Surfaces and Interfaces最新文献

{"title":"Adsorption and gas-sensitive properties of Pb and Rh doped GaNNT for lithium battery thermal runaway gases: A DFT study","authors":"Fan Yu ,&nbsp;Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Hu Yuan ,&nbsp;Wu Jiang ,&nbsp;Deqin He ,&nbsp;Mingyue Li ,&nbsp;Keman Yin ,&nbsp;Bingning Wang ,&nbsp;Xueqiang Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gas-sensitive technology for detecting thermal runaway gases during lithium-ion battery thermal runaway is feasible. We performed DFT calculations to analyze the adsorption energy (<em>E_ads</em>), density of states (DOS), band structure, differential charge density (DCD), and frontier molecular orbitals of Pb and Rh-doped GaN nanotubes (M-GaNNT) with respect to four main gases (CH₄, CO, CO₂, H₂). Rh-GaNNT exhibits the most substantial band gap modification, with an average change of 139.9 %, while Pb-GaNNT shows an average alteration of 28.8 %. By analyzing <em>E_ads</em>, sensitivity response, and recovery time of M-GaNNT, we predicted its potential applications in gas-sensing devices and adsorbents. Notably, Pb-GaNNT demonstrates exceptional CO detection performance at 398 K, with an ultra-fast recovery time of 0.13 s, strong adsorption energy of −1.232 eV, and remarkable sensitivity of 2.44 × 10⁷. Similarly, Rh-GaNNT performs outstanding CH₄ sensing characteristics at 498 K, featuring rapid recovery (<em>τ</em> = 0.43 s), substantial adsorption energy (<em>E_ads</em> = −1.150 eV), and extremely high sensitivity (<em>SR</em> = 1.19 × 10¹⁹). Furthermore, the materials exhibit superior gas removal efficiency under other temperatures conditions for all four target gases. These findings highlight the potential of metal-doped GaNNTs as high-performance sensing materials for lithium-ion battery safety monitoring systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107822"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production from catalytic methane decomposition using Ni-phyllosilicate functionalized zeolite membrane reactor","authors":"Subhasis Pati ,&nbsp;Ashok Jangam","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is the source of clean and green energy, which has tremendous potential to combat climate change. Zero carbon emission can be achieved by using H₂ as a fuel produced from methane decomposition reaction. In this study, we have developed a stable Ni-species functionalized membrane reactor for the production of ultra-pure hydrogen from catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) reaction. The membrane reactor consists of a zeolite layer deposited on the surface of an alumina hollow fiber and further functionalized to form Ni-phyllosilicate on the zeolite surface. The Ni-phyllosilicate performs as a catalyst for CH₄ decomposition and the zeolite membrane acts as a separating layer. The catalytic membrane was synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis method, followed by urea hydrolysis method. Further, it was characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD for the morphology and the catalyst deposition. The Ni-functionalized membrane was tested for methane pyrolysis reaction at a temperature range of 450–600 °C. The combination of catalysis and membrane have synergetic effect on the overall performance of the reaction, in which, around 58±1 % conversion was achieved at 600 °C. About 76 % of the produced H₂ of purity ∼98±0.5 % was recovered during the reaction in the permeate side. In addition to high-purity hydrogen, carbon nanotubes (CNT) were also produced and recovered from the same reaction. The two valuable products produced from this reaction helps to achieve the net zero emission and production of value-added chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107811"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased electroactive properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) films by thermo-mechanical post-processing","authors":"L.A. Martins ,&nbsp;N. Pereira ,&nbsp;C.M. Costa ,&nbsp;J.A. Gomez-Tejedor ,&nbsp;S. Lanceros-Mendez ,&nbsp;J.L. Gomez Ribelles","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to its outstanding electroactive properties, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is widely used in the energy, electronic, and biomedical fields. In particular, the highly polar and electroactive β-phase obtained by low temperature solvent evaporation has numerous technological applications due to its piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectric properties, but typically presents a porous morphology. PVDF membranes were prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) from a dimethylformamide (DMF) solution, and post-processed by thermo-mechanical compression under varying temperature and pressure to produce solid films. The effect of these parameters on the morphology, β-phase content, thermal properties, crystalline phase content and piezoelectric response was evaluated. Thermo-mechanical treatment reduces porosity leading to a compact morphology, while also increases the βphase