Sports Medicine - Open最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Cerebral Haemodynamic Assessment Following Sport-related Concussion (Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) in Youth and Amateur Rugby Union Players.","authors":"Ben Jones, Mohammadreza Jamalifard, Sally Waterworth, Mike Rogerson, Javier Andreu-Perez, Jay Perrett, Edward Hope, Jason Moran, Tom Adams, Jyotpal Singh, Patrick Neary, Chris E Cooper","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00866-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00866-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12075060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Menstrual Dysfunction and Hormonal Contraceptive Use Among Elite Female Athletes from Different Sports in Germany.","authors":"Elisabeth M Kirschbaum, Katharina Fischer, Dorothee Speiser, Franziska Lautenbach, Friedemann Schwenkreis, Anne Dathan-Stumpf, Kirsten Legerlotz","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00845-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00845-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While a regular menstrual cycle is an indicator of good health, menstrual dysfunction (MD) and wrong beliefs regarding hormonal contraceptives (HC) are quite common among elite female athletes and threaten their health. This study aimed to (1) identify the prevalence of current and lifetime MD in various sports disciplines, (2) investigate variables that are associated with the prevalence of MD, (3) study the current practice of HC use among elite German female athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>584 German elite female athletes (mean 20.7 ± 4.9 years) from 64 different sports completed an online questionnaire to assess gynecological health characteristics, history of MD, and the use of HC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-nine percent of athletes not using HC reported a regular menstrual cycle, while oligomenorrhea was currently reported in 13%, secondary amenorrhea in 8%, primary amenorrhea in 2% and polymenorrhea in 8%. The current prevalence of primary amenorrhea differed between sports disciplines (p = 0.002), while oligomenorrhea (p = 0.828) and secondary amenorrhea (p = 0.848) did not. The lifetime prevalence of primary amenorrhea (10%) and oligomenorrhea (74%) differed significantly between sports disciplines (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001), while secondary amenorrhea (40%) did not (p = 0.298). The current and lifetime prevalence of primary amenorrhea was higher in aesthetic sports disciplines, while the lifetime prevalence of oligomenorrhea was higher in endurance disciplines. Factors associated with lower prevalences of MD were menstrual cycle tracking (p < 0.001), higher gynecological age (p < 0.001), regular gynecological health screenings (p = 0.008), and a diagnosed eating disorder (p = 0.037). Twenty-nine percent of these elite athletes used HC, of whom 15% claimed to use HC as a treatment for MD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elite female athletes from a variety of sports disciplines, not just from endurance and aesthetic sports, are at high risk of developing MD. Given the high percentage of athletes using HC to treat MD, educating athletes, coaches, others from the support team and parents about the risk and prevention of MD and the effects of HC in the context of elite sports may improve gynecological health among elite athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Training Methods on Open-Skill and Closed-Skill Agility in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mingxiang Zhang, Feng Li, Jiao Jiao, Wei Liang, Miguel-Angel Gomez, Aaron T Scanlan","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00842-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00842-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Open-skill and closed-skill agility attributes are pivotal for achieving success in basketball. However, systematic synthesis of evidence regarding the effectiveness of different basketball-specific training methods on agility performance is lacking among basketball players in the literature. Consequently, this systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of prominent training methods in improving open-skill and closed-skill agility in basketball players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using keywords related to 'basketball', 'agility', and 'training', we searched for experimental studies in PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost databases that were published in the last decade (between January 2013 and September 2023). The included training methods were categorized into five groups, including reaction training (RT), speed training (SpT), strength and balance training (SBT), plyometric training (PT), and stretching training (StrT). The effects of training methods were summarized using standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals in R software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 29 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 42 separate effects. Studies only assessed the effects of different training methods on closed-skill agility performance, with no open-skill agility assessments used. Improvements in closed-skill agility were apparent between pre-and post-training intervention with most training methods including a large effect for RT [SMD = 0.86, 95% CI (0.53, 1.19)], medium effects for PT [SMD = 0.62, 95%CI (0.38, 0.86)] and SBT [SMD = 0.59, 95%CI (0.13, 1.05)], and a small effect for SpT [SMD = 0.43, 95%CI (0.13, 0.74)]. While no effect for StrT [SMD = 0, 95%CI (-0.98, 0.98)] was apparent, only one study examined this training method.