The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India最新文献

{"title":"Bedaquiline-related QTc Prolongation in Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients: A Prospective Study.","authors":"Ayushi Gupta, Christopher C Pais, Sharath Babu","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bedaquiline (BDQ) has revolutionized multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) management in the Indian population with a high MDR-TB burden. However, its potential cardiotoxicity in the form of QTc prolongation warrants careful monitoring. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and risk factors of BDQ-related QTc prolongation in MDR/rifampicin-resistant (RR)-TB patients. Given the genetic variability and diverse environmental factors, extrapolating foreign data to Indian patients is challenging; thus, local evidence is crucial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective analytical study was conducted over a period of 18 months on 55 adult patients with RR or MDR pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB initiated on BDQ-containing regimens. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were performed at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months. QTc intervals were calculated using Fridericia's formula at each time interval. Prevalence and severity of QTc prolongation were documented. Significant prolongation, defined as an absolute QTcF value ≥500 ms or a change from baseline of ≥60 ms, was also noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of QTc prolongation was 37.25%, with 13.7% of patients experiencing significant prolongation. The highest proportion of moderate to severe cases occurred at 3 months. Male gender and body mass index (BMI) >18.5 kg/m² were identified as statistically significant risk factors. All patients with significant QTc prolongation were under 60 years old, contrasting with prior research. Temporary withdrawal of BDQ was required in 1.96% of patients due to severe QTc prolongation, but no serious cardiac events were observed, consistent with previous studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This prospective study highlights that while QTc prolongation is a frequent occurrence in MDR/RR-TB patients receiving BDQ, severe cases necessitating treatment modification remain uncommon. These findings reaffirm the critical role of BDQ in MDR-TB management while emphasizing the necessity of stringent cardiac monitoring, particularly during the initial 3 months of therapy.</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>The study's small sample size and concomitant use of other QTc-prolonging medications may have influenced the results. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore additional risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"91-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Hypovitaminosis B12 in New Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes.","authors":"Jnanaprakash B Karanth, Kiran Maribashetti, Gangapooja J Karanth","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetics often develop vitamin B12 deficiencies, which are crucial for blood, nerve, cognitive, and cardiovascular functions. The impact of metformin on vitamin B12 levels, leading to complications such as peripheral neuropathy and anemia, is well-known; yet no studies focus on deficiency status at diabetes diagnosis or the start of treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted at 2 tertiary care institutions in India, Command Hospital (Western Command), Haryana, and Civil Hospital in Sirsi, Karnataka, from July 2022 to November 2023. The study included 326 newly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and prediabetes individuals attending outpatient and inpatient departments, collecting data on substance use, dietary practices, fasting blood sugar, random blood sugar, HbA1c, and vitamin B12 levels (CLIA method).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population of 326 individuals showed significant regional differences in mean age, gender distribution, and dietary preferences. Vitamin B12 deficiency (<200 pg/mL) was prevalent in 43.4% of prediabetic and 51.9% of type II DM patients. Significant differences in fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, and HbA1c levels were observed between regions. However, no significant correlation was found between vitamin B12 levels and HbA1c, age, or fasting glucose levels. Vegetarian individuals exhibited significantly higher vitamin B12 deficiency.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in newly diagnosed diabetes patients, emphasizing the need for early identification and treatment to prevent complications such as neuropathy. The study recommends incorporating initial vitamin B12 assessment into the diagnosis protocol for newly detected diabetes patients to improve patient care and prevent complications in the Indian population.</p>","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"62-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Platelet Indices as Markers of Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Sanjiv Maheshwari, Harish Srikanth Kulkarni, Yad Ram Yadav, Pawan Kumar, Ruchika Mathur, Ravi Kumar Bansal, Sonam Gupta","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes mellitus poses a substantial global health burden, with diabetic retinopathy (DR) being a prevalent and potentially devastating microvascular complication. Platelet activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DR, suggesting platelet indices such as mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR), and plateletcrit (PCT) as potential noninvasive markers for predicting its onset.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 300 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending a tertiary care center. Demographic data, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c levels were recorded. Platelet indices were measured using complete blood counts, and DR was diagnosed based on fundus examination findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the study participants, group B (<i>n</i> = 140) comprising patients with DR had significantly higher levels of MPV (13.28 ± 2.14 fL), PDW (14.56 ± 2.37), P-LCR (29.59 ± 6.018%), and PCT (0.29 ± 0.06) compared to group A (<i>n</i> = 160) without DR (MPV: 9.99 ± 1.64 fL, PDW: 12.81 ± 2.28, P-LCR: 27.64 ± 8.36%, PCT: 0.26 ± 0.09) (<i>p</i> < 0.001 for all comparisons). Subgroup analysis within poorly controlled diabetics (HbA1c > 7%) also showed significantly higher platelet indices in those with DR compared to those without.