content and the degree of crystallinity. Also, it enhances the mechanical properties and increases the piezoelectric value. It is to notice that this simple processing method is compatible with the large-scale manufacturing of electroactive PVDF samples in an industrial setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107814"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced piezoelectric performance of multilayered piezoelectric nanogenerator based on the PVDF/PZT/graphene Electrospun for IoT-based remote monitoring","authors":"Ertuğrul Karakulak ,&nbsp;Levent Paralı ,&nbsp;Muhterem Koç ,&nbsp;Farida Tatardar ,&nbsp;Ali Sarı ,&nbsp;Ersoy Mevsim ,&nbsp;Valida Fataliyeva","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research focused on improving the performance of piezoelectric nanogenerators by utilizing a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) design that combines stacked piezoelectric electrospun nanofibers with conductive layers placed between them. A polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/unmodified graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) based multilayered structure (MLS) was produced as a parallel connection using a layer-by-layer assembly technique. At a vibrational frequency of 20 Hz, under a resistance load of 50 kΩ, the four-layered PNG reached an open-circuit voltage of 0.18 V(V_RMS), a maximum electrical power of 0.166 µW (P_RMS) by drawing a current of 1.82 µA (I_RMS). The four-layered PNG, which exhibits high capacitance and low impedance characteristics, has increased the full charging voltage (3.96 V) to 80% compared to a single-layered PNG (2.2 V). Furthermore, the electrical power obtained from the four-layered PNG was approximately 4.38 times higher than the single-layered one. The resulting multilayered PNG (M-PNG) can be utilized effectively in self-powered wireless e-health systems for detecting human movement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107809"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discussion on the influence mechanism of PVC microplastics on the performance and adsorption behavior of composite inorganic corrosion inhibitors","authors":"Junnan Chen ,&nbsp;Shuaige Hu ,&nbsp;Chonggang Wu ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Chen ,&nbsp;Hongyu Cen","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The issue of microplastic adsorption in solution has emerged as a crucial research focus within the field of interfacial science. However, no studies have systematically explored the mutual interactions between microplastics and inorganic corrosion inhibitors. This study investigates the influence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics on the corrosion inhibition performance of a combined inorganic inhibitor system comprising zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) and sodium polyphosphate (SP). Multiple testing methodologies were employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Experimental results reveal that the addition of the composite inhibitors significantly inhibit the metal corrosion, achieving an inhibition efficiency of 94.2 % based on corrosion current density (<em>i_corr</em>), when added at concentrations of 100 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. The introduction of PVC microplastics markedly alters the inhibition effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitor. Specifically, as the microplastic content increases, the performance of the composite inhibitors initially enhances before declining. At a microplastic concentration of 100 mg/L, the <em>i_corr</em> of carbon steel is reduced by 37 %. Multifaceted characterization analyses suggest that microplastics exert a more pronounced influence on polyphosphate ions in solution, indicating their effect on anodic reaction processes. Microplastics can enrich corrosion inhibitors as porous carriers, affecting their diffusion and adsorption processes, thereby altering their adsorption behavior on metal surfaces. Conversely, the adherence of microplastics to carbon steel influences the formation of inhibitive films, thereby altering their barrier properties against permeation. This study comprehensively analyzes the mechanisms underlying the influence of microplastics on inorganic corrosion inhibitors, offering valuable guidance and insights for the application of corrosion inhibitors in solution enriched with microplastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107813"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic electrochemical performance of rGO sheathed La2Mo3O12 for high-energy asymmetric supercapacitor device","authors":"Yuttana Mona ,&nbsp;Uma Shankar Veerasamy ,&nbsp;Suganya Palani ,&nbsp;Phrut Sakulchangsatjatai ,&nbsp;Niti Kammuang-lue ,&nbsp;Chatchawan Chaichana ,&nbsp;Pana Suttakul ,&nbsp;Ramnarong Wanison","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of sustainable energy systems is crucial to mitigate the demand for fossil fuels. The La³⁺ and Mo⁶⁺ sites have a Lewis acidic nature, which provides the