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>RT appears to be the most effective method for developing closed-skill agility among basketball players, particularly when implemented in small-sided games. SBT and PT also appear impactful in developing closed-skill agility to similar extents. SpT appears to benefit closed-skill agility to a minor extent with limited research examining the effectiveness of StrT on agility among basketball players. Surprisingly, no studies have incorporated open-skill agility tests when assessing the effectiveness of training methods, which is essential to address in future research. Outcomes from this review provide guidance to basketball coaches and performance staff for selecting training methods that optimize closed-skill agility performance in their players.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12058619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Physical Fitness During Childhood with Arterial Structure and Stiffness in Adolescence: An 8-Year Follow-up Study.","authors":"Emilia Laitinen, Sonja Soininen, Marja H Leppänen, Katja Waller, Bert Bond, Niina Lintu, Avery D Faigenbaum, Tomi Laitinen, Eero A Haapala, Timo A Lakka","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00841-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00841-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality globally. While the relationship between indicators of physical fitness and arterial structure and stiffness are reasonably well-studied in adults, these associations in children and adolescents remain less understood. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and motor fitness with arterial structure and stiffness from childhood to adolescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher mean value of VO_2peak/LM from childhood to adolescence was associated with higher carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) at 8-year follow-up (β = 0.184, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.019 to 0.350). Better performance in sit-up test at baseline was associated with lower cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) (β = - 0.219, 95% CI = - 0.387 to - 0.051) at 8-year follow-up, and higher mean sit-up performance from baseline to 8-year follow-up was associated with lower carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cfPWV) (β = - 0.178, 95% CI = - 0.353 to - 0.003) and CAVI (β = - 0.190, 95% CI = - 0.365 to - 0.016) at 8-year follow-up. Also cross-sectionally, better sit-up performance at 8-year follow-up was associated with lower cfPWV (β = - 0.232, 95% CI = - 0.411 to - 0.054) and CAVI (β = - 0.185, 95% CI = - 0.365 to - 0.005) and higher carotid artery distensibility (β = 0.165, 95% CI = 0.004 to 0.327) at 8-year follow-up. Most of the associations were explained by body fat percentage (BF%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Physical fitness had a weak if any association with indicators of arterial structure and arterial stiffness in adolescence. BF% largely explained the associations of higher VO_2peak/LM with higher cIMT and better sit-up performance with lower arterial stiffness in adolescents. Therefore, preventing adiposity rather than improving CRF should be addressed in public health strategies to prevent CVDs in general paediatric populations.</p><p><strong>Key points: </strong>Better sit-up performance was associated with lower arterial stiffness, but the association was largely explained by body fat percentage. Lower body muscular strength, handgrip strength, or motor fitness was not associated with arterial stiffness or carotid artery intima-media thickness. Measures other than cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, or motor fitness, such as adiposity, should be used to screen children and adolescents at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12048368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebral Haemodynamic Assessment Following Sport-related Concussion (Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) in Youth and Amateur Rugby Union Players.","authors":"Ben Jones, Mohammadreza Jamalifard, Sally Waterworth, Mike Rogerson, Javier Andreu-Perez, Jay Perrett, Edward Hope, Jason Moran, Tom Adams, Jyotpal Singh, Patrick Neary, Chris E Cooper","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00849-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00849-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as an objective diagnostic tool, we aimed to (1) compare fNIRS measurements in adult and youth male rugby players against controls over a playing season, and 2) document the fNIRS changes that occur in concussed rugby players during the England Rugby Football Union Graduated Return-To-Play programme (GRTP). Sixty-seven participants (rugby = 41 (26 adults: 27.5 ± 4.4 years; 15 youth: 16.5 ± 0.6 years; control = 26 (11 adult: 30.5 ± 5.2 years; 15 youth: 16.9 ± 0.4 years) completed fNIRS assessments at pre, mid and end-season. Eight players (five youth, three adult) sustained concussions, and completed fNIRS and the Graded Symptom Checklist from the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool version 5 (SCAT5) assessment throughout the GRTP period. Mixed linear models were utilised to assess the effect of group and time on fNIRS measures of oxyhaemoglobin (∆O₂Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (∆HHb) during performance tasks. Typical Error (TE) i.e., normal biological fluctuation and measurement error, was calculated to identify 'cut-off' thresholds for identifying effects of concussion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were significant differences in fNIRS indices over time in adult and youth groups (p < 0.05) but no significant differences between rugby and control groups (p > 0.05). Seven out of eight (87.5%) concussed players showed changes greater than TE during the GRTP period for both ∆O₂Hb and ∆HHb during performance tasks and these players' ∆O₂Hb profiles had not returned to within 'normal' levels within the GRTP period. All players' symptom severity and number returned to normal within the GRTP period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current GRTP protocols