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{"title":"Multielement Doping Engineered Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Enabling the Shift from Negative to Positive MRI Contrast for Enhanced Diagnostic Precision","authors":"Chichong Lu, Yingjie Bao, Zihan Fei, Zhijie Wang, Junjie Ma, Ruimin Ren, Xue Xu, Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410414","url":null,"abstract":"Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) is a crucial tool for the diagnosis and management of various diseases globally. Iron oxide nanoparticles with sizes less than 5 nm are expected to address the long-term toxicity and brain accumulation issues associated with clinical gadolinium-based <i>T</i>₁ contrast agents (GBCAs) due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability. However, synthesizing sub-5-nanometer particles presents significant challenges that complicate their clinical translation. Herein, traditional iron oxide-based negative (<i>T</i>₂) agents into positive (<i>T</i>₁) agents are transformed and an all-in-one multielement doping strategy is developed. Multiple elements into iron oxide crystals are introduced to form multielement doping engineered iron oxide nanoparticles (MDE-IONPs) and their surfaces with flexible hydrophilic ligands are subsequently modified. It is shown that Ni (II) and Gd (III) doping engineered nanoparticles can effectively enhance imaging efficacy, reducing clearance rates, and enabling controlled synthesis. Ultimately, the implementation of Ni (II) and Gd (III) co-engineering yield longitudinal relaxivity of up to 14.7 mM⁻¹s⁻¹ even for particles as large as 9 nm, an improvement of approximately 300% over GBCAs. Combined with the stability, biosafety, both in vitro and in vivo results suggest that all-in-one multielement doping is a favorable strategy for advancing the development of next-generation safe MRI contrast agents.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Changes of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides During the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: A Diffraction and Total Scattering Operando Study","authors":"Olivia Aalling-Frederiksen, Nicolas Schlegel, Stefanie Punke, Andy S. Anker, Gustav K. H. Wiberg, Baiyu Wang, Jens Edelvang-Pejrup, Freja B. Holde, María Paula Salinas-Quezada, Nicolas P. L. Magnard, Laura G. Graversen, Matthias Arenz, Rebecca K. Pittkowski, Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411211","url":null,"abstract":"NiFe-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. Here, operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray total scattering are used with Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis to investigate the atomic structure of the catalytically active material and follow structural changes under operating conditions. XRD shows an interlayer contraction under applied oxidative potential, which relates to a transition from the α-LDH to the γ-LDH phase. The phase transition is reversible, and the α-LDH structure is recovered at 1.3 VRHE. However, PDF analysis shows an irreversible increase in the stacking disorder under operating conditions, along with a decrease in the LDH sheet size. The analysis thus shows that the operating conditions induce a breakdown of the particles leading to a decrease in crystallite size.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amorphous/Crystalline Interface of Bi/Bi4NbO8Cl Heterostructure for Improved Piezo-Photocatalysis","authors":"Shangyong Wang, Yongjin Li, Zhifeng Li, Liang Xu, Zhaoyi Yin, Jianbei Qiu, Zhengwen Yang, Zhiguo Song","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500758","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient separation of photogenerated charges at the surface of photocatalysts is vital for achieving high photocatalytic activity. Here, a Bi/Bi₄NbO₈Cl heterostructure piezo-photocatalyst with an amorphous/crystalline interface (acBi/BNC) is prepared by in situ reduction using Bi₄NbO₈Cl as a self-sacrificial template. This ingenious design synergistically utilizes the advantages of the amorphous/crystalline interface structure, localized surface plasmon resonance effect, and piezoelectric field. The formation of amorphous/crystalline interfaces induces the generation of oxygen vacancies, and subsequently lattice distortions, thus improving the piezoelectric properties. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the combination of piezoelectric field and amorphous/crystalline interface promotes the effective separation and migration of photogenerated charges between the bulk and surface of the catalysts. Under simultaneous light and ultrasound, the optimal heterostructure (acBi/BNC-3) exhibit superior photodegradation efficiency of tetracycline reached 80% within 5 min, and the reaction rate (2.78 × 10⁻¹ min⁻¹) is 7.8 and 5.4 times that of pure Bi₄NbO₈Cl (BNC) and crystalline Bi/Bi₄NbO₈Cl (cBi/BNC), respectively. Furthermore, the piezo-photocatalytic tetracycline degradation efficiency surpasses those under individual photocatalysis and piezocatalysis conditions. This work provides a novel rational design to improve the spatial charge separation of Bi-based catalysts and prepare high-performance piezo-photocatalysts via interface engineering.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Based on Non-Enzymatic Biofuel Cells by Au Nanocluster/Pd Nanocube Heterostructure and Fe3C@C-Fe Single-Atom Catalyst","authors":"Wenli Lei, Shuang Zhang, Jiaxi Shu, Fudong Li, Zixuan Deng, Juejing Liu, Xiaofeng Guo, Yuanmeng Zhao, Changsheng Shan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410326","url":null,"abstract":"Self-powered biosensors (SPBs) based on biofuel cells (BFCs) use electrical output as a sensing signal without the need of external power supplies, providing a feasible approach to constructing miniaturized implantable or portable devices. In this work, a novel nanozyme of gold nanoclusters/palladium nanocubes (AuNCs/PdNCs) heterostructure is successfully fabricated to develop an innovatively self-powered and non-enzymatic glucose sensing system. The AuNCs/PdNCs with glucose oxidase (GOD)-like activity exhibits superior electrocatalytic and non-enzymatic sensing performance toward glucose. The non-enzymatic BFCs-based SPBs system, established on the AuNCs/PdNCs (anodic catalyst) and single atomic Fe sites coupled with carbon-encapsulated Fe₃C crystals (Fe₃C@C-Fe SACs as a cathodic catalyst) platform, exhibits an exceptional sensitivity to glucose with 0.151 µW cm⁻² m<span>m</span>⁻¹ (3.4 times higher than the PdNCs), outstanding selectivity and robust stability. The outstanding performance of the BFCs-based SPBs system can be attributed to the synergistic cooperation between the PdNCs and AuNCs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polar-Nonpolar Synergy Toward High-Performance Aqueous Zinc–Iodine Batteries","authors":"Lingfeng Zhu, Xinwei Guan, Zhenfang Zhang, Zhilong Yuan, Congcong Zhang, Ye Wang, Ruichang Xue, Edwin L. H. Mayes, Zijun Yong, Haimei Xu, Xiaoning Li, Hui Li, Baohua Jia, Hai Yu, Tianyi Ma, Yifei Sun","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500223","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for large-scale energy storage due to their inherent safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. However, their practical application is hindered by the sluggish redox kinetics of iodine species and the “shuttle effect” of polyiodides, both of which degrade cycling stability and capacity retention. Herein, a “polar-nonpolar strategy” is proposed for the first time, which couples nonpolar porous carbon (PC) as the iodine host with highly polar zinc oxide (ZnO) as separator modification materials. Specifically, the PC host leverages its porous structure and nonpolar properties to accommodate and immobilize iodine, simultaneously enhancing the conductivity of the cathode. Meanwhile, the polar ZnO on the separator accelerates electron transfer with polyiodides through strong adsorption and catalytic effects, improving the reversible transformation of iodine species. UV–visible spectroscopy and electrochemical kinetic analyses confirm the rapid transformation and effective polyiodide inhibition in this system. As a result, the prepared PC-I₂//ZnO@GF battery demonstrates high-rate capacity and excellent long-term cycling stability, surpassing the performance of other recently reported AZIBs. This polar-nonpolar strategy establishes a novel design rationale for developing future high-performance zinc-iodine batteries.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thiophene Substituent Engineering of Carbazole Based Self-Assembled Monolayers for Use in High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Peng Zhao, Dingqian He, Xu Fu, Huixin Gao, Jianxin Xia, RuiYuan Hu, Xingao Li, Yi Zhang, Yaqing Feng, Bao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500281","url":null,"abstract":"Carbazole-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the biased intermolecular assembly of SAM molecules, and the lack of <i>Lewis</i>-basic heteroatoms to efficiently tune the crystallinity of perovskites and passivate the interface defects still limited the further improvement of the efficiency and stability for PSCs involving carbazole-based SAMs. Herein, a novel 3,6-dithiophene carbazole-based SAM