Philosophy of Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Clarification of the concept “object” in the present scientific discourse","authors":"V. Rozin","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-99-110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-99-110","url":null,"abstract":"The author, starting from the situation of the correct presentation in the course “History and Philosophy of Science” of Aristotle's views on movement, raises the question of the general conditions for the analysis and understanding of philosophical texts and the reality pre­sented in them. Two opposite interpretations of Stagirite’s statements are given. If from the point of view of the correspondence theory, Aristotle's understanding of movement and its causes looks erroneous, then in postmodern optics these views are seen as legitimate, con­ditioned by a language game. From the standpoint of a cultural-historical approach, the Aristotelian explanation of movement and its causes and the Galilean explanation are two different ways of thinking and studying, which the author analyzes. Concepts that allow to understand the situation of different interpretations of ancient and modern scientific re­search are characterized. According to the author, “ideal objects” allow one to think consis­tently, to solve problems and tasks facing a scientist (philosopher), to comprehend facts. In addition to the Kantian understanding of “the thing-in-itself”, one more thing is added – this concept allows not only to think about the cognized object, but also to understand it as a phenomenon (as a real phenomenon), including all its real manifestations. When the ways of thinking are also taken into account in the projection onto the phenomenon, the concept of “object of study” is introduced (in Kant, “phenomenon”, “object”). The effectiveness of using the distinctions of these three types of objects is demonstrated first by comprehend­ing the teachings of movement created by Aristotle Galileo, then by the example of histori­cal versions of the explanation of the phenomenon of heat. The considered material allows us to separate three more concepts: “objects of the first nature”, “artifacts”, they are created by a person, and “social objects” that are formed in culture. The latter in their formation go through three stages: at the first they are conceived and exist in a narrative and virtual form, at the second, the implementation of intentional constructions in social life takes place, at the third stage a new social phenomenon appears and begins to develop, which can already be studied.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131777120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The idea of the multiverse: An interdisciplinary perspective","authors":"E. Knyazeva","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-121-135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-121-135","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses modern trends in the development of the idea of the multiverse (plurality of worlds) on the material of natural science. In physics, this is a multi-world interpretation of H. Everett’s quantum mechanics, in biology, the teachings about Umwelt by J. von Uexkul, in cognitive science, the notion of cognitive isolation, subjectively personal coloring, phenomenological certainty of the worlds of cognition and creativity of individuals. It is shown what some conceptual foundations can be offered for finding ways to develop an integrative vision, for building bridges from physics to biology and from biology to social sciences and humanities. Evolutionary epistemology, the conception of autopoiesis, theory of complex systems, and biosemiotics are considered as possible bearing conceptual nodes for interdisciplinary synthesis. These theoretical conceptions make it possible to tentatively explain why there are many worlds and why they are separated from each other, cognitively closed in the living nature. Leibniz’s ideas about possible worlds, a wealth of potentialities, subtle connections and eventual interweaving of worlds and their compossibility and self-reference turn out to be very relevant today. Various realizations of the world that arise as a result of measuring particles states in quantum mechanics, the worlds (umwelts) of living organisms, semantic worlds in human creative activity are just options in which nature expresses itself, reads itself, calculates itself, correlates with itself, and there are countless options.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133487136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philosophy of science: Interview with Brigitte Falkenburg","authors":"B. Falkenburg, I. E. Pris","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-2-110-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-2-110-114","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Dr. Brigitte Falkenburg is one of the leading philosophers of science, a representative of the German school of philosophy of science. She wrote or edited about twenty books, and published more than hundred articles on the most topical issues of philosophy of science, philosophy of physics and philosophy of consciousness. Her work is attractive for its clarity, precision and depth of scientific and philosophical analysis. Some of her prominent books include: “Particle metaphysics: A critical account of subatomic reality” (2007), “Kant’s cosmology: From the Pre-Critical System to the Antinomy of Pure Reason” (2020) etc. In this interview, Prof. Falkenburg talks about her career path, main directions of her research, her books and new projects. Topics such as neo-Kantian philosophy of physics, scientific realism, interpretations of quantum mechanics, reality of virtual particles, the hard problem of consciousness, inductive metaphysics, the limits of scientific knowledge and others are discussed.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132284595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Institutionalization of TA and RRI in Russia: current status and prospects","authors":"E. Gavrilina, A.A. Kazakova","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2019-24-2-162-169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2019-24-2-162-169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123031868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lektorsky on dialectical materialism and enactivism","authors":"T. Rockmore","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-46-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-46-57","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses V.A. Lektorsky’s views on the debate on constructivism and realism. On the one hand, it considers the history of development of constructivism and realism as philosophical positions embedded in the evolution of European philosophical tradition. On the other hand, the changes in V.A. Lectorsky’s views on constructivism and realism are traced from dialectical materialism to post-Marxist variant of realism. The latter is built on the basis of analysis of cognitive science and recognition of limitations of the so-called computational model of cognition, as well as on the explication of epistemological consequences of enactivism, a concept emphasizing significance that the physical body of a knowing subject actively inscribed in the cognizing environment, i.e. interacting with it, has for cognitive processes. The article discusses the two distinguished stages in Lectorsky’s work on epistemological realism, reconstructs its genesis, discusses and evaluate the arguments that Lectorsky presents in support of his conception so-called “constructive” or “activity” realism.