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{"title":"Bimetallic Strip-Inspired Dual-Layer Covalent Organic Framework Membrane for Smart Organic Vapor Response.","authors":"Yaohan Chen, Zimo Wang, Jifu Zheng, Shenghai Li, Suobo Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vapor-driven smart materials show significant advantages in areas such as intelligent control, gas detection, and information transmission. However, their typically singular response mechanisms pose challenges for achieving binary response behaviors within a single system. Drawing inspiration from bimetallic strips, a dual-layer covalent organic framework (DL-COF) membrane is developed with a hierarchical pore structure. This membrane exhibits asymmetric expansion or contraction on either side when exposed to morpholine and 1,4-dioxane vapors, enabling binary response behaviors. The driving forces underlying these binary responses are the shifts in hydrogen bond equilibrium caused by chain-like hydrogen bonding and the swelling effects within the two layers, which have different degrees of crystallinity. The hierarchical pore structure further enhances rapid mass transfer, enabling the DL-COF membrane to achieve an impressive response time of just 0.6 s. By leveraging its distinct responsiveness to different vapors, the DL-COF membrane can be effectively utilized for the visual translation of encrypted information, enabling the reliable decoding of gas-encrypted Morse code from continuous programmatic vapor inputs.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e2501390"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Sodium Storage Performance of Floral Spherical Vanadium Disulfide by Ether-Based Electrolyte and Copper Collector Inducing.","authors":"Lixin Li, Ruiqi Li, Xianqi Cao, Jianwei Bai, Wenjun Dong, Chunhong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vanadium disulfide (VS₂) emerges as a great potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to its large layer spacing and high specific capacity. However, the severe capacity decay and ambiguous sodium storage mechanism severely impair its merits. Herein, the nano-micro floral spherical VS₂ is designed and its performance enhancement mechanism in ether-based electrolyte is deciphered. The VS₂ anode in ether-based electrolyte undergoes multiple sodium storage mechanisms, involving a traditional reaction of VS₂↔NaVS₂↔Na₂S and a unique reaction of Na₂S↔Na₂S_x (2 < x <8) ↔S₈ facilitated by the Cu collector. Meanwhile, multiple reactions trigger decomposition-reassembly of the original structure to form the hierarchical porous framework that mitigates the stress generated by volume changes. Notably, molecular dynamics simulations and electrochemical measurements indicate that the ether-based electrolyte not only facilitates Na⁺ de-solvation and diffusion, but also endows the VS₂ electrode with speedy Na⁺ diffusion kinetics. Consequently, the VS₂ electrode in ether-based electrolyte demonstrates an outstanding reversible capacity of 655.8 mAh g^-1 after 900 cycles at ultra-high 20 A g^-1. In addition, the assembled Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃//VS₂ full battery achieves superior cycling stability with an average capacity decayed rate of only 0.069% per cycle. This work can provide precious insights into the development of advanced metal-sulfide anode materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e2501371"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mind Map to Address the Next Generation of Artificial Photosynthesis Experiments","authors":"Christian Mark Pelicano, Sonia Żółtowska, Markus Antonietti","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501385","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial photosynthesis (APS) is using light for uphill chemical reactions that converts light energy into chemical energy. It follows the example of natural photosynthesis, but offers a broader choice of materials and components, which can enhance its performance it terms of application conditions, stability, efficiency, and uphill reactions to be carried out. This work presents here first the status of the field, just to focus afterward on the current problems seen at the forefront of the field, as well as discussing some general misunderstandings, which are often repeated in the primary literature. Finally, this perspective article is daring to define some grand challenges, which have to be tackled for the translation of APS into society.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision Strain Engineering in Perovskite Optoelectronics via Shock-Driven Gradient Annealing for Enhanced Stability and Light Response","authors":"Dingyue Sun, Feng Liu, Gary J. Cheng","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411306","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance perovskite-based optoelectronic devices require low defect density and efficient charge carrier extraction to achieve optimal performance. However, residual tensile strain in perovskite films can reduce defect formation energy, negatively impacting charge mobility and increasing non-radiative recombination. This study introduces laser shock-driven gradient annealing (SDGA), a novel approach to strain management and crystallization control in perovskite films. SDGA utilizes laser-induced plasma shocks to achieve gradient annealing, effectively releasing residual strain and enhancing structural uniformity. By processing in a semi-sealed environment, this method mitigates challenges such as rapid evaporation and inconsistent crystallization common in open-environment annealing, reducing lattice distortion and improving film quality. The plasma-induced pressure drives solute diffusion and grain fusion, modulating the energy band structure and enhancing the n-type semiconductor properties of perovskite. Precise control of laser intensity allows for fine-tuned crystallization, yielding highly efficient and stable perovskite structures. Devices treated with SDGA demonstrate a