molecule (named CzTh) is designed via the substituent engineering strategy, which is demonstrated to effectively solve the obstacles. The theory and experiment find that the introduction of thiophene regulated SAMs with the carbazole core in terms of surface wettability for precursor solvent, energy level alignment, the crystallization of perovskite films and defects passivation, which is attributed to dipole moment changes, and the <i>Lewis</i> base property of S atom. Consequently, the PSCs with CzTh achieved enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and excellent air stability, compared to the commercial SAMs (Me-4PACz). As an “one-stone-three-birds” design strategy for SAMs, the “thiophene-substitution” effectively tunes the perovskite crystallization, passivates the defects, and enhances the hole injection at the perovskite/SAMs interface of inverted PSCs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ultrasmall Self-Assembled Gallic-Acid-Based Natural Multifunctional Defense Networks for Therapeutic Application in Calcium Oxalate Nephropathies","authors":"Quan Zhang, Bang-Xian Yu, Jun Long, Xue-Wu Chen, Fang Huang, Wen-Qi Wu, Yong-Da Liu, Guo-Hua Zeng, Ling-Hong Huang, Xin-Yuan Sun","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500270","url":null,"abstract":"Kidney stones, which have high prevalence and recurrence rates, often cause severe oxidative damage and inflammation. The ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles is crucial for their enrichment in the kidneys to exert biological activity. However, integrating crystallization inhibition and therapeutic functions into a single ultrasmall nanoparticle is challenging. A novel ultrasmall iron (Fe)–gallic acid (Ga) metal–phenolic networks (Fe–Ga MPNs) is developed for treating calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephropathies. These MPNs can specifically adsorb on the high-energy (&lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/4fb2451e-b1fd-4738-918c-6ec7e3d45274/smll202500270-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"1\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/smll202500270-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"2,3\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"ModifyingAbove 1 With bar 01\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mover data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"overscore\"&gt;&lt;mjx-over style=\"padding-bottom: 0.105em; margin-bottom: -0.544em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"overaccent\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\"&gt;&lt;mjx-stretchy-h style=\"width: 0.5em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-ext&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-ext&gt;&lt;/mjx-stretchy-h&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;/mjx-over&gt;&lt;mjx-base&gt;&lt;mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mn&gt;&lt;/mjx-base&gt;&lt;/mjx-mover&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"general:basenumber;clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mn&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;/mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;/mjx-math&gt;&lt;mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:16136810:media:smll202500270:smll202500270-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/smll202500270-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"2,3\" data-semantic-content=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"ModifyingAbove 1 With bar 01\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"&gt;&lt;mover accent=\"true\" data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"overscore\"&gt;&lt;m","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Bandwidth Microwave Absorption and Low Angle Sensitivity in Dual-Network Aerogels with Dual-Scale Pores","authors":"Xin Wang, Xiaoming Chen, Baichuan Wang, Qingyuan He, Jincao Cao, Ye Zhu, Kewei Su, Huiyi Yan, Pengsong Sun, Runlang Li, Jie Zhang, Jinyou Shao","doi":"10.1002/smll.202412744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412744","url":null,"abstract":"Aerogels with porous structures offer an attractive approach to modulating electromagnetic parameters and enhancing electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption performance. However, conventional aerogels are limited by their single-scale pore size and fixed orientation, which constrain their EMW absorption capabilities. This study introduces aerogels with dual-scale pores and dual-network structure constructed via constant-temperature freezing and secondary-infusion freezing method. Multiscale aerogels with both micrometer- and