Tanzania Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"Household and Community Factors Affecting Nutritional Status of Under-five Children (6-59 months) in Gairo District Using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure","authors":"Tausi M. Mohamed, C. Nyaruhucha","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"In Tanzania, where the majority of under-five children are affected, undernutrition is still a significant public health concern. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of undernutrition and its determinants among under-five children in Gairo District using a Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF). A household-based cross-sectional study was employed involving 300 under-five children with their mothers/caregivers in three wards in the Gairo District. Data collection on socio-demographics, dietary diversity, and healthcare factors were collected by interviewer-based semi-structured questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements using standard procedures were performed to collect anthropometric data. Odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤ 0.05 were used to identify determinants of undernutrition. Prevalence of undernutrition using CIAF was 57.3%, whereby children with single failure were 105 (61%), double failures were 62 (36%) and triple failures were 5 (2.9%). Factors that were significantly associated with undernutrition were the nearest health facility (p = 0.014; OR: 0.504 (0.291-0.873)), place of delivery (p = 0.000; OR: 0.717 (0.107-0.490)), source of drinking water (p = 0.001; OR: 0.452 (0.283-0.722)), type of latrine (p = 0.000; OR: 21.338 (9.807-46.427)), household solid waste disposal method (p = 0.012; OR: 1.806 (0.682-1.964)), birth weight (p = 0.000; OR: 5.400 (2.625-11.109) and marital status (p = 0.00; OR: 0.403 (0.240-0.676)). Therefore, nutrition intervention efforts should be given to the factors reported to positively affect undernutrition. \u0000Keywords: Undernutrition, factors, Gairo, under-five, CIAF","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88236888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of Distinct Genetic Stocks of the Bottlenose Wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae) in the Indo-West Pacific","authors":"Rehema J. Simwanza, C. Rumisha","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Populations of the bottlenose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae) in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) have declined by nearly 80% in recent decades. In response, IWP countries are establishing sanctuaries to provide refuge for the fish. However, little is known about the genetic stock structure of the fish in the region. Hence, this study analysed partial sequences (610 base pairs) of the cytochrome oxidase subunit (COI) gene from eight bottlenose wedgefish populations in the IWP to assess the genetic stock structure of the fishery. The sequences revealed that Western Indian Ocean (WIO) populations are genetically distinct from those in the West Pacific (WP) (FCT = 0.24, p = 0.01) and Australia (FCT = 0.88, p = 0.01). Similarly, WP populations were genetically distinct from Australian populations (FCT = 0.42, p = 0.01). This suggests that the IWP contains three genetically distinct stocks of the bottlenose wedgefish: the WIO, WP, and Australia. The indices of genetic diversity and population size showed that the WIO stock has low genetic diversity and population size when compared to the WP and Australia. This shows that efforts to establish elasmobranch sanctuaries in the IWP should take into account the three identified stocks, with priority given to the WIO. \u0000Keywords:    Restricted gene flow, genetic connectivity, elasmobranch sanctuaries, Indo-West Pacific Ocean","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80562537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Attrition from Care and Treatment Centres among HIV-positive Pregnant and Breastfeeding Adult Women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"F. Elias, Nyimvua Shaban, Edwin C. Rutalebwa","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.16","url":null,"abstract":"In Tanzania, poor retention rates among pregnant and breastfeeding mothers continue to be a problem, contributing to a mother-to-child HIV transmission rate of 11% in 2019, compared to a global target of 5%. