{"title":"Coarse grain structure induced by laser surface melting for enhanced oxidation resistance of IN625","authors":"H. Chen , L. Sun , L. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work examined the microstructure and high temperature oxidation characteristics of laser surface melted IN625. A 400 W continuous laser at various scanning speeds was used for laser surface melting. Isothermal oxidation experiments were conducted at time intervals of 2 h, 10 h, 25 h, 50 h and 100 h at 900 °C in air. The microstructure evolution was analysed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). It was shown that bulky Nb-rich precipitates were refined and evenly distributed within the γ matrix after laser surface melting. Mixed oxides, consisting of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and (Ni, Fe)Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel oxides, were formed in the as-cast IN625 but a dense Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> scale was formed in the laser surface melted IN625. It was found that a semi-continuous Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> band was developed in the laser surface melted IN625 after oxidation. It was further revealed that grain growth occurred after laser surface melting, forming a coarse grain region near the surface. The coarse grain structure in IN625 suppresses grain boundary diffusion, resulting in less oxide growth compared to fine-grained counterparts, and enhances the oxidation resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132453"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yue Zhao , Hannah Morgan-Smith Myers , Kevin Roberts , Shefford P. Baker
{"title":"The effect of nitrogen on the thermomechanical behavior of β-W thin films","authors":"Yue Zhao , Hannah Morgan-Smith Myers , Kevin Roberts , Shefford P. Baker","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of nitrogen on the stress-temperature behavior of <em>β</em>‑tungsten thin films on silicon substrates was investigated. <em>β</em>-W thin films containing 2.2 to 6.8 at.% N were deposited using DC magnetron sputtering. Film stress was characterized <em>in-situ</em> during temperature cycles in vacuum using substrate curvature measurements. Two large irreversible tensile stress changes were seen in all films. Analysis of stress generation mechanisms revealed their origins. One, of nearly constant magnitude ~2.6 GPa, occurred at temperatures that increased with N content from 223 to 564 °C and was attributed to the density change of the <em>β</em>-<em>α</em> phase transformation indicating that higher nitrogen content enhances the thermal stability of <em>β</em>-W. The other occurred over a constant temperature range of 750–900 °C, increased in magnitude from 351 to 863 MPa with N content, and was attributed to nitrogen outgassing through grain boundary diffusion. Although grain growth was significant, contributions to stress were relatively minor. Knowledge of stress generation mechanisms facilitated construction of <em>β</em>-<em>α</em> phase transformation curves from the stress-temperature data. Analysis of these curves using a non-isothermal Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmagorov model indicates that the activation energy barrier for the phase transformation increases with the <em>α</em> phase volume fraction as well as with the initial nitrogen concentration, consistent with solute drag due to N at <em>α</em>/<em>β</em> phase boundaries. These thermomechanically-derived results are remarkably similar to prior results obtained using x-ray diffraction methods. These methods are compared, and implications for devices based on <em>β</em>-W are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132458"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haoyi Xu , Xiaoyu Sun , Ru Lin Peng , Johan Moverare , Xin-Hai Li , Guanshui Ma , Zhenyu Wang , Aiying Wang
{"title":"Machine learning enabled the prediction of γ′-depleted depth during interdiffusion of bond-coated IN792 superalloy","authors":"Haoyi Xu , Xiaoyu Sun , Ru Lin Peng , Johan Moverare , Xin-Hai Li , Guanshui Ma , Zhenyu Wang , Aiying Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eight machine learning (ML) frameworks were established for predicting γ′-depleted zone (GPDZ) evolution in MCrAlY-coated IN792 superalloys, based on the 301 experimental datasets from high-temperature diffusion tests. Thereinto, XGBoost model with Bayesian optimization demonstrated the best performance with a high <em>R</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> of 0.9696 and a low mean absolute error of 3.579. SHAP analysis on the results identified temperature/time as the dominant kinetic drivers, while Ni/Co/Ta suppressed the GPDZ growth and Fe/Cr/Al accelerated the γ′ depletion. The trained model was employed to predict growth kinetics of GPDZ in changes of time and compositions and also was evidenced to direct the coating design with reduced degradation of substrate microstructure. This data-driven approach constructs a strongly efficient tool for the composition-microstructure correlation, overcoming the high-time-cost limitation on the traditional thermodynamic methods in multi-component systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132448"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal degradation resistance of HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr composite coatings under oxidizing and corrosive environments","authors":"Yildiz Yarali Ozbek , Yasin Ozgurluk , Okan Odabas , Abdullah Cahit Karaoglanli","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metallic systems working at high temperatures are exposed to severe chemical degradation mechanisms, including oxidation and hot corrosion, which lead to performance losses and major decreases in service life. In this study, Woka 7202 powders with Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>–25(80Ni<img>20Cr) composition were coated on a 316 L stainless steel substrate by the HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) technique. The coatings were subjected to isothermal oxidation tests at 900 °C (5, 25, 50 and 100 h) and hot corrosion tests (1, 3 and 5 h) in an aggressive atmosphere containing 55 % V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 45 % Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. SEM, EDS and XRD investigations showed that the coating created a thin and stable oxide layer that was continuous at high temperatures and efficiently protected the substrate by keeping its structural integrity during hot corrosion conditions. This comprehensive study covering long-term and multiple conditions, which is rare in the literature, reveals the microstructural stability of the coating in detail and scientifically supports that Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>-NiCr based HVOF coatings can be an effective protective barrier in high temperature applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132456"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhi Du , Yu Su , Jun Li , Soowohn Lee , Jianguo Tang , Hanchao Fan , Huaqing Fu , Chen Chen , Yue Chen
{"title":"Microstructure and properties of laser-cladded TiZrHfNbTaMox RHEA coating on TC4","authors":"Zhi Du , Yu Su , Jun Li , Soowohn Lee , Jianguo Tang , Hanchao Fan , Huaqing Fu , Chen Chen , Yue Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, Laser cladding was used to deposit TiZrHfNbTaMo<sub>x</sub> RHEA coatings (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) on TC4 substrate to investigate the effect of Mo on their microstructure, hardness, tribological, and corrosion properties. Lamellar microstructural features were identified within the coating, and the formation of twin structures at the coating–substrate interface was observed by TEM; these microstructural characteristics are believed to collectively contribute to the enhancement of the overall performance of the coating. Mo addition notably improves the hardness and wear resistance of the coatings. Especially the TiZrHfNbTaMo<sub>0.75</sub> coating exhibits excellent performance under both dry sliding friction wear conditions and a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution corrosion wear conditions. A synergistic effect of oxidation, adhesion, and abrasion is responsible for the friction-corrosion mechanism of Mo-containing coatings. Outstanding corrosion resistance of the TiZrHfNbTaMo<sub>1</sub> coating is observed in the 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132454"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangyu Chen , Jiayi Lin , Jianqin Zhu , Zhi Tao , Lu Qiu
{"title":"Evaluation of film adhesion strength on textured surface: experiments and mechanisms","authors":"Xiangyu Chen , Jiayi Lin , Jianqin Zhu , Zhi Tao , Lu Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The durability and reliability of thin films are largely governed by their adhesion strength, which plays a pivotal role in advanced applications such as thermal barriers for aero-engines, conformal devices for flexible electronics, and packaging layer for integrated circuits. Despite its importance, traditional adhesion strength enhancement strategies mainly depend on trial-and-error or consider a limited number of factors under specific conditions, falling far from a general predictive model that integrates multiple factors. To rapidly and accurately identify the optimal film parameters for high adhesion strength on various substrates, in this work, we developed a normalized index that integrates surface energy, mechanical blocking and interlocking, and the effects of components on adhesion strength. Each factor is modularized and can be selectively evaluated based on specific requirements; for example, chemically inert ceramic substrates do not require consideration of component variation effects, whereas metal substrates do. Following experimental and literature-based validation, the normalized index demonstrates good predictive capability for the adhesion strength of thin films on ceramic, metal, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer substrates. This advancement could greatly enhance the performance and lifespan of advanced technologies, providing a promising path for future thin film applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132452"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fine tuning the neodymium-coated titania nanotubes interfacial properties for orthopedics to enhance corrosion resistance","authors":"P. Cheranmadevi , N. Rajendran","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bioinert nature of titanium creates post-surgical complications including lack of proper osseointegration and often causing implant failure. The surface modification with the addition of bioactive coating makes the Ti implant superior to other metallic implants. Rare earth elements (REE) are widely used as substitution elements in hydroxyapatite due to their similar ionic radii of Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions. This work describes that neodymium was decorated on titania nanotubes (Nd-TNTs) have better corrosion resistance, enhanced bone mineralization, and cell proliferation with good antibacterial activity. Neodymium was incorporated into titania nanotubes (TNTs) through electrophoretic deposition, facilitating the formation of NdPO<sub>4</sub> and Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The surface characterization confirmed the presence of favourable morphology with suitable elements to support the biological activity. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic, potentiodynamic polarization, and scanning electrochemical microscopic studies revealed the superior corrosion resistance of Nd-TNTs. The accretion of the apatite layer on Nd-TNTs surface and the entire coverage within 3 days was seen. The developed Nd-TNTs promoted cell proliferation and antibacterial activity, showcasing the developed material's multi-tasking performance. This newly developed material promises faster bone-implant integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132447"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaowu Liu , Zhoukun Shi , Hongjian Wu , Zexin Yu , Qunli Zhang , Jianhua Yao , Michel Moliere , Hanlin Liao