alone are problematic and there is a need for a more individualised approach to concussion management, utilising objective biomarker tools such as fNIRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12048381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Doping among Specialized Health Care Patients with Elastic Net Regression Reveals Potential Laboratory Variables for \"Patient Biological Passport\".","authors":"Paula Katriina Vauhkonen, Jari Haukka, Ilkka Vauhkonen, Katarina Mercedes Lindroos, Mikko Ilari Mäyränpää","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00854-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00854-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent years have brought significant development in athlete doping use detection with the implementation of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). The aim of this study was to explore if similar methods could also be used to detect non-medical use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among clinical patients. For this purpose, six elastic net regression models were trained in a sample of Finnish specialized health care male patients (N = 2918; no doping = 1911, AAS doping = 1007), using different approaches to longitudinal laboratory measurements as predictive variables. The laboratory data was retrieved from the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS) data lake, and doping use status was defined by patient disclosure, recorded in digital medical record free texts. Length of observation time (e.g., time between the first and last laboratory measurement) was used as weight. Model performance was tested with holdout cross-validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All the tested models showed promising discriminative ability. The best fit was achieved by using the existence of out-of-reference range measurements of 31 laboratory parameters as predictors of AAS doping, with test data area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.757 (95% CI 0.725-0.789).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this preliminary study suggest that AAS doping could be detected in clinical context using real-life longitudinal laboratory data. Further model development is encouraged, with added dimensions regarding the use of different AAS substances, length of doping use, and other background data that may further increase the diagnostic accuracy of these models.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Best-Practice Training Characteristics Within Olympic Endurance Sports as Described by Norwegian World-Class Coaches.","authors":"Øyvind Sandbakk, Espen Tønnessen, Silvana Bucher Sandbakk, Thomas Losnegard, Stephen Seiler, Thomas Haugen","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>World-class coaches collect training data from their athletes systematically and exhibit an experimental mindset when making individual training adjustments in response to this data and other forms of feedback. However, the methods, expertise, and insights of highly accomplished endurance coaches is so far almost untouched in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to provide a synthesis of common features and sport-specific variations in best-practice training characteristics within Olympic endurance sports as described by world-class Norwegian coaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multiple case-study design was used, and twelve successful male Norwegian coaches served as key informants. Together, they were responsible for athletes winning more than 380 international medals, representing long-distance running, biathlon, rowing, cross-country skiing, speed skating, road cycling, swimming, and triathlon. The study design included: (1) an extensive, email-administered and Word™-based questionnaire related to training characteristics at the macro-, meso-, micro-, and session-level; (2) cross-referencing data with historically reported training logs from successful athletes; (3) in-depth and semi-structured in-person interviews with each coach; (4) a review process among authors and coaches. The data collection was undertaken in 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All coaches adhere to a traditional periodization model, including a gradual shift towards lower overall training volume and more competition-specific training as the competitive period approaches. The coaches also employ a pragmatic approach to align training organization with the various constraints faced in the training process. Another common emerging feature was an emphasis on high volume of low-intensity training combined with 2-3 weekly \"key workout\" days consisting of 3-5 intensive training sessions. Finally, coaches across all sports focused on achieving high training quality by optimizing training sessions, systematically controlling the load-recovery balance, and ensuring optimal preparations for major competitions. Substantial sport-specific differences were evident in terms of volume, frequency, intensity distribution, and application of strength and cross training, mainly due to variations in exercise mode constraints (i.e., mechanical, and muscular loading), competition distance, and organizational aspects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study offers novel insights into best-practice training characteristics in Olympic endurance, shedding light on both commonalities and sport-specific variations. These insights can be used to generate new hypotheses to be further elucidated and contribute to the development of evidence-based training practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Literacy, Physical Activity, and Health: A Citation Content Analysis and Narrative Review.","authors":"Kathryn Fortnum, Meyene Duque Weber, Dean Dudley, Eloisa Tudella, Matthew Kwan, Veronique Richard, John Cairney","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00827-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00827-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physical