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of retention on clinical outcomes and identifying predictors of attrition among HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women from follow-up care in Dar es Salaam. A retrospective cohort study included HIV-positive women who engaged in PMTCT services in public and private health facilities between January 2016 and December 2019. Secondary data were extracted from databases used for routine follow-up in care and treatment clinics (CTCs). The estimates of cumulative incidences of poor retention from date of enrollment or ART initiation were assessed using Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox regression model was used to identify the predictors of attrition. Among 20,225 HIV-infected pregnant and lactating women enrolled in PMTCT services, 93.35%, 89.07%, and 85.24% were classified as retained in care at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. The attrition rate at the end of the follow-up period was 15.82%, and WHO clinical stages 3 or 4 (aHR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.46–1.89; p-value < 0.001) and unsuppressed viral load (aHR = 3.79, 95% CI: 3.20–4.49; p-value < 0.001) were predictors of increased risks of attrition. The maternal age group 25–34 years (aHR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.18–0.32; p-value < 0.001), being married or cohabiting (aHR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.38–0.55; p-value < 0.001), an efavirenz (EFV)-based regimen (aHR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.19–0.35; p-value < 0.001), and good adherence to ART (aHR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48–0.79; p-value < 0.001) were factors associated with reduced risks of attrition. The study shows that a strong tracking system for lost to follow-up (LTFU), that is, patients who miss appointments to the same health facility for more than 3 months after the last scheduled clinical visit, should be prioritised for successive PMTCT programmes for better clinical outcomes. \u0000Keywords:  Retention, Attrition, Treatment, Clinics, Loss-to-follow up","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83679069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maintenance Scheduling Algorithm for Transformers in Tanzania Electrical Secondary Distribution Networks","authors":"Hadija Mbembati, Kwame Ibwe, B. Maiseli","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The drive by the government of Tanzania to electrify every village has resulted into expansion of the electrical secondary distribution networks (ESDNs). Therefore, maintenance management is of the highest priority for the smooth operation of the ESDNs to reduce unscheduled downtime and unexpected mechanical failures. Studies show that condition-based predictive maintenance (CBPdM) method allows the utility company to monitor, analyze and process the information obtained from ESDNs transformers. Thus, this study adopts the CBPdM method to develop a maintenance scheduling algorithm that can predict the transformer state, forecast maintenance time based on transformer load profile and schedule its maintenance using a knowledge-based system (KBS). Applying the challenge driven education approach, the requirements for developing an algorithm were established through an extensive literature survey and engagement of the key stakeholders from the Tanzania utility company. Our study uses the Dissolved Gas Analysis tool to collect the transformer parameters used in algorithm design. The parameter analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Results show that the designed KBS algorithm minimizes human-related maintenance errors and lowers labour costs as the system makes all the maintenance decisions. Specifically, the proposed maintenance scheduling algorithm reduces downtime maintenance costs by 1.45 times relative to the classical inspection-based maintenance model while significantly saving the maintenance costs. \u0000Keywords: Electrical power network, Forecasted load consumption, Knowledge-Based System, Maintenance Scheduling, Predictive Maintenance, Secondary Distribution","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87454237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land Cover Change as a Proxy of Changes in Wildlife Distribution and Abundance in Tarangire-Simanjiro-Lolkisale-Mto wa Mbu Ecosystem","authors":"Thobias Anthony, N. Shaban, C. Nahonyo","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the land use and land cover (LULC) changes from 2000 to 2020 and examined its influence on wildlife distribution and abundance. LULC from satellite imagery for 2000, 2012 and 2020 were acquired from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Supervised classification along with a maximum likelihood algorithm was used to classify satellite imagery into eight LULC classes: bareland, woodland, wetland, shrubland, grassland, waterbodies, cropland and built-up land. The results showed that grassland, wetland and woodland had declined, while shrubland, cropland and built-up land increased from 2000 to 2020. Grassland, wetland and woodland decreased from 48.1%, 14.1% and 4.4% in 2000 to 19.5%, 10.3% and 2.5% in 2020, respectively. Shrubland, cropland and built-up land expanded from 14.8%, 1.9% and 0.0% in 2000 to 39.0%, 17.2% and 1.9% in 2020, respectively. The findings suggest that the decline in grassland, wetland and woodland had affected terrestrial vertebrate species and their habitats through wildlife habitat destruction and land degradation leading to the changes in the wild animals’ abundance and distribution. The research highlights the need for continuous monitoring and reporting of land use and land cover changes and its effects on wildlife distribution and abundance. \u0000Keywords:    Biodiversity change, Land use and land cover change, Wildlife