{"title":"High-temperature wear behavior of Tribaloy T400 and T800 coatings prepared by a novel ethanol-fueled HVOF process","authors":"Shaowu Liu , Zhoukun Shi , Hongjian Wu , Zexin Yu , Qunli Zhang , Jianhua Yao , Michel Moliere , Hanlin Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, Tribaloy T400 and T800 coatings were prepared on 304 stainless steel substrates using a novel ethanol-fueled HVOF process, which is a recently developed liquid fuel HVOF technology. Two sets of spraying parameters, namely E1 and E2, with different oxygen/ethanol ratio were selected in order to obtain dense and high-quality coatings for high-temperature tribological testing. Moreover, the high-temperature wear behavior of the as-sprayed coatings prepared by this new process was studied. The results showed that the T400-E1 and T800-E2 coatings had the highest microhardness and the lowest porosity. Both coatings displayed wear rates of 5.92 × 10<sup>−4</sup> and 2.74 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup> in the sliding wear tests performed at room temperature, respectively. The T800 coatings exhibited better wear resistance due to their high contents of Laves phase and Cr. High temperature sliding wear tests were carried out at 400 °C and 800 °C, respectively. It can be inferred that the wear mechanism of the T400 coating at 400 °C mainly consists in oxidative and abrasive wear, whereas that of the T800 coating at 800 °C can be described mainly as oxidative wear with peeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132451"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yupeng Ji , Dazhou Zhou , Di Jiang , Xiaojie Song , Guosong Zhang , Guijie Wang , Tao Suo , Yan Zhang , Hongzhi Cui
{"title":"Wear and wear-corrosion performance of CoCrNi-based high-entropy alloys modified by Mo and C under ultrasonic-assisted laser cladding","authors":"Yupeng Ji , Dazhou Zhou , Di Jiang , Xiaojie Song , Guosong Zhang , Guijie Wang , Tao Suo , Yan Zhang , Hongzhi Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wear and corrosion damage have long been challenges to the service safety of engineering equipment, resulting in significant economic losses and highlighting the urgent need for the development of highly wear- and corrosion-resistant composite materials. In this study, CoCrNi-based high-entropy alloy composite coatings were prepared using ultrasonically assisted laser cladding. The effects of Mo and C additions, as well as ultrasonic treatment, on the microstructure, wear, and corrosion properties of the coatings were investigated. The results indicate that the incorporation of Mo and C promotes the formation of high-hardness strengthening phases, while the atomic size mismatch induces pronounced solid-solution strengthening. Under dry sliding conditions, the ultrasonically treated coating exhibited a ∼0.15 reduction in coefficient of friction (COF) and a ∼40 % decrease in wear volume compared to its counterpart without ultrasonic treatment. In wear-corrosion tests conducted in a 3.5 % NaCl solution, the ultrasonic-assisted coating demonstrated lower COF and wear volume, along with a remarkable reduction in passive current density (I<sub>pass</sub>) by 90.2 % and 78.9 %, respectively. Microstructural analysis revealed that ultrasonic cavitation and acoustic streaming effects refined the grain size and promoted the formation of Cr/Mo-rich associated phases, mitigating carbide inhomogeneity. These microstructural improvements enhanced the coating homogeneity and wear and corrosion resistance, and optimized the wear mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132446"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cong Wang , Xiao Zhang , Yan Lu , Xiaolong Lu , Junying Hao
{"title":"Tailoring long-life, wear and corrosion resistant a-C:H coating for marine applications by PVD combined HC-PECVD co-deposition technology","authors":"Cong Wang , Xiao Zhang , Yan Lu , Xiaolong Lu , Junying Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) coatings were prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD), hollow cathode plasma chemical vapor deposition (HC-PECVD) and PVD combined HC-PECVD co-deposition technique. The effects of different deposition techniques on the structural, mechanical, tribological and corrosion properties of the coatings were systematically investigated. The results show that the co-deposited Si/a-C:H:Si:N/a-C:H:Si coating prepared by co-deposition achieved the coverage of surface defects through the deposition of the top layer, and the higher ductility of the top layer also promoted the adhesive properties of the coating. The co-deposited coating exhibited excellent wear and abrasion resistance, with a wear rate of 2.93 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm in a 20 h long-life dry friction test, which represented a 40 % reduction compared to the HC-PECVD coating. And the wear rate in the 10 h tribocorrosion test was 9.29 × 10<sup>−8</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm, showing a 17 % decrease relative to the PVD coating. In terms of corrosion resistance, by virtue of the dense structure of the a-C:H:Si top layer and the thickness advantage of the a-C:H:Si:N sublayer, the corrosion current density of the co-deposited coatings was as low as 2.40 × 10<sup>−10</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the a-C:H coatings prepared by the two single deposition techniques. In summary, the combination of the PVD and HC-PECVD techniques enabled the successful preparation of a-C:H coating with long life, as well as outstanding wear and corrosion resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 132450"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}