuan Shi, Lei Yuan, Mingyou Hu, Xin Liu, Guanjun Zhang, Aizhao Pan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202507818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202507818","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, multicolor-emissive carbon dots (CDs) have garnered widespread attention owing to their versatile applications across diverse disciplines. Despite significant progress, developing efficient fabrication strategies and understanding fluorescence modulation mechanisms still pose considerable challenges. Herein, a fast and controllable method is reported to produce fluorescence-tunable CDs through gas–liquid discharge. Bright cyan, yellow, and red-emitting CDs are successfully prepared within 20 min via discharge treatment of <i>m</i>-phenylenediamine, <i>o</i>-phenylenediamine, and <i>p</i>-phenylenediamine aqueous solutions. These three types of CDs have similar average particle sizes of 4–6 nm, and their surfaces are functionalized with hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino N, and graphitic N. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses reveal that surface states primarily govern the fluorescence behavior of multicolor-emissive carbon dots. Quantitative analysis of N-induced surface states and DFT calculations demonstrate that the fluorescence-tunable mechanism is attributed to increased graphitic N content. Owing to their multicolor emissions, the synthesized fluorescence-tunable CDs excel in applications such as fluorescent films and LED devices. This work offers a pathway for fabricating diverse CDs by selecting various phenylenediamine isomers.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Polymerized Gel Electrolytes on Na-Metal/Electrodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Debalina Deb, Sanhita Pal, Yuliia Kravets, Philipp Adelhelm, Aninda J. Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1002/smll.202506134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202506134","url":null,"abstract":"A solid sodium-ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is presented, directly synthesized on the sodium-metal/electrodes, as an alternative solid-like electrolyte to conventional liquid and ceramic electrolytes for high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The GPE is obtained via an efficient synthesis protocol, wherein a mixture of liquid electrolyte (LE) and polymer precursors (PP) is in situ polymerized inside a prefabricated porous electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane, stabilized on either Na-metal or Na₃V₂(PO₄) (NVP) electrode. The membrane's high porosity allows substantially high LE (≈60 vol%) confinement within its pores, which, following the polymerization, leads to a densely packed, mechanically and thermally stable amorphous gel. The GPE exhibited high sodium-ion conductivity (≈1 mS cm⁻¹ ≈ LE ion conductivity) and transference number (0.63), wide electrochemical stability window (5.2 V), and excellent interfacial stability. The chemically stable GPE mitigated dendritic growth, leading to successive sodium-stripping/plating over 100s of cycles with low overpotentials at varying current densities. While the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth on the Na-electrode in the case of LE, studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, reveals an unstable self-similar variation of growth with time (≈1 month), the GPE exhibits a stable SEI growth over longer durations of time (≈2 months). In (Na||Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃) configuration, i.e. sodium-metal batteries (SMBs) and symmetric Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃||Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ batteries, the GPE shows remarkable cyclability, delivering consistent performance at 1C over 500–1000 cycles at room temperature. The diversity of GPE is also demonstrated via its remarkably stable cyclability over 100s of cycles with novel Sn-based alloy anodes, an upcoming alternative anode to hard carbons.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}