Sociological Science最新文献_第2页

Findings on Summer Learning Loss Often Fail to Replicate, Even in Recent Data 即使在最近的数据中，关于夏季学习损失的研究结果也往往无法复制

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a8

Joseph Workman, Paul T. von Hippel, Joseph Merry

{"title":"Findings on Summer Learning Loss Often Fail to Replicate, Even in Recent Data","authors":"Joseph Workman, Paul T. von Hippel, Joseph Merry","doi":"10.15195/v10.a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v10.a8","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely believed that (1) children lose months of reading and math skills over summer vacation and that (2) inequality in skills grows much faster during summer than during school. Concerns have been raised about the replicability of evidence for these claims, but an impression may exist that nonreplicable findings are limited to older studies. After reviewing the 100-year history of nonreplicable results on summer learning, we compared three recent data sources (ECLS- K:2011, NWEA, and Renaissance) that tracked U.S. elementary students' skills through school years and summers in the 2010s. Most patterns did not generalize beyond a single test. Summer losses looked substantial on some tests but not on others. Score gaps—between schools and students of different income levels, ethnicities, and genders—grew on some tests but not on others. The total variance of scores grew on some tests but not on others. On tests where gaps and variance grew, they did not consistently grow faster during summer than during school. Future research should demonstrate that a summer learning pattern replicates before drawing broad conclusions about learning or inequality.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"51 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Homophily, Setbacks, and the Dissolution of Heterogeneous Ties: Evidence from Professional Tennis 同质性、挫折与异质性关系的消解:来自职业网球的证据

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a7

Xuege (Cathy) Lu, Shinan Wang, Letian Zhang

引用次数: 0

Dissecting the Lexis Table: Summarizing Population-Level Temporal Variability with Age–Period–Cohort Data 剖析词汇表:用年龄-时期-队列数据总结人口水平时间变异性

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a5

Ethan Fosse

{"title":"Dissecting the Lexis Table: Summarizing Population-Level Temporal Variability with Age–Period–Cohort Data","authors":"Ethan Fosse","doi":"10.15195/v10.a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v10.a5","url":null,"abstract":"Since Norman Ryder's (1965) classic essay on cohort analysis was published more than a half century ago, scores of researchers have attempted to uncover the separate effects of age, period, and cohort (APC) on a wide range of outcomes. However, rather than disentangling period effects from those attributable to age or cohort, Ryder's approach is based on distinguishing intra-cohort trends (or life-cycle change) from inter-cohort trends (or social change), which, together, constitute comparative cohort careers. Following Ryder's insights, in this article I show how to formally summarize population-level temporal variability on the Lexis table. In doing so, I present a number of parametric expressions representing intra- and inter-cohort trends, intra-period differences, and Ryderian comparative cohort careers. To aid the interpretation of results, I additionally introduce a suite of novel visualizations of these model-based summaries, including 2D and 3D Lexis heat maps. Crucially, the Ryderian approach developed in this article is fully identified, complementing (but not replacing) conventional approaches that rely on theoretical assumptions to parse out unique APC effects from unidentified models. This has the potential to provide a common base of knowledge in a literature often fraught with controversy. To illustrate, I analyze trends in social trust in the U.S. General Social Survey from 1972 to 2018.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"43 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Testing Models of Cognition and Action Using Response Conflict and Multinomial Processing Tree Models 用反应冲突和多项加工树模型测试认知和行动模型

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a4

Andrew Miles, Gordon Brett, Salwa Khan, Yagana Samim

引用次数: 2

Using Machine Learning to Uncover the Semantics of Concepts: How Well Do Typicality Measures Extracted from a BERT Text Classifier Match Human Judgments of Genre Typicality? 使用机器学习揭示概念的语义:从BERT文本分类器中提取的典型性度量与人类对类型典型性的判断相匹配的程度如何?

