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No Stalled Revolution: The Closing Gender Gap in Early Careers in Europe and the United States 没有停滞的革命：欧洲和美国早期职业生涯中的性别差距正在缩小
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-09-28 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a44
Oliver Lipps, Daniel Oesch, Roujman Shahbazian
{"title":"No Stalled Revolution: The Closing Gender Gap in Early Careers in Europe and the United States","authors":"Oliver Lipps, Daniel Oesch, Roujman Shahbazian","doi":"10.15195/v13.a44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a44","url":null,"abstract":"Women have surpassed men in higher education, yet their labor market progress relative to men is widely seen as stalled. We address this apparent contradiction by adopting a cohort perspective—since gender convergence is driven by cohort replacement rather than period effects—and focusing on early careers (ages 25–34), before parenthood widens the gender gap. Drawing on large-scale national data spanning several decades, we analyze single-year birth cohorts from 1960 to 1998 in France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States across multiple labor market outcomes. Our results show that gender gaps in employment, working hours, and occupational attainment have narrowed substantially in all countries studied. Most importantly, young women have made up considerable ground in total labor income: the gender gap has more than halved between the 1965 and 1995 birth cohorts. Although young women still lag behind young men, particularly mothers, our findings show steady convergence and challenge the narrative of stalled progress.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"1159-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethnopolitical Exclusion and Resource Conflict 民族政治排斥与资源冲突
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-09-14 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a42
Wali Reheman
{"title":"Ethnopolitical Exclusion and Resource Conflict","authors":"Wali Reheman","doi":"10.15195/v13.a42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a42","url":null,"abstract":"Why do natural resources fuel ethnic conflict in some ethnic homelands but not others? This article argues that the answer turns on the boundary between active discrimination and passive powerlessness. Among excluded groups, lootable resources raise conflict risk only where the state actively discriminates, not where groups are merely powerless; among included groups, the same resources predict lower risk. No rival account reproduces this positive/null/negative gradient. The boundary governs whether these groups fight, not what they fight over: petroleum pushes discriminated and powerless groups alike toward territorial conflict, wherever the oil sits. Two-way fixed-effects estimates on 859 ethnic groups in 150 countries (1960–2020) establish both patterns. The conflict-generating mechanism thus lies between a group and its state, so country-level resource-curse measures, averaged across the nation, can miss the within-country boundary that actually divides conflict from peace.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"1107-1131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148964243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social Class Differences in Parenting? Revisiting Classed Childrearing through a Video-Ethnography of Mealtime 养育子女的社会阶层差异？通过用餐时间的视频人种学重新审视班级儿童教育
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-08-25 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a40
Joanne W. Golann, Karen Phelan Kozlowski, Kara Mitchell Brennan
{"title":"Social Class Differences in Parenting? Revisiting Classed Childrearing through a Video-Ethnography of Mealtime","authors":"Joanne W. Golann, Karen Phelan Kozlowski, Kara Mitchell Brennan","doi":"10.15195/v13.a40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a40","url":null,"abstract":"Sociological research has long established social class differences in childrearing strategies. However, recent studies suggest more heterogeneity by social class in parenting practices than previously recognized. In this article, we revisit families’ classed socialization processes by drawing from the New Jersey Families Study, a two-week, in-home video study of 21 families with young children, to examine how working-class and middle-class families interact with their children during mealtimes. Contrary to expectations, we found that social class did not neatly correspond to parenting styles, with half of families blending middle-class and working-class styles. This is one of the first sociological studies to closely observe the socialization of young children across different social classes. It is also one of few studies in sociology to use video-ethnographic data. Finally, this study challenges long-standing assumptions about class-based socialization, suggesting that in contemporary families, social class boundaries are much blurrier than previously believed when it comes to childrearing.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148815523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Access to Higher Education and Support for Meritocracy: Effort, Skill, and Education as Components of Merit 接受高等教育的机会和对精英政治的支持：努力、技能和教育作为功绩的组成部分
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-08-18 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a38
Hye Won Kwon, Jani Erola