higher redox reaction and the rGO will provide a larger area and effective electron acceptor and transporter, which highly prevents the recombination of electron hole pairs during the photogeneration in the La₂Mo₃O₁₂. In this manuscript, the enhancement of supercapacitor electrodes for energy storage applications involves incorporating reduced graphene oxide nanosheets with La₂Mo₃O₁₂ nanoparticles. A hydrothermal approach was utilized for the formation of rGO anchored La₂Mo₃O₁₂ nanoparticles. The fabricated electrodes exhibit a superior capacitance value in the three-electrode system. It shows that the La₂Mo₃O₁₂@rGO-10 electrode exhibits maximum capacitance values of 577 F/g at 1 A/g. Additionally, the constructed La₂Mo₃O₁₂@rGO-10//AC asymmetric capacitor device delivered a maximum capacity value of 70.66 mAh <em>g</em>⁻¹ with the energy and power densities of 41.87 Wh kg⁻¹ and 1422 W kg⁻¹ at 2 A/g. Moreover, it showed excellent cyclic capacity retention and efficiency of 93.5 % and 97.7 % over 5000 cycles. The concept of proof devices demonstrated the series connection of La₂Mo₃O₁₂@rGO-10//AC asymmetric capacitor device showing the successful glowing and rotation of the LED light and electric motor fan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107784"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic tuning of deposition potential to enhance storage and electrochemical performance of binder-free bismuth oxide (β-Bi2O3) thin film electrodes for supercapacitors","authors":"I. Boudene ,&nbsp;M. Oubakalla ,&nbsp;M. El Bouji ,&nbsp;M. Beraich ,&nbsp;RA. Belakhmima ,&nbsp;A. Zarrouk ,&nbsp;M. Ebn Touhami","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of deposition potential on the structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties of binder-free tetragonal bismuth oxide (β-Bi₂O₃) thin films electrodeposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates. The three prepared films consistently exhibited the stable tetragonal bismuth oxide (β-Bi₂O₃) phase across all deposition potentials of -1.1 V, -1.2 V, and -1.3 V. However, variations in deposition potential had a pronounced effect on the films’ crystallinity, optical band gap, surface morphology, and supercapacitive behavior. Notably, films deposited at -1.1 V and -1.3 V exhibited higher crystallinity levels of 61 % and 56 %, respectively, compared to 51 % for the film prepared at -1.2 V. The morphology of the bismuth oxide (β-Bi₂O₃) nanostructures demonstrated a transition from quasi-spherical particles to cauliflower-like nanostructures with increasing potential, which was accompanied by a notable reduction in the optical band gap, decreasing from 2.5 eV at -1.2 V to 2.29 eV at the higher deposition potential of -1.3 V. Electrochemical measurements further emphasized the significant impact of deposition potential on the supercapacitive performance, with the bismuth oxide (β-Bi₂O₃) film deposited at -1.1 V delivering a superior areal capacitance of 138.5 mF cm^-2 (325.3 F g^-1). markedly outperforming films deposited at higher potentials. Moreover, charge storage analysis demonstrated a shift in the dominant charge storage mechanism, transitioning from diffusion-controlled behavior at lower potentials to a more pronounced capacitive contribution at higher potentials. Overall, these findings underscore the critical role of deposition potential in tailoring the properties of bismuth oxide (β-Bi₂O₃) thin films for enhanced supercapacitive performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107808"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of laser texturing and PDMS coating for tailoring surface energy and hydrophobicity","authors":"Esmaeil Ghadiri Zahrani ,&nbsp;Amirmohmmad Fakharzadeh Jahromi ,&nbsp;Jürgen Geng ,&nbsp;Bahman Azarhoushang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A stable hydrophobic surface is essential for applications such as biomedical instruments and anti-corrosion tools. This study introduces a practical two-step method to generate hydrophobic surfaces on high-chromium hardened stainless steel using laser texturing followed by a protective coating. A femtosecond laser was employed to create five distinct surface texture patterns, and the surface morphology and hydrophobicity were analyzed before and after coating. The results indicated that laser texturing alone enhanced hydrophobicity but was insufficient for achieving a superhydrophobic state. Applying an ultra-high crosslinked PDMS coating further increased hydrophobicity, raising the contact angle to 149.62° and lowering the surface energy to 1.7 mJ/m². EDX analysis was conducted to investigate the elements contributing to the water repellency. Long-term monitoring of hydrophobic stability revealed degradation of surface energy and contact angle for different laser patterns over time. The findings highlight the potential of combining laser structuring with advanced coatings to achieve durable quasi-superhydrophobic surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107821"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iris