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings underscore a significant association between elevated platelet indices and the presence of DR in patients with T2DM, independent of glycemic control status. These indices could serve as valuable surrogate markers for identifying individuals at risk of developing DR, facilitating early intervention strategies in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"94-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Prospective Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Vijaya Sekhar","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current cross-sectional study examined the extent of vitamin D (Vit-D) deficiency among pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)-affected patients and explored the potential associations of demographic factors with Vit-D status.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Conducted from 1^st August 2014, to 1^st February 2016, at a tertiary care center, the study included patients aged 18-60 years. Ethical approval was obtained, and exclusion criteria such as category II or multidrug-resistant TB, secondary immunodeficiency states, and extrapulmonary TB were applied. Clinical and laboratory data, including Vit-D levels, were collected. Statistical studies employed ANOVA, Chi-squared tests, and one-sample <i>t</i>-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 72 patients with TB, the majority were aged 50 years and above, with male preponderance (62%). Fifty-two (75%) TB patients had Vit-D deficiency, with an average Vit-D level of 16.68 ng/mL. The prevalence of Vit-D deficiency was significantly higher in women compared to men (92.6 vs 64.4%; <i>p</i> = 0.026). All patients with bilateral lung lesions had Vit-D deficiency compared to 59.3% in unilateral lung lesion patients (<i>p</i> = 0.002). Sputum microscopy and culture contributed to 65.28% of TB diagnoses. Vit-D deficiency prevalence was 75%, with an average Vit-D level of 16.68 ng/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights gender- and lesion-associated vulnerabilities to Vit-D deficiency among pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Despite limitations, the findings suggest the need for Vit-D screening in TB care and further clinical trials to explore the role of Vit-D levels in management.</p>","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"78-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery with Use of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine.","authors":"Indranil Ghosh, Dilip Agrahari, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha, Vineet Behera, Pavitra M Dogra, Sreenivasa Iyengar, Paul Varghese, Rajneesh Joshi, Anand S Menon, Sachin Srivastava, Ramanjit Singh Akal, Raj Kanwar Yadav, Sourya Sourabh Mohakuda","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1343","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-known serious complication of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery and one of the significant risk factors for mortality, prolonged hospital stay, and additional cost. Patients having preexisting kidney dysfunction are more likely to develop AKI in the perioperative period. The complexity of CPB surgery often leads to AKI. Mechanisms of AKI include kidney hypoperfusion due to low-pressure blood flow. The nonpulsatile perfusion of the kidney, hypothermia, and inflammatory milieu, which causes afferent arteriolar constriction, contribute to AKI. The early postoperative period is characterized by a low cardiac output state, which gradually surpasses kidney compensatory mechanisms and filtration reserve. Various indigenous and infused vasopressors cause markedly elevated afferent arteriolar resistance, leading to a drop in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Several studies have assessed the value of risk factors and their association with AKI after cardiac surgery. The evidence was mixed, with some showing a positive association. With an aim to clarify this relationship further, especially in the Indian population, we tried to study the incidence and clinical profile of AKI and its correlation with functional and clinical outcomes. We also tried to look for any diagnostic markers of AKI in the setting of cardiac surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methodology: &lt;/strong&gt;The study was conducted among patients attending the Department of General Medicine and Cardiology at a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. It was a prospective longitudinal observational study conducted between March 2022 and February 2024. Around 200 patients underwent cardiac surgery using a cardiopulmonary bypass machine at the study center during the study period. History, including comorbidities such as transient ischemic attacks, previous stroke, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and complete physical examination, were recorded. Patients were followed up preoperatively and postoperatively up to day 28. Preoperative details such as hemoglobin, serum creatinine, blood transfusion, and urine output were recorded. Intraoperative details such as duration of surgery, ACC (aortic cross-clamp) duration, hypotension, vasopressor use, and re-exploration were recorded. Postoperative findings such as urine output and serial kidney function tests on day 3, day 7, and day 28 were documented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Among 200 subjects, 99 patients had hypertension, and 70 patients developed AKI. Older age (&gt;60 years) was significantly associated with AKI (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;-value 0.04367). Comorbid conditions such as T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and COPD were significantly associated with AKI as compared to those without comorbidities (Chi-squared test, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;-value &lt; 0.0001). In the study, there was no association between the type of surgery and the development of