{"title":"Access to Higher Education and Support for Meritocracy: Effort, Skill, and Education as Components of Merit","authors":"Hye Won Kwon, Jani Erola","doi":"10.15195/v13.a38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a38","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research has emphasized perceptions of effort-based meritocracy (i.e., the descriptive belief that hard work leads to success), noting a rising trend in meritocratic beliefs across countries. The current study proposes focusing on three components of merit—effort, skill, and education — and on a less-examined form of meritocratic beliefs: support for meritocracy (i.e., the prescriptive belief that society should distribute rewards based on merit). Analyzing the 2009 International Social Survey Programme data, this study demonstrates the role of higher education in shaping heterogeneity in support for meritocracy. College-educated individuals seem to reject effort-based meritocracy while strongly supporting skill- and education-based meritocracy. In addition, the gap between the college-educated and the non-college-educated in supporting education-based meritocracy is larger in countries with broader access to higher education. These findings suggest that people may refer to different dimensions of meritocracy when supporting or disapproving “meritocracy,” calling for refined policy interventions to reduce social inequalities.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148766703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Decoupling Inequality and Stratification in the American Wealth Distribution, 1989–2022 美国财富分配中的脱钩、不平等与分层，1989-2022
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-08-11 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a37
Jake Burchard, Lisa A. Keister
{"title":"Decoupling Inequality and Stratification in the American Wealth Distribution, 1989–2022","authors":"Jake Burchard, Lisa A. Keister","doi":"10.15195/v13.a37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a37","url":null,"abstract":"Wealth inequality in the United States has grown substantially in recent decades, yet it remains unclear whether wealth has become more stratified along socially salient, group-based lines. Insofar as intragroup solidarities and intergroup antagonisms depend on the extent to which groups are arranged into minimally overlapping, hierarchically ordered strata within the wealth distribution, stratification is sociologically important independently of inequality. Using Survey of Consumer Finances data from 1989 to 2022 and a nonparametric, rank-based stratification metric, we examine trends in wealth stratification across multiple axes of social difference, including racialized group membership, age, education, employment-based class, and marital status. We find that stratification declined along several dimensions, with education being the main exception. Decomposition analyses show that these dimensions differ not only by the level of stratification they exhibit over time but also by where in the distribution stratification is primarily generated and by the relative contributions of housing and nonhousing wealth. These findings underscore the importance of wealth composition and distributional location in shaping stratification and encourage scholars to explore how wealth accumulation may arden or weaken group boundaries.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148709588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantities of Interest for Interactions and the Pitfalls of Assuming Linear Treatment Effects 相互作用的兴趣量和假设线性处理效果的陷阱
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-08-06 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a36
Josep Serrano-Serrat
{"title":"Quantities of Interest for Interactions and the Pitfalls of Assuming Linear Treatment Effects","authors":"Josep Serrano-Serrat","doi":"10.15195/v13.a36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a36","url":null,"abstract":"Although quantitative social sciences often rely on estimating models in which treatment effects vary across groups, researchers rarely specify which causal quantity they aim to estimate or justify their empirical modeling choices. This article makes two contributions. First, it clarifies the distinct quantities of interest when studying interactions: comparisons at different treatment intensities (the difference in conditional average marginal effects) and comparisons at similar intensities (what I term the average interactive partial effect). When treatment effects are nonlinear and treatment distributions differ across groups, these quantities diverge. Second, the article assesses estimation strategies to estimate these quantities. It demonstrates that linear interaction models produce biased estimates of either quantity when treatment effects are nonlinear and explores two alternatives that explicitly accommodate such nonlinearities. This article is accompanied by an R package that implements these approaches. Through simulations, stylized examples, and an empirical application, the article shows that explicitly defining the quantity of interest and selecting appropriate models is essential for valid interaction analysis.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"63 1","pages":"945-970"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148693328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bending the Heckman Curve: Competing Declines in Learning Capacity and Skill Relevance Over the Life Course 弯曲赫克曼曲线：学习能力和技能相关性在生命过程中的竞争性下降
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a35
João M. Souto-Maior, Mitchell L. Stevens
{"title":"Bending the Heckman Curve: Competing Declines in Learning Capacity and Skill Relevance Over the Life Course","authors":"João M. Souto-Maior, Mitchell L. Stevens","doi":"10.15195/v13.a35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a35","url":null,"abstract":"The Heckman curve has powerfully influenced social policy by providing mathematical support for the concentration of human-capital investments early in the life course. The canonical model behind this curve derives a single relationship for aggregate human capital and does not address how return trajectories vary across skill types. We extend the canonical mathematical framework to derive skill-specific return trajectories, incorporating two key parameters governing declines in (a) human capacity to learn and (b) skill relevance over the life course. Our microfoundation model implies that the shape of return trajectories depends on the relative magnitudes of these two declines, indicating a trade-off: although early investments may be more efficient due to declining human learning capacity, they risk misalignment with future labor market needs. Depending on the targeted skill, investments in adult workers might more effectively align with evolving skill content. We illustrate this result with numerical simulations using empirically plausible parameter ranges and selected skill profiles. Our work suggests that optimal investment timing may be skill-dependent, and identifies empirical questions that can better inform human-capital policy in a time of rapid technological change and lengthening lifespans.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"915-944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148693301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Categorical Engagement and the Contingent Nature of Typicality Effects 范畴参与与典型性效应的偶然性
