The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献_第8页

Vaginal drug delivery systems: A Review of Current Status 阴道给药系统:现状综述

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2008-02-20 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V10I1.9754

N. Dobaria, R. Mashru, N. Vadia

{"title":"Vaginal drug delivery systems: A Review of Current Status","authors":"N. Dobaria, R. Mashru, N. Vadia","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V10I1.9754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V10I1.9754","url":null,"abstract":"Among the various routes of drug delivery, the vaginal route offers many advantages due to its large permeation area, rich vascularization, avoidance of first pass metabolism and relatively low enzymatic activity. Several studies have shown that the vaginal cavity is an effective route for drug administration intended mainly for local action. In addition, it has the potential of delivering drugs for systemic effects and uterine targeting. Use of the vaginal mucosa for drug absorption was first attempted by Sobrero and since then much research has been done on the administration of drugs through this route. In recent years, the level of interest in the design and application of different dosage forms for vaginal use has increased considerably. Vaginal drug delivery specifically refers to the delivery of drugs within or through the vaginal mucosa for local or systemic pharmacological action. The rate and extent of drug absorption after intravaginal administration may vary depending on vaginal physiology, age of the patient, stage in the menstrual cycle, pathological conditions and formulation factors. This review highlights the benefits and limitations of vaginal drug delivery, methodology in evaluation of vaginal drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical aspects and gives a summary of recent advances made in the field of vaginal drug delivery. The various dosage forms in different stages of development and in the market are also reviewed. Keywords : Vaginal delivery, microbicide delivery, solubility modifier, bioadhesion; formulation design. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies Vol. 10 (1) 2007: pp. 3-13","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83387328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 31

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 内罗毕肯雅塔国家医院金黄色葡萄球菌的患病率和抗菌药物敏感性

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-11-15 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9752

P. Karimi, S. Maru, J. M. Bururia, K. Kuria, P. A. Odhiambo

引用次数: 1

Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infections at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆Muhimbili国立医院尿路感染细菌病原体的抗生素敏感性

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-11-15 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9751

G. Rimoy, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mndolwa

{"title":"Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infections at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"G. Rimoy, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mndolwa","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9751","url":null,"abstract":"Prevalence and sensitivity trends of urinary tract bacterial isolates were determined through a cross sectional retrospective study at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam. Four hundred specimens from 274 inpatients and 126 outpatients were studied and anti microbial sensitivity test was done by the disc diffusion technique. The results showed that among the isolated organisms the commonest were E. coli 44.75 %, Klebsiella spp. 33.00 %. Proteus spp. 10.50 %, Staphylococcus aureus 3.75 %, Streptococcus spp 3.75 %, mixed Coliforms 2.50 % and Pseudomonas spp 1.75 %. Of the total isolates 92.5 % were Gram negatives. Sensitivity tests against twelve antibiotics showed that resistance was common. Effectiveness of co-amoxiclav, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin and kanamycin was below 50.0 %. Their resistance rates were 53.9 %, 87.2 %, 85.7 %, 81.3 % and 53.9 % respectively. Gentamicin was tested in over 58 % of the common infective agents while ciprofloxacin was tested in over 71 % of all the isolates. It was observed that there was very high resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. The sensitivity rates for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be above 90 %. Therefore, these two antibiotics may be used for empirical therapy of urinary tract infections when culture and sensitivity tests are unavailable. Strict control on the use of antibiotics and appropriate measures against over the counter availability and self-medication is recommended. Keywords : Antibiotic, UTI, Bacterial Sensitivity. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 67-70","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"67-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73750000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Sustained Release of a Water-Soluble Drug from Directly Compressed Okra Gum Matrix Tablets 直接压缩秋葵胶基质片水溶性药物的缓释研究

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-11-15 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9747

V. Kalu, Michael A. Odeniyi, K. T. Jaiyeoba

引用次数: 3

Household Storage of Pharmaceuticals, Sources and Dispensing Practices in Drug Stores and Ordinary Retail Shops in Rural Areas of Kibaha District, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚基巴哈地区农村地区药品的家庭储存、来源和药店和普通零售商店的配药做法

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-11-15 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9753

S. Nsimba, M. Jande

{"title":"Household Storage of Pharmaceuticals, Sources and Dispensing Practices in Drug Stores and Ordinary Retail Shops in Rural Areas of Kibaha District, Tanzania","authors":"S. Nsimba, M. Jande","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9753","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Kibaha district within the Coastal region of Tanzania to assess knowledge on dosage, storage, expiry and dispensing practices of antimalarial drugs among households, drug stores and ordinary shops. A standard questionnaire was administered to 253 household members to assess their knowledge as regards storage, sources and use of antimalarial drugs. Drug sellers in 20 drug stores and 39 shopkeepers in ordinary retail shops were also interviewed and their dispensing practices of antimalarials and other over the counter drugs were observed and recorded. The results showed that 35 % of household members interviewed knew the dates and importance of drug expiry, whereas 65 % kept drugs without knowing expiry dates. Only 16 % of household members were informed of the expiry dates of drugs at the facilities they attended. Furthermore, 48 % of these household members could state three or more symptoms of malaria correctly. The majority of drug store (53 %) and ordinary retail shop (75 %) sellers did not dispense correct doses of antimalarials due to low literacy and lack of dosage guidelines or package inserts. In order to reduce incidences of drug poisoning due to over-dosage or drug resistance due to under dosage, there is need to educate both consumers and dispensers on correct dosage regimens through mass media such as radio, health education programs, television, posters, leaflets and newspapers. Keywords : Households, antimalarials, storage, expiry dates, self-medication, drug stores, ordinary shops. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 74-80","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"163 1","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86196558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Antimicrobial Effects of Trachyspermum ammi and Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil Topical Formulations on Pathogenic Fung 羊草和香蒲精油外用制剂对病原菌的抑菌作用