submillimeter-scale pores are constructed when the Ti₃C₂T<i>_x</i> MXene and thermoplastic polyurethane solution is frozen and dried at a specific temperature, leading to an ultra-wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reaching 10.41 GHz in the vertical direction. Furthermore, to address the poor EMW absorption in the parallel direction, a secondary infusion freezing method is applied to form an aerogel with a dual-network structure, which forms reflective interfaces perpendicular to the incident EMW in various directions. This adjustment enhances the EAB in the parallel direction from 1.58 to 5.93 GHz, marking a 275.32% enhancement, while the EAB in the vertical incident direction reaches 8.08 GHz. This design strategy overcomes the limitations of structural scale and arrangement direction, enriching the attenuation mechanisms of the absorber, while effectively reducing sensitivity to the direction of incoming EMW, offering new insights for designing efficient EMW absorbers.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Hydrogenation Performance of Nano-Catalysts by Constructing a Cavity-Constrained Fluidized System","authors":"Jiale Li, Guandong Wu, Xingye Lin, Yifeng Tu, Rongpeng Zhao, Zihan Yan, Dianqing Li, Yufei He, Xue Duan","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410666","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-catalysts demonstrate exceptional performance in heterogeneous reactions, yet their potential is often underutilized due to a lack of attention to engineering design. In this study, an innovative encapsulated structure is presented for nano-catalysts and a corresponding catalytic system. Using an oil-in-water droplet strategy, millimeter-sized hollow spherical alumina (Al₂O₃-HS) is fabricated with an average diameter of ≈3 mm and a hollow void size of ≈1 mm. This approach enables the one-step encapsulation of nanoscale Pd/Al₂O₃ within the Al₂O₃-HS. The resulting assembly is immobilized within a tubular reactor for the hydrogenation of 2-ethylanthraquinone, with hydrogen introduced from the bottom of the reactor. Remarkably, the encapsulated catalyst achieved twice the H₂O₂ productivity of conventional supported catalysts. This enhancement is attributed to the cavity-constrained fluidization behavior of Pd/Al₂O₃ within the hollow alumina spheres. The design introduces a novel catalytic system that combines shell-immobilization with the fluidization of encapsulated nano-catalysts. As the gas velocity exceeds the minimum fluidization velocity, the Pd/Al₂O₃ particles remain highly accessible while allowing efficient gas and product flow. This hybrid approach integrates the advantages of fixed-bed and fluidized-bed systems, offering a promising solution to the technical challenges limiting the industrial application of nano-catalysts.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ti3C2Tx-Based Cross-Scale Laminated Structural Structures: Enabling Sub-Wavelength Impedance Modulation and Underwater Broadband Sound Absorption","authors":"Ziwen Gan, Ranran Qi, Bowen Chen, Wei Tu, Mingyi Liao","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411347","url":null,"abstract":"Designing underwater acoustic absorbing materials with sub-wavelength thickness in the mid-to-low frequency range (400–4000 Hz) remains a challenge, especially for broad frequency applications. Most current designs focus on a single spatial scale, limiting their frequency range. To address this, a composite material (MPSFn-SBR) made of Ti₃C₂T_x-polyvinyl alcohol self-assembled films(MPSFn) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is designed, featuring a cross-scale laminated structure. On a macroscopic scale, the MPSFn-SBR has a sandwich structure, with the SBR layer serving as a protective layer and the MPSFn core modulating impedance. On a mesoscopic scale, the MPSFn layers transform longitudinal waves into shear waves, improving sound absorptionat mid-to-low frequency range. On a microscopic scale, the MPSFn's two-phase coexistence system with a defect phase enriches vibration modes, broadening the absorption bandwidth. Results demonstrate that the cross-scale laminated structure enables effective sound absorption at sub-wavelength thickness (10 mm, ≈1/375 of the wavelength). A broad peak is observed from 1200 to 4000 Hz, with an average absorption coefficient of 0.91. The maximum absorption in the 400–1200 Hz range is 0.7. This study expands the design perspective of underwater sound-absorbing materials, transitioning from a single spatial scale to a comprehensive strategy, fostering innovation and development in the field.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}