responsivity of 19.93 Ma W⁻¹ and detectivity of 7.21 × 10⁹ Jones, significantly exceeding the 6.73 mA W⁻¹ and 1.72 × 10⁹ Jones of thermally annealed devices. Additionally, SDGA-treated photodetectors retain 87% of their initial photocurrent after 30 days in air. SDGA establishes a transformative approach for robust and efficient perovskite-based optoelectronic applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Janus MoSSe Nanotubes on 1D SWCNT-BNNT van der Waals Heterostructure","authors":"Chunxia Yang, Qingyun Lin, Yuta Sato, Yanlin Gao, Yongjia Zheng, Tianyu Wang, Yicheng Ma, Wanyu Dai, Wenbin Li, Mina Maruyama, Susumu Okada, Kazu Suenaga, Shigeo Maruyama, Rong Xiang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412454","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional (2D) Janus transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) layers with broken mirror symmetry exhibit giant Rashba splitting and unique excitonic behavior. For their one-dimensional (1D) counterparts, the Janus nanotubes possess curvature, which introduces an additional degree of freedom to break the structural symmetry. This can potentially enhance these effects or even give rise to novel properties. Moreover, Janus MSSe nanotubes (M = W, Mo), with diameters surpassing 40 Å and Se positioned externally consistently demonstrate lower energy states compared to their Janus monolayer counterparts. However, there are limited studies on the preparation of Janus nanotubes, due to the synthesis challenge and limited sample quality. In this study, we first synthesized MoS₂ nanotubes on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) heterostructures and then explored the growth of Janus MoSSe nanotubes from MoS₂ nanotubes at room temperature with the assistance of H₂ plasma. The successful formation of the Janus structure is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, and atomic structure and elemental distribution of the grown samples are further characterized by advanced electronic microscopy. The synthesis of Janus MoSSe nanotubes based on SWCNT-BNNT heterostructures paves the way for further exploration of novel properties in Janus TMDC nanotubes.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gravity-Driven Air-Liquid Interface Flexible Sensor for Human Motion Detection","authors":"Zhenqian Zhuang, Ke Ding, Hailing Zhong, Lan Shen, Zuowen Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412022","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel gravity-driven air-liquid interface flexible sensor (GALIFS) for detecting human motions. GALIFS leverages gravity-induced liquid flow to generate angle-dependent electrical signals, eliminating the need for material deformation (e.g., stretching or compression) during operation. Unlike conventional inertial sensors (limited by rigid designs causing discomfort) or existing flexible sensors (reliant on stress-induced signals and high material durability), GALIFS overcomes these constraints through its unique gravity-driven mechanism. Furthermore, GALIFS operates without requiring perfect skin adhesion, significantly enhancing user comfort. GALIFS achieves a wide angular detection range (0°–180°) with high stability (over 16000 cycles). Additionally, it can identify a diverse range of human motions, including neck bending, spine bending, squatting, jumping, walking, and running. A real-time lying posture monitoring system for bedridden patients is further developed, showcasing its medical potential. Following successful mitigation of liquid evaporation issues, GALIFS may have significant potential for applications in various scenarios, including medical rehabilitation and sports training.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Power Density by Resonant Frequency Optimization in Magneto-Mechano-Electric Generator for Multifunctional Wireless Sensor System.","authors":"Xin He, Yiwei Xu, Jingen Wu, Heng Huang, Xianfeng Liang, Yongjun Du, Jiacheng Qiao, Yang Li, Hui Huang, Dengfeng Ju, Zhongqiang Hu, Ming Liu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harvesting electrical energy from stray magnetic fields around the power cable is attractive in developing sustainable power sources for wireless sensor network. Magneto-mechano-electric (MME) generators, consisting of cantilevered magnetoelectric (ME) composite with permanent magnet mass, are promising for efficiently converting low-frequency stray magnetic fields into electrical energy. However, the power density needs further improvement for practical applications. Here, enhanced power density in MME generator is reported by optimizing the resonant frequency via structural optimization. This enhancement is ensured by manipulating the length ratio of the piezoelectric with regards to that of the magnetostrictive materials, as well as optimizing the total thickness of the ME composite, both of which are essential for matching the resonant frequency at 50 Hz. High output power density of 0.137 mW_RMS cm^-3 Oe^-2 under a small magnetic field of 0.5 Oe is achieved at 50 Hz in the MME generator. Meanwhile, the optimized MME generator can electrically power the multifunctional IoT sensors and wireless communication systems, by harvesting the uniform magnetic field as well as the stray magnetic field energy around the power cables of household appliances. The MME generator with high energy density shows great potential for the applications in self-powered wireless sensor network.