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a3

Gaël Le Mens, Balázs Kovács, Michael T. Hannan, Guillem Pros

{"title":"Using Machine Learning to Uncover the Semantics of Concepts: How Well Do Typicality Measures Extracted from a BERT Text Classifier Match Human Judgments of Genre Typicality?","authors":"Gaël Le Mens, Balázs Kovács, Michael T. Hannan, Guillem Pros","doi":"10.15195/v10.a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v10.a3","url":null,"abstract":"Social scientists have long been interested in understanding the extent to which the typicalities of an object in concepts relate to its valuations by social actors. Answering this question has proven to be challenging because precise measurement requires a feature-based description of objects. Yet, such descriptions are frequently unavailable. In this article, we introduce a method to measure typicality based on text data. Our approach involves training a deep-learning text classifier based on the BERT language representation and defining the typicality of an object in a concept in terms of the categorization probability produced by the trained classifier. Model training allows for the construction of a feature space adapted to the categorization task and of a mapping between feature combination and typicality that gives more weight to feature dimensions that matter more for categorization. We validate the approach by comparing the BERT-based typicality measure of book descriptions in literary genres with average human typicality ratings. The obtained correlation is higher than 0.85. Comparisons with other typicality measures used in prior research show that our BERT-based measure better reflects human typicality judgments.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"41 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Do Organizational Policies Narrow Gender Inequality? Novel Evidence from Longitudinal Employer–Employee Data 组织政策能缩小性别不平等吗?来自雇主-雇员纵向数据的新证据

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a2

Florian Zimmermann, Matthias Collischon

引用次数: 4

Layered Legacies. How Multiple Histories Shaped the Attitudes of Contemporary Europeans 分层的遗产。多重历史如何塑造当代欧洲人的态度

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a1

Andreas Wimmer

{"title":"Layered Legacies. How Multiple Histories Shaped the Attitudes of Contemporary Europeans","authors":"Andreas Wimmer","doi":"10.15195/v10.a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v10.a1","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the concept of multiple, layered, and interacting histories, which opens four new avenues of research. We can ask which types of institutions or events, such as states, religions, or war, are more likely to leave a historical legacy. We can also explore why only certain states, religions, or wars leave legacies. We can compare the consequences of older and newer layers of history, such as of a series of successor states. Finally, these layers may interact with each other by preserving, neutralizing, or amplifying each other's effects. To illustrate these new research avenues, I use measurements of value orientations as well as generalized trust from the European Social Survey as dependent variables. New data on the history of states as well as the wars fought since 1500 are combined with existing data on the medieval policies of the Church, all coded at the level of 411 European regions. A series of regression models suggests that the political history of states is more consequential for contemporary attitudes than medieval religious policies or wars, that older layers of states can be as impactful as more recent ones, that interactions between layers are frequent, and that modern nation-states are more likely to leave a legacy than other types of polities.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Marginal Odds Ratios: What They Are, How to Compute Them, and Why Sociologists Might Want to Use Them 边际优势比:它们是什么，如何计算它们，以及为什么社会学家可能想要使用它们

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a10

K. Karlson, Ben Jann

引用次数: 0

Cross-Group Differences in Age, Period, and Cohort Effects: A Bounding Approach to the Gender Wage Gap 年龄、时期和队列效应的跨组差异:性别工资差距的边界方法

2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a26

Ohjae Gowen, Ethan Fosse, Christopher Winship

{"title":"Cross-Group Differences in Age, Period, and Cohort Effects: A Bounding Approach to the Gender Wage Gap","authors":"Ohjae Gowen, Ethan Fosse, Christopher Winship","doi":"10.15195/v10.a26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15195/v10.a26","url":null,"abstract":": For decades, researchers have sought to understand the separate contributions of age, period, and cohort (APC) on a wide range of outcomes. However, a major challenge in these efforts is the linear dependence among the three time scales. Previous methods have been plagued by either arbitrary assumptions or extreme sensitivity to small variations in model specification. In this article, we present an alternative method that achieves partial identification by leveraging additional information about subpopulations (or strata) such as race, gender, and social class. Our first goal is to introduce the cross-strata linearized APC (CSL-APC) model, a re-parameterization of the traditional APC model that focuses on cross-group variations in effects instead of overall effects. Similar to the traditional model, the linear cross-strata APC effects are not identified. The second goal is to show how Fosse and Winship’s (2019) bounding approach can be used to address the identification problem of the CSL-APC model, allowing one to partially identify cross-group differences in effects. This approach often involves weaker assumptions than previously used techniques and, in some cases, can lead to highly informative bounds. To illustrate our method, we examine differences in temporal effects on wages between men and women in the United States.","PeriodicalId":22029,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Science","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136301589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eurythmics or Xenakis? Cultural Tastes (Are Not Made of Genes): Comment on Jæger and Møllegaard, “Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences” 体操还是Xenakis?文化品味(不是由基因决定的)——评Jæger和Møllegaard《文化品味从何而来?》基因、环境或经历”

IF 3.4 2区社会学

Sociological Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.15195/v10.a15

J. Larrègue, Frédéric Lebaron, H. Perdry, N. Robette

引用次数: 0