AK","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"52-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Center in India.","authors":"Poonam Gupta, Anand Sharma, Ajeet Kumar Chaurasia, Manoj Mathur","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Osteoporosis, a common bone disease among postmenopausal women, where bone is weak by diminished bone mineral density (BMD), increasing the fracture risk. Our body's natural rhythm, called the \"circadian rhythm,\" which is controlled by the brain and body, helps in bone formation and also in breakdown, disruption of this rhythm may affect bone health. This study explores how problems with circadian rhythm might be linked with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women and to see if it is related to changes in their body's daily sleep-wake cycle, \"circadian rhythm,\" using a composite morningness-eveningness questionnaire (CMEQ) that groups people as morning, evening, or in between types.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Swaroop Rani Hospital, Prayagraj, India, between March 2024 and March 2025. This study included 109 postmenopausal women after applying strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Each woman underwent clinical evaluation, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical testing. BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan at the lumbar spine with right and left femoral necks. To understand their sleep-wake pattern, \"circadian rhythm\" participants filled out a special questionnaire called the CMEQ, which groups them as morning, evening, or in between types. Data was analyzed using computer software (SPSS v25.0) to find patterns and differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of osteoporosis was 32.1% (35 among 109 women). Osteoporotic women had significantly lower weight (58.1 ± 11.63 vs 64.3 ± 13.65 kg; <i>p</i> = 0.023) and height (149.1 ± 7.12 cm vs 153.0 ± 7.08 cm; <i>p</i> = 0.008) compared to nonosteoporotic participants. Body mass index (BMI) was lower in the osteoporotic group (26.3 vs 28.1), though not statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.093). The mean composite M-E score did not have a significant value between osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic groups (44.8 ± 3.55 vs 44.6 ± 4.23; <i>p</i> = 0.852), indicating no significant association between circadian rhythm and osteoporosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>About one-third of postmenopausal women in the study had osteoporosis. Although anthropometric differences were significant, no statistical significance was found between circadian rhythm and BMD. The findings suggest that circadian rhythm may affect bone health, but the questionnaires CMEQ used in this study may not be the best way to measure it. Future studies should use more accurate measures of taste, such as circadian hormone levels, and follow people over time to better understand this relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different Methods of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Estimation and the Impact on Lipid-lowering Therapy in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.","authors":"Manish Bansal, Pankaj Kaushal, Ravi R Kasliwal, Praveen Chandra, Rajneesh Kapoor, Nagendra Chouhan, Anil Bhan, Naresh Trehan","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Indirect estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a common clinical practice. The Friedewald equation is used most often but has inherent limitations. Clinical implications of such a practice have not been well defined, especially in the current era of targeting low (<50-70 mg/dL) or ultralow (<30-40 mg/dL) LDL-C levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Overall, 3,028 consecutive subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary revascularization were included. Four methods of LDL-C estimation were compared: direct estimation, the Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson equations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the subjects was 61.3 ± 10.2 years, and 2,525 (83.4%) were men. Mean direct LDL-C was 78.9 ± 32.9 mg/dL. Compared with the direct estimation, all three indirect methods significantly underestimated LDL-C, but the Martin equation had the least bias (mean differences of -10.5 ± 9.7 mg/dL, -5.2 ± 7.6 mg/dL, and -7.2 ± 8.3 mg/dL with the Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson equations, respectively; <i>p</i>-values <0.001 for all the comparisons). Among patients with LDL-C >70 mg/dL and >50 mg/dL, the Friedewald equation erroneously classified 24.6% and 19.9%, respectively, as having LDL-C below these thresholds. This error increased with increasing triglyceride levels. The Martin equation was the most accurate, whereas the Sampson equation had intermediate accuracy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study shows that the Friedewald equation underestimates LDL-C and can potentially result in significant undertreatment in patients with CAD in whom aggressive LDL-C lowering is crucial. Direct estimation is the preferred method, but the Martin equation could be a reasonable alternative if the direct estimation is not feasible due to logistical constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"57-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Young Male with Five Kidneys.","authors":"Georgi Abraham, Dileep Sugathan Kovilazhikam, Shajeev Jaikumar, Milly Mathew","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1336","DOIUrl":"10.59556/japi.74.1336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p>","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 2","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor-in-Chief's Message.","authors":"Nandini Chatterjee","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1305","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hon. Gen. Secretary's Message.","authors":"Puneet Saxena","doi":"10.59556/japi.74.1289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59556/japi.74.1289","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22693,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India","volume":"74 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147445028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}