habitat, Tarangire-Simanjiro","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81572345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recruitment Behaviour in an African Meliponine Bee Species (hymenoptera, Apidae: Meliponini): Understanding Glandular Origin and Pheromonal Components","authors":"B. Bobadoye, O. T. Alamu, J. A. George-Onaho, J. A. Ete, A. E. Ayandokun, Ifeoluwa S. Agboola, O. T. Adeoye, Popoola J. Adekola","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Meliponine bees are speculated to use a variety of communication mechanisms to effectively recruit workers of a colony to collect sufficient amounts of food to nourish the entire nest population. Mechanisms used to convey such information include thoracic vibrations and trophallaxis within the nest; footprint secretions and pheromone marks deposited in the field, or a combination of these signals and cues. There have been numerous discrepancies about the origin of trail pheromone production from the head, thorax, abdomen and leg regions of meliponine bees. Because the glandular origin of pheromone marks deposited by African meliponine bee’s species has not yet been investigated, we first confirmed if these species actually carry out scent marking and recruitment behaviour at visited food sources. Secondly, we tested if either nasonov or tarsal gland secretions elicited trail-following behaviour in newly recruited bees by means of chemical and electro-physiological analyses as well as with bio-assays testing both natural extracts and synthetic pheromone compounds from both glands. Significant differences were observed in the foraging patterns of the four bee species on collected resources (nectar, pollen and water) as the synthetic compound, (E)-β-farnesene was significantly as attractive to foragers of the four species when compared to the natural nasonov gland extract. Our results showed a significantly higher proportion of foragers from the four species been attracted to food resources baited with natural extracts from their own glands and recruited additional foragers to such baited food sites. \u0000Keywords:  Meliponine bee species, recruitment behaviour, nasonov glands, tarsal glands","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74769902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Energy Load Forecasting Model with Sample Filtering","authors":"Ruthbetha Kateule, Lucas A. Sakala, Mahadia Tunga","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Short-term energy load forecasting is a crucial task in the power smart grid, which enables the power utilities to understand the future energy demands and plans to attain the demand and supply equilibrium, thereby optimizing power deployment and reducing power losses. Several techniques have been implemented to enhance energy load forecasting. However, the nonlinear nature of the data collected in the smart grid makes it difficult to attain 100% energy load forecasting accuracy. For instance, the Deep Feedforward Neural Networks model based on Input Attention Mechanism and Hidden Connection Mechanism has a mean absolute percentage error of 3.17%; model based on Sequence to Sequence Recurrent Neural Network with Attention had a mean absolute percentage error of 2.7%. The model based on Deep Recurrent Neural Networks with Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm had a mean absolute percentage error of 0.58; and Deep Feedforward Neural Network with sample weights model had 3.22 % as root mean squared error. To improve energy load forecasting accuracy, this work proposed a model based on Deep Recurrent Neural Networks and sample filtering, which provides an exhaustive elucidation for modelling a sophisticated stochastic relationship between the input and output features. Deep Recurrent Neural Networks have proven to be good at modelling the nonlinearities in data of different fields and are mostly used in energy load forecasting to reduce forecasting error and a high degree of overfitting. Sample filtering is achieved through the use of K-Means clustering which determines the number of clusters to be used in the model. Findings from the study showed that by employing Deep Recurrent Neural Networks and sample filtering, the short-term energy load forecasting accuracy is improved in reference to mean absolute percentage error and root mean squared error of 0.31% and 1.014, respectively. As a result of the reduction in error, the energy demand and supply chain equilibrium are enhanced, thereby optimizing power deployment and reducing power losses. Keywords:  Machine learning, Neural networks, Sample filtering, Smart grid, Short-term energy forecasting","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90292643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of Water Vapour on the Microstructure and Stability of Cu-Zn Bimetallic Coordination Polymer","authors":"B. K. Oguntade, G. M. Watkins","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.24","url":null,"abstract":"A current challenge in the design of synthesis lies in the incorporation of two or more transition metals into a coordination polymer. The most widely used approach has been to incorporate a second metal as a generally innocent (coordinatively saturated) part of a linear linker as in the case of multifunctional carboxylated porphyrins (MCPs). The empirical method has been used to obtain many other types of MCPs; however, the selective, direct replacement of one transition metal within a monometallic coordination polymer via controlled stoichiometry has not generally led to maintained structural fidelity. In this present work, three pyromellitic acid complexes were synthesized at room temperature and characterized by Elemental analysis, Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption Isotherm, and Thermal analysis. The reaction in water-methanol between pyromellitic acid and copper ions by ambient precipitation method formed [CuH2B4C]·5H2O. When zinc is combined with copper and the ligand, [Cu2Zn(B4C)1.5(H2O)4.5]·9H2O is formed. A repeat of this step under solvothermal condition produced Solvo-[Cu2Zn(B4C)1.5(H2O)5]·2H2O. The N2-adsorption isotherm of these compounds showed them to be Type III according to the IUPAC classification, with small pores only capable of small molecule sorption. \u0000Keywords:  Coordination, microporous, polymer, pyromellitic, sorption","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90302449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA Barcoding Reveals Occurrence of Cardiocephaloides sp. (Digenea: Strigeidae) Infecting the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (L. 1758) in Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria","authors":"F. Chibwana","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v49i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v49i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Cormorants (Pelecaniformes) are widely distributed worldwide, occurring as coastal birds in inland waters and marine environments, and have been implicated in the transmission of some aquatic parasites. As such, the objective of the present work was to investigate the occurrence and morphological variations in Cardiocephaloides (Digenea: Strigeidae), parasites of the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo. The Cardiocephaloides specimens used for molecular analysis (DNA barcoding (cox1) region) were obtained from the intestines of the great cormorants collected from Mwanza Gulf in Lake Victoria. Morphological examination of Cardiocephaloides specimens showed the possible co-existence of four morphospecies belonging to the genus Cardiocephaloides. However, detailed analyses of the cox1 sequences, phylogeny and haplotypes revealed that all four morphospecies belonged to a single unknown species of Cardiocephaloides. This paper provides the first report on the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, serving as the definitive host for Cardiocephaloides in freshwater systems. The findings also reveal that the diversity of Cardiocephaloides in Africa is higher than earlier reported. Moreover, it highlights the need for more research in Tanzania to divulge snail and fish species involved in the life cycles of digenean species occurring in birds and other vertebrates in aquatic environments. \u0000Keywords: Digenean trematodes; Strigeidae; Phalacrocorax carbo; Cardiocephaloides; cox1","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86732961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimalarial and Antimicrobial Activities of some Heteroleptic Metal(II) Complexes of Sulfadiazine–Vitamin C: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies","authors":"I. Ejidike, M. Bamigboye, D. A. Fadare, J. B. Adetunji, J. Obaleye","doi":"10.4314/tjs.v48i4.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v48i4.22","url":null,"abstract":"Some new Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) of mixed Sulphadiazine and Vitamin C complexes have been synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, and magnetic measurements. Both ligands used for this research work act as bidentate ligands towards the central metal ions coordinating through the nitrogen atoms of >C=N-, NH2 groups of Sulphadiazine and oxygen atoms of OH, CO groups of Vitamin C. Tetrahedral and square-planar geometries have been proposed for the complexes. The complexes are stable under atmospheric conditions. The ligands and their complexes were screened for antimicrobial activities against some isolated organisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis to evaluate their microbial inhibiting potential. The derived complexes were found to exhibit an increased inhibitory action against the organisms when compared to the free ligands. The percentage reduction in parasitaemia for the compounds was also evaluated against Plasmodium berghei. In this realm, [Cd(Su)(Vit)]Cl2 showed the highest activity (89%) as compared to other compounds: Sulphadiazine, Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), and Cu(II) complexes are 70, 50, 81, 76, and 77%, respectively, Vitamin C showed no activity. \u0000Keywords: Sulfadiazine, Antimalarial, Vitamin C, Physicochemical, Metal-drug complexes, Antimicrobial","PeriodicalId":22207,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81345259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}