sibirica leaf surface: From plant adaptation to biomimetic replication","authors":"F.M. Santos ,&nbsp;P. Nunes ,&nbsp;M. Fernandes ,&nbsp;F.M. Soares ,&nbsp;R. Cruz ,&nbsp;E. Bacelar ,&nbsp;S. Casal ,&nbsp;J. Rocha ,&nbsp;A. Maia ,&nbsp;P.J. Pais ,&nbsp;V. de Zea Bermudez ,&nbsp;A.L. Crespí ,&nbsp;S.C. Nunes","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study highlights the vast wealth of information that may be retrieved from the surface of plant leaves, allowing researchers to harmoniously combine concepts from physical chemistry, biology, and plant science, with materials science and engineering, in the development of functional coatings and engineered films. The primary goal of this work was to conduct a comprehensive chemical, morphological, structural, optical, histological, potential distribution, and climatic characterization of <em>Iris sibirica</em> L. leaves. With it, three main axes of research are here reported and discussed: the physical-chemistry of the <em>I. sibirica</em> leaf cuticles, its environmental correlation, and the replication of its hydrophobic properties aiming at future applications. The chemical analysis of the intracuticular and epicuticular waxes on the leaf surfaces of <em>I. sibirica</em> revealed the presence of fatty acids (mainly palmitic and stearic acids), long-chain aliphatic alcohols, and sterols.</div><div>Comparison with previous studies enabled a biogeographical distinction between species with higher concentrations of ketones and those richer in alcohols. However, no significant discrimination was observed in the physical chemical parameters such as morphology and wettability. These findings highlight the sophisticated strategies plants use to adapt to environmental changes. Furthermore, the replication of the hydrophobic properties of the <em>I. sibirica</em> leaf surfaces in a transparent and self-standing di-ureasil hybrid film using a nanocasting approach was achieved. The water contact angle (CA) of the leaf-imprinted di-ureasil films demonstrated an impressive enhancement compared to the flat sample analog (97.4 ± 1.6 and 66.3 ± 5.6°, respectively), confirming the key role played by surface microstructure in determining wettability. However, the CA of the biomimetic film replicas remained lower than that of the natural leaf (117–133°), reinforcing the claim that surface wax composition is also pivotal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107805"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar-driven dual-functional Z-scheme ZnIn2S4–Sb2O3 supported on activated carbon for simultaneous H2 generation and norfloxacin degradation: Mechanism, analytical characterization, and toxicity assessment","authors":"Mohamed Boujelbene ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;Norah Salem Alsaiari ,&nbsp;Shatha A. Aldaghfag ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Ismail ,&nbsp;Wajdi Rajhi ,&nbsp;Saodatkhon Ibragimova ,&nbsp;Akmal Abilkasimov ,&nbsp;Zukhra Atamuratova","doi":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photocatalysis represents a promising green technology for addressing both environmental remediation and clean energy production by harnessing solar energy to drive redox reactions. The construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions enables efficient utilization of the solar spectrum, spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers, and preservation of strong oxidative and reductive potentials. Herein, a ZnIn₂S₄–Sb₂O₃ supported on activated carbon (ZISB–AC) composite was synthesized via a multi-step approach and evaluated for simultaneous visible-light-driven H₂ production and norfloxacin degradation. The optimized ZISB–0.2C achieved a high NOR removal efficiency of 97.1% within 120 min and an H₂ generation rate of 732 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹. Optical (UV–vis DRS, PL, TRPL) and electrochemical (EIS, transient photocurrent) analyses confirmed suppressed electron–hole recombination and improved charge transport compared to pristine counterparts. Radical trapping and ESR experiments revealed •O₂⁻ and •OH as the primary reactive species, validating the proposed direct Z-scheme charge transfer pathway. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism was further elucidated through LC–MS analysis, which identified transformation intermediates and enabled pathway construction. The toxicity of these intermediates was assessed using the T.E.S.T. software, revealing a significant reduction in both acute and developmental toxicity after photocatalysis. Stability and recyclability assessments demonstrated negligible activity loss over five consecutive cycles, with XPS confirming the preservation of surface composition and chemical states, underscoring the robustness and long-term applicability of the ZISB–AC composite for sustainable environmental and energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22081,"journal":{"name":"Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 107785"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}