{"title":"Higher radix floating-point representations for FPGA-based arithmetic","authors":"Bryan Catanzaro, B. Nelson","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.43","url":null,"abstract":"FPGA implementations of floating-point operators have historically been designed to use binary floating-point representations. The general computing world settled on binary floating-point representations over three decades ago, and more recently, the FPGA community followed their example. Binary representations were chosen to maximize numerical accuracy per bit of data, however, the unique nature of FPGA-based computation makes numerical accuracy per unit of FPGA resources a more important measure of the usefulness of a given floating-point representation. In this paper, we show that higher radix floating-point representations are well suited to FPGA-based computations, especially high precision calculations which require the support of denormalized numbers. Higher radix representations use FPGA resources more efficiently. For example, a hexadecimal floating-point adder has a 30% smaller area-time product than its binary counterpart, while still delivering equal worst-case and better average-case numerical accuracy. Contrary to established belief, higher radix representations are useful for FPGA applications requiring IEEE 754 compliance, since they can deliver superior numerical performance while still using less FPGA resources.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114164042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An architecture for video compression based on the SCAN algorithm","authors":"H. Sofikitis, K. Roumpou, A. Dollas, N. Bourbakis","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.17","url":null,"abstract":"The SCAN methodology is a class of formal languages which can be applied to compression, encryption, and data hiding or in combinations thereof. The SCAN algorithm for video compression belongs to the category of interframe techniques. Each frame is compared to its preceding one and through frame differencing redundant information is removed. As in all algorithms of this category key frames are placed as beginning points for finding the differences with subsequent frames. Frames between key frames are named difference frames and they only contain the information that has changed from the previous frame. The differences between frames are determined using a user-defined threshold value, and therefore in general this type of compression can be lossy. The consequent degradation of picture is controlled by the user via the choice of threshold value. When this threshold is 0 the compression becomes lossless. The final goal is to develop a seamless architecture for compression, encryption and information hiding.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130194179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconfigurable designs for radiosity","authors":"P. Baker, T. Todman, Henry Styles, W. Luk","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.57","url":null,"abstract":"We develop reconfigurable designs to support radiosity, a computer graphics algorithm for producing highly realistic images of artificial scenes, but which is computationally expensive. We implement radiosity using stochastic raytracing, which affords both instruction-level and data parallelism. Our designs are parameterisable by bitwidth, allowing trade-offs between image quality and computation speed. We measure the speed of our designs for a Xilinx XC2V6000 device in the Celoxica RC2000 platform: at 53 MHz it can run up to five times faster than a software implementation on an Athlon MP 2600+ processor at 2.1 GHz. We estimate that retargeting our design for a Virtex-4 XCVSX55 device can result in over 160 times software speed, while a Spartan-3 XC3S5000 device can run more than 40 times faster than the software implementation.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127181048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Bobda, Mateusz Majer, A. Ahmadinia, T. Haller, A. Linarth, J. Teich, S. Fekete, J. V. D. Veen
{"title":"The Erlangen Slot Machine: a highly flexible FPGA-based reconfigurable platform","authors":"C. Bobda, Mateusz Majer, A. Ahmadinia, T. Haller, A. Linarth, J. Teich, S. Fekete, J. V. D. Veen","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.63","url":null,"abstract":"We present a new concept as well as the implementation of an FPGA-based reconfigurable platform, the Erlangen Slot Machine (ESM). The main advantages of this platform are: first, the possibility for each module to access its peripheries independent from its location through a programmable crossbar, and distributed SRAMs among slices. This allows an unrestricted relocation of modules on the device. Second, the intermodule structure allows an unlimited communication among running modules.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127995652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling and FPGA implementation of applications using parameterized process networks with non-static parameters","authors":"Hristo Nikolov, T. Stefanov, E. Deprettere","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.47","url":null,"abstract":"Today's applications in the domains of multimedia, signal processing, etc. consist of a number of interacting components. If the way of interaction is determined at run time, we say that an application is non-static. In general, complex real-world applications are non-static. In this paper, we summarize a method for modeling and FPGA implementation of applications that have a specific type of non-static behavior. This method is based on program decomposition resulting in the generation of truly parameterized Kahn process networks and their mapping onto FPGAs. We automated the method by integrating it in our tools Compaan/Laura. The efficiency of our method is demonstrated by an implementation of a real-world application taken from the automotive domain.