literacy has received increased research attention over the last decade focusing on the unification of the definition, measurement, and application, including in school and health-based contexts. In 2019, Cairney et al. released a model positioning physical literacy holistically as a primary determinant of health and disease, mediated by physical activity (PA), the physiological and psychological adaptations associated with PA, and the individual and social/environmental/contextual factors or conditions that impact PA-related behaviour, which had a significant impact on physical literacy-related literature. To assess the impact of the model on the extant literature, and better understand the relationship between physical literacy, PA and health as proposed by Cairney et al., we conducted a citation content analysis and narrative review. 956 citations were identified citing the model proposed by Cairney et al. Of these, 16 used the model to construct a theoretical framework and were included in the extended analysis. Thirteen studies were observational, and participants were all children or young people with a total age range 4-20 years. Results demonstrate that physical literacy is related to health-related fitness variables including aerobic fitness, body composition, flexibility, and muscular strength and power; total PA and MVPA; and health literacy, and wellbeing, supporting the model proposed by Cairney et al. However, gaps remain in understanding critical components of the model (e.g., the proposed mediation pathways), and in clarifying the nature of the relationships in a variety of populations (e.g., clinical populations) and across the lifespan. A pragmatic approach to addressing these gaps is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12021745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Exercise Training on the Brain and Cognition in Type 2 Diabetes, and its Physiological Mediators: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jitske Vandersmissen, Ilse Dewachter, Koen Cuypers, Dominique Hansen","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00836-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00836-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) affects brain structure and function, and is associated with an increased risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. It is known that exercise training has a beneficial effect on cognition and brain structure and function, at least in healthy people, but the impact of exercise training on these aspects remains to be fully elucidated in patients with T2DM.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the impact of exercise training on cognition and brain structure and function in T2DM, and identify the involved physiological mediators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This paper systematically reviews studies that evaluate the effect of exercise training on cognition in T2DM, and aims to indicate the most beneficial exercise modality for improving or preserving cognition in this patient group. In addition, the possible physiological mediators and targets involved in these improvements are narratively described in the second part of this review. Papers published up until the 14th of January 2025 were searched by means of the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Studies directly investigating the effect of any kind of exercise training on the brain or cognition in patients with T2DM, or animal models thereof, were included, with the exception of human studies assessing cognition only at one time point, and studies combining exercise training with other interventions (e.g. dietary changes, cognitive training, etc.). Study quality was assessed by means of the TESTEX tool for human studies, and the CAMARADES tool for animal studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the systematic part of the review, 22 papers were found to be eligible. 18 out of 22 papers (81.8%) showed a significant positive effect of exercise training on cognition in T2DM, of which two studies only showed significant improvements in the minority of the cognitive tests. Four papers (18.2%) could not find a significant effect of exercise on cognition in T2DM. Resistance and endurance exercise were found to be equally effective for achieving cognitive improvement. Machine-based power training is seemingly more effective than resistance training with body weight and elastic bands to reach cognitive improvement. In addition, BDNF, lactate, leptin, adiponectin, GSK3β, GLP-1, the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway, and the PI3K/Akt pathway were identified as plausible mediators directly from studies investigating the effect of exercise training on brain structure and function in T2DM. Via these mediators, exercise training induces multiple beneficial brain changes, such as increased neuroplasticity, increased insulin sensitivity, and decreased inflammation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, exercise training beneficially affects cognition and brain structure and function in T2DM, with resistance and endurance exercise having similar effects. However, there is a need for additional studies, and more methodological ","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12022206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sounds and Sights of Motivation: Using Digital Encouragement and Dissociation Strategies during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing To Improve Patient Engagement and Diagnostic Quality.","authors":"Sascha Ketelhut, Ralf Brand, Anna Lisa Martin-Niedecken, Daniel Hug","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00847-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00847-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) stands as a fundamental assessment in sports and health science as it is crucial for evaluating