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e2412214"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-Programmable Deformable Microneedles for Scar-Free Healing of Infective Wounds via Sensory Nerve Regeneration","authors":"Yanlin Su, Mengde Zhang, Bingyang Yu, Feng Tian, Dongzhen Zhu, Xu Guo, Yuzhen Wang, Lin Ding, Zhao Li, Yi Kong, Wei Song, Chao Zhang, Jianjun Li, Liting Liang, Jinpeng Du, Qinghua Liu, Yue Kong, Xiaobing Fu, Sha Huang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501491","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious wound healing remains a complex challenge, complicated by bacterial infections, inflammation, and sensory nerve damage, which hinder healing and contribute to excessive scarring. For refractory wound healing, a temperature-programmable deformable microneedle (TPDM) is constructed, which can program at 85 °C through changes in time to maintain the shape for a corresponding period of time at 27 °C before returning to its original shape. In addition, his deformation is not temperature related, but rather caused by the separation of water phases to prevent skin burns from high temperatures and secondary impacts. The microneedles are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Nile red staining. Their antibacterial efficacy is confirmed through co-culture with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (<i>MRSA</i>). In vitro, it promoted keratinocyte migration and facilitated sensory nerve regeneration. Furthermore, they significantly reduced scar-associated Engrailed-1 (EN-1)-positive fibroblasts and macrophages, which are key contributors to fibrotic responses. In vivo, it accelerated wound healing, reduced the accumulation of EN-1-positive fibroblasts and collagen I, and enhanced sensory nerve density and mitochondrial activity at the wound site. TPDM exhibits strong antibacterial properties against <i>MRSA</i>, promoting sensory nerve regeneration and reduces scarring, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for improving the healing of infectious wounds.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of Chirality in MXene Nanosheets and Derived Quantum Dots: Chiral Mixed-Low-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx Biomaterials as Potential Agricultural Biostimulants for Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Different Abiotic Stresses","authors":"Alireza Rafieerad, Soofia Khanahmadi, Akif Rahman, Hossein Shahali, Maik Böhmer, Ahmad Amiri","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500654","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents two advancements in the engineering design and bio-applications of emerging MXene nanosheets and derived quantum dots. First, a facile, versatile, and universal strategy is showcased for inducing the right- or left-handed chirality into the surface of titanium carbide-based MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x) to form stable mixed-low-dimensional chiral MXene biomaterials with enhanced aqueous colloidal dispersibility and debonding tolerance, mimicking the natural asymmetric bio-structure of most biomolecules and living organisms. In particular, Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets are functionalized with carboxyl-based terminals and bound feasibly with the D/L-cysteine amino acid ligands. The physicochemical characterizations of these 2D-0D/1D chiral MXene heterostructures suggest the inclusion of Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets and different levels of self-derived MXene quantum dots and surface titanium-oxide nanoparticles, providing enhanced material stability and oxidative degradation resistance for tested months. Further, the interaction and molecular binding at cysteine-Ti₃C₂T_x/Ti-oxide interfaces, associated ion transport and ionic conductivity analysis, and charge re/distribution mechanisms are evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The second uniqueness of this study relies on the multifunctional application of optimal chiral MXenes as potential nano-biostimulants for enhancing plant tolerance to different abiotic conditions, including severe drought, salinity, or light stress. This surface tailoring enables high biocompatibility with the seed/seedling/plant of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> alongside promoting multi-bioactivities for enhanced seed-to-seedling transition, seedling germination/maturation, plant-induced stomatal closure, and ROS production eliciting responses. Given that the induced chirality is a pivotal factor in many agro-stimulants and amino acid-containing fertilizers for enhanced interaction with plant cells/enzymes, boosting stress tolerance, nutrient uptake, and growth, these findings open up new avenues toward multiple applications of chiral MXene biomaterials as next-generation carbon-based nano-biostimulants in agriculture.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Performance Self-Powered Organic Photodetectors for Near-Infrared Weak Light Detection.","authors":"Haixia Liang, Junyao Zhang, Xinglei Zhao, Yi Ye, Xu Liu, Li Li, Gonghai Yang, Jia Huang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Near-infrared (NIR) organic photodetectors (OPDs) have significant potential in the development of night vision, optical communication, and image-sensing systems. However, most of them require external energy consumption, and particularly the investigation focuses on weak light detection in the NIR region at or beyond 1000 nm remains limited. In this study, self-powered OPDs with a PCE10:COTIC-4F organic bulk heterojunction as the photoactive layer are designed, which are capable of responding to an ultra-weak light signal of 6.3 pW cm^-2 at 1000 nm, demonstrating a significantly low level in comparison to currently reported OPDs. In addition, the OPDs also exhibit other outstanding photodetection performance, including large I_light/I_dark ratio of 3.47 × 10⁶, high responsivity of 1.50 A W^-1, and detectivity of 3.17 × 10¹³/1.80 × 10¹¹ Jones (evaluated by dark/noise current methods). Furthermore, the unencapsulated OPDs demonstrate almost no obvious attenuation in the air during a 224-day test and in the aging environment during a 67-day test. More importantly, the self-powered OPDs demonstrate the potential for flexible electronics, NIR imaging, and NIR selectivity with visible-blind characteristic. The development of self-powered OPDs provides an accessible and viable route for advancing weak NIR detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e2501140"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}