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134004288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hardware solution to Java compressed heap","authors":"Mayumi Kato, D. Lo","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.41","url":null,"abstract":"Java technology has been integrated into mobile/wireless computing because of its rich support to portability (cross-platform nature), reusability (development libraries), and short-time development. Given a small handset, we are now able to access almost all types of services on Internet: mobile commerce, telephony, email, Web service, global position systems, and MP3 music. We, however, still suffer from its small memory limitation and power-hungry feature. We introduce a hardware compression technique to Java-enabled mobile/wireless devices and provide small memory demand. Experiment results show 25% to 50% memory saving.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123517866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Simka, J. Pelzl, T. Kleinjung, J. Franke, C. Priplata, C. Stahlke, M. Drutarovský, V. Fischer
{"title":"Hardware factorization based on elliptic curve method","authors":"M. Simka, J. Pelzl, T. Kleinjung, J. Franke, C. Priplata, C. Stahlke, M. Drutarovský, V. Fischer","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.40","url":null,"abstract":"The security of the most popular asymmetric cryptographic scheme RSA depends on the hardness of factoring large numbers. The best known method for factorization large integers is the general number field sieve (GNFS). Recently, architectures for special purpose hardware for the GNFS have been proposed. One important step within the GNFS is the factorization of mid-size numbers for smoothness testing, an efficient algorithm for which is the elliptic curve method (ECM). Since the smoothness testing is also suitable for parallelization, it is promising to improve ECM via special-purpose hardware. We show that massive parallel and cost efficient ECM hardware engines can improve the cost-time product of the RSA moduli factorization via the GNFS considerably. The computation of ECM is a classical example for an algorithm that can be significantly accelerated through special-purpose hardware. In this work, we present an efficient hardware implementation of ECM to factor numbers up to 200 bits, which is also scalable to other bit lengths. For proof-of-concept purposes, ECM is realized as a software-hardware co-design on an FPGA and an embedded microcontroller. This appears to be the first publication of a realized hardware implementation of ECM, and the first description of GNFS acceleration through hardware-based ECM.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129148330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Massively parallel processors generator for reconfigurable system","authors":"T. Hamada, N. Nakasato","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.45","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed PGR (processors generator for reconfigurable system) package which generate (a) a suitable configuration file for the FPGAs, (b) the C source code for interfacing with an FPGA-based accelerator, and (c) a software emulator from a high-level domain specific language. Using PGR package, we can easily produce high performance implementations for the particle-based simulation.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127409101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Core-based methodology: an automated approach for implementing a complete system from algorithms to a heterogeneous network including FPGAs","authors":"J. Lam, J. McAllister, J. Dudley","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.29","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a methodology for implementing a complete digital signal processing (DSP) system onto a heterogeneous network including field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) automatically. The methodology aims to allow design refinement and real time verification at the system level. The DSP application is constructed in the form of a data flow graph (DFG) which provides an entry point to the methodology. The netlist for parts that are mapped onto the FPGA(s) together with the corresponding software and hardware application protocol interface (API) are also generated. Using a set of case studies, we demonstrate that the design and development time can be significantly reduced using the methodology developed.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122647224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Amano, Shohei Abe, Y. Hasegawa, Katsuaki Deguchi, Masayasu Suzuki
{"title":"Performance and cost analysis of time-multiplexed execution on the dynamically reconfigurable processor","authors":"H. Amano, Shohei Abe, Y. Hasegawa, Katsuaki Deguchi, Masayasu Suzuki","doi":"10.1109/FCCM.2005.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCCM.2005.52","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamically reconfigurable processors with multi-context facility have been used for various applications. The relationship between context size and performance of such processors is analyzed based on real designs. The parallelism diagram which shows the required PEs in each step of the algorithm is introduced as the basis of the analysis, and models for performance and cost are shown. Evaluation results show that the performance is degraded about 23% when the size of a context becomes 1/2. The performance per cost is improved 7-14 times than that of the case without time-multiplexed execution.","PeriodicalId":222425,"journal":{"name":"13th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM'05)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114974098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}