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-07-28 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a34
Alex Tyulyupo, Balázs Kovács
{"title":"Categorical Engagement and the Contingent Nature of Typicality Effects","authors":"Alex Tyulyupo, Balázs Kovács","doi":"10.15195/v13.a34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a34","url":null,"abstract":"Market categories can favor typical members over atypical ones, yet this “categorical imperative” operates inconsistently across contexts. We argue that typicality effects depend on how evaluators engage with categories during search. Using behavioral simulation in which participants search a large database of companies for competitors, we distinguish between searches that explicitly invoke industry classifications and those using alternative methods, and measure goal-category congruence through semantic alignment between evaluators’ objectives and the categories they employ. We find that typical companies become more likely to be selected in category-based searches; other searches produce no typicality effects. Among category-based searches, goal-category congruence moderates the effect: typicality strongly predicts selection when goals and categories misalign but becomes irrelevant when they align well. These findings identify a specific microprocess through which categorical effects become contingent, offering a process-level explanation for variation documented across audiences, producer characteristics, and evaluation contexts.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148596116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Information Diets Are More Diverse in Attention Than in Engagement 信息饮食在注意力方面比参与方面更加多样化
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-07-21 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a33
Christopher Barrie, Aybuke Atalay, Alia ElKattan
{"title":"Information Diets Are More Diverse in Attention Than in Engagement","authors":"Christopher Barrie, Aybuke Atalay, Alia ElKattan","doi":"10.15195/v13.a33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a33","url":null,"abstract":"What political content do we pay attention to online? Diverse political information is essential for democratic competence, yet online media raises concerns about fragmented information diets. Research on selective exposure highlights how social media can foster ideological echo chambers, while other studies emphasize incidental exposure to diverse viewpoints. A critical measurement challenge is that public platform traces often observe engagement (e.g., likes or shares) more readily than lower-visibility forms of attention—i.e., what users notice or choose to read without necessarily interacting publicly. In this study, we address this gap with a social media clone platform that separately records attention and engagement. We ran the study in both the United Kingdom (once) and the United States (thrice). Across both contexts, we found that the ideology-engagement association is significantly larger than the ideology-attention association. This underscores the importance of measuring attention, rather than solely engagement, to accurately assess the diversity of online information diets.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"864-883"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148552791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Roadmap for Inequality Research: Transparency, Intersectionality, and Multiple Measures of Race 不平等研究的路线图：透明度、交叉性和种族的多重衡量
IF 3.4 2区 社会学
Sociological Science Pub Date : 2026-07-09 DOI: 10.15195/v13.a32
Emma Williams-Baron, Aliya Saperstein
{"title":"A Roadmap for Inequality Research: Transparency, Intersectionality, and Multiple Measures of Race","authors":"Emma Williams-Baron, Aliya Saperstein","doi":"10.15195/v13.a32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v13.a32","url":null,"abstract":"Most quantitative studies of U.S. inequality rely on single measures of race and do not transparently describe them. However, inconsistencies between measures can yield conclusions that differ both substantively and statistically. We ask: when faced with multiple ways to categorize respondents, how should researchers choose? We conduct intersectional analyses of five inequality outcomes, using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which offers several measures of self-identification and external classification. Strikingly, we find the survey’s screener race variable, ubiquitous in prior research, is never empirically preferred based on model fit across outcomes spanning the labor market (wages, salary, and unemployment), health (depression), and education (school discipline). Instead, the top-performing measure varies by gender, outcome, and fit statistic. The range of potential researcher decisions and the absence of a clear gold-standard highlights the need for greater transparency and more thoughtful decision-making when researchers operationalize race—whether racial categorization is central to the analysis or included primarily as a control variable. To that end, we offer a roadmap of key considerations inequality researchers can consult when designing their approach.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148414755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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