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121889073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The scientist’s dignity as a path to the truth","authors":"E. Chertkova","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-6-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-6-19","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the 90th anniversary of Academy member Vladislav Alexandrovich Lectorsky, his scientific views and personal qualities. On the basis of acquaintance with his works and many years of personal communication, an attempt is made to comprehend the reasons and conditions for the fruitful life in science, which allowed him to become a universally recognized classic of Russian philosophy during his lifetime and a recognized worldwide authority in the field of epistemology and philosophy of science. The mechanism of interaction of scientific inclinations and interests with personal inclinations and ethical principles of a scientist, which determined the choice of life path and direction of scientific research, is considered. There is a tendency to expand the scope of research from special problems of the theory of knowledge to generalizing concepts of philosophical epistemology, philosophy of consciousness, philosophical anthropology, encompassing cognition, man and culture in a holistic worldview system. There is a pronounced social orientation of epistemological research. The way of formation of a scientist’s personality and his civic position in the process of solving research tasks is shown – from the analysis of cognition as an end in itself to the application of the concepts and principles developed in this process to the philosophical understanding of a person, his place and destiny in a modern transforming society, the protection of rationality and humanism as values of civilization. The talent of V.A. Lektorsky as an organizer of science, who worked for a long time as the head of the theory of knowledge department and editor-in-chief of the journal “Voprosy filosofii”, the current professor and dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of GAUGN and editor-in-chief of the journal “Philosophy of Science and Technology” is noted. It is shown how the theoretical concepts of tolerance, critical thinking, and humanism developed by him are at the same time practical principles of his own life. This is the sign of a real philosopher, not just a researcher in the field of philosophy.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122759242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computing nature – reality or metaphor? DISCUSSION ON THE I. MIKHAILOV’S PAPER “COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE”","authors":"V. Bazhanov","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-38-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-38-43","url":null,"abstract":"The article critically evaluates the computational approach and its application to living beings and social organization. Arguments are put forward according to which the cognitive potential of more traditional approaches to these subject areas – at least at the present time – is far from a state of exhaustion, and the computational approach is unable to create an alternative to them. This leads to the idea that the naturalization of the concept of computation in relation to such systems should be treated only as a metaphor.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125791686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the science foundation program to its research and methodology of science","authors":"V. Rozin","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-91-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-91-106","url":null,"abstract":"The article proposes a reconstruction of the evolution of the concepts of philosophy of science, including the author's concept of science. The basis for such a reconstruction is the distinction between three concepts – justification, study and methodology. Is it possible to assume, the author asks, that the first stage of the formation of the philosophy of science (the concept of positivists and neopositivists) was characterized by a substantiation approach, the second (concepts of T. Kuhn and S. Toulmin) – the point of view of scientific research, the third – the methodology of science. It is the ideas of the concept of substantiation of science, coming from F. Bacon, differently understood in the works of D. Hilbert and L. Wittgenstein, that make it possible to understand the negative attitude of positivists to philosophy, and also why logic was taken to determine the rigor of scientific constructions, and theory was made the central subject of consideration. The transition to the scientific study of science in the works of T. Kuhn and S. Toulmin forced to change this subject (not theory, but the paradigm and evolution of science). The author discusses the conditions for the study of science, showing that the representatives of the second direction relied on social science and the activity approach. The methodological approach to the study of science is analyzed on the example of the ideas of the concept of research programs by I. Lakatos and the implementation of this concept in the study of ancient philosophy by P.P. Gaidenko. The a thor also positions himself as a representative of the methodological approach. He presents the main stages of his own methodological research of science. The main ideas of his concept of science include: the cultural and historical reconstruction of science, thehypothesis of two starts of the formation of science – in antiquity and in the culture of the New Age, characteristics of the “‘genome of science’ that developed in ancient philosophy and re-established in the following cultures, features of “science as social institution of modernity”. The author considers all his constructions ideal-typical and methodological.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130777280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individuals and times in the problems of contemporary philosophy of language","authors":"P. Kusliy","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-130-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-130-148","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides an overview of the latest research in the field of the semantics of tense and specifically the ways of representing the temporal dimension of meaning in natural lan­guage. The paper also outlines the content of classical studies, the problems of which are discussed in the more recent literature. It is shown that with the development of research in the field of semantics of temporal morphemes and quantifier expressions, the relationship between language and time began to acquire more and more parallels with the relationship between language and individual objects. This statement is illustrated with a number of ex­amples. In particular, the difference between the quantificational and the pronominal inter­pretation of temporal morphemes. Parallels in the semantics of temporal morphemes and referential expressions are also revealed in propositional attitude reports, where similar problems arise (both in connection with de se and de re reports). Thus, it is shown that, like the morphology of personal pronouns, the temporal morphology can be interpreted or unin­terpreted in similar circumstances. It is also shown that the semantics of temporal mor­phemes is in some cases even more sensitive to linguistic aspects and the context of use than that of personal pronouns. This is illustrated with the existing restrictions on the temporal in­terpretation of attitude reports that have no analogues in the sphere of pointing to individual objects. The problems of connection of the temporal interpretation of linguistic expressions with the semantics of the verb form, modal verbs and negation are also addressed. It is shown how exactly these aspects of the semantics of tense significantly enrich the philo­sophical understanding of the triad “language – reality – subject”.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131141554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathy in the context of modernity: from a biosocial problem in the definition of a person to a psychopathic model of society","authors":"A. V. Kucherova","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-144-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-144-157","url":null,"abstract":"The natural sciences have changed the traditional understanding of human nature by pointing out the biological dependence of human. The relationship between the biological and the social has become a problem, and this reflects the phenomenon of psychopathy – a special type of personality that combines neurophysiological abnormalities and related behavior. The article summarizes the conclusions of the latest experimental research in this field. It is hypothesized that psychopathic properties exactly correspond to the ideological requirements of modern society, and the development of modern technologies contributes to their reproduction. The cultivation of psychopathy can completely change human beings, making society physically psychopathic, and psychopathy can be a model for the future state of society.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127292863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}