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-11-15 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9750

T. Shimelis, U. Kelbessa, T. Ashenif, G. Negero, A. Ashenafi, L. Hirut

{"title":"Antimicrobial Effects of Trachyspermum ammi and Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil Topical Formulations on Pathogenic Fung","authors":"T. Shimelis, U. Kelbessa, T. Ashenif, G. Negero, A. Ashenafi, L. Hirut","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9750","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of semisolid formulations of Trachyspermum ammi and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against five common strains of pathogenic fungi was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that 1 % v/w of T. ammi and C. citratus oils prepared in some bases exhibited remarkable antifungal activity with zone inhibition diameters greater than those for standard antifungal agents. The growth of all five fungal strains was inhibited when T. ammi and C. citratus oil were formulated separately in macrogol blend ointment or hydrophilic ointment base. The properties of base into which the oil was incorporated affected its activity. The hydrophilic formulations exhibited higher antifungal activities compared to their lipophilic counterparts and all the formulations were intended for topical use. Keywords : Agar well diffusion, antifungal activity, essential oils, semisolid formulation,zone of inhibition. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 62-66","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"154 8 1","pages":"62-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83142740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

In vitro Evaluation of Benzimidazole Carbamates on Cystic Larvae of Three Cestode Parasite Models 苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯对三种寄生虫囊性幼虫体外作用的研究

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-11-15 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9745

K. Mwambete, F. Ponco-Gordo, C. Cuesta-Bandera

{"title":"In vitro Evaluation of Benzimidazole Carbamates on Cystic Larvae of Three Cestode Parasite Models","authors":"K. Mwambete, F. Ponco-Gordo, C. Cuesta-Bandera","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9745","url":null,"abstract":"Benzimidazole carbamates are broad-spectrum anthelmintics which have limited solubility and hence poor absorption following oral administration. Consequently, their use is limited almost entirely to the treatment of intestinal helminthiasis. This study was designed to compare two different preparations (polyvinylpyrrolidone-drug solutions and dimethylsulfoxide-drug suspensions) of mebendazole, albendazole and ricobendazole (albendazole sulphoxide) by analyzing their i n vitro efficacy on Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides corti and Taenia crassiceps parasite models at concentrations of 5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml. The effects of the two drug preparations were evaluated on days 2, 4, 7 and 11 post inoculation. The in vitro effects of the two preparations on the assayed cystic larvae showed that polyvinylpyrrolidone-drug solutions were more efficacious than dimethylsulfoxide-drug suspensions in the order of mebendazole >albendazole >ricobendazole. Moreover, the three parasite models complement one another. Keywords : In vitro efficacy, Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides corti, Taenia crassiceps, benzimidazole carbamates, cysts viability The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (2) 2006: pp. 31-39","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89766345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Formulation and Evaluation of Tenoxicam Niosomes 替诺昔康乳质体的处方及评价

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-10-24 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V8I3.9728

S. M. Maru

引用次数: 0

Microbial Quality of Traditional Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆消费的传统酒精饮料的微生物质量

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-10-24 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9730

D. Mwambete, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mashurano, O. Tenganamba

{"title":"Microbial Quality of Traditional Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"D. Mwambete, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mashurano, O. Tenganamba","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9730","url":null,"abstract":"Three traditional alcoholic beverages available locally in Dar es Salaam namely ‘mbege', ‘mnazi' and ‘komoni' were subjected to microbiological assessments in order to determine their microbial quality and possible resistance to antibiotics among the isolated microorganisms. Twenty-seven samples were randomly collected from local drinking clubs in all the three districts included in the study. The microorganisms were isolated and identified by the conventional methods. Microbial counts were determined for the beverages. The total viable yeast counts in ‘mbege', ‘mnazi' and ‘komoni' were 2.37 x 10 16 , 3.9 x 10 16 and 7.0 x 10 10 cfu/ml respectively, while the total viable counts for bacteria in the same beverages were 9.50 x 10 9 , 2.22 x 10 10 and 1.88 x 10 10 cfu/ml respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests on the microorganisms showed that all bacteria were susceptible to a majority of the assayed antibacterials, whilst yeasts were resistant to all the antifungal agents tested except clotrimazole. The results indicate that these beverages pose a danger to public health due to the observed high ‘bio-burden' and call for better and safer means for the preparation, processing and handling of the products. . Keywords : Traditional beverages, microorganisms, antibacterials, antifungal agents. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2005: pp 8-13","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"134 1","pages":"8-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80360972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

An Assessment of the Extent of Use of Off-License and Unlicensed Drugs on Children at Parirenyatwa Hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe 对津巴布韦哈拉雷Parirenyatwa医院儿童使用非许可和无许可药物程度的评估

The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pub Date : 2007-10-24 DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9729

T. Kaisi, C. Maponga, P. Gavaza, I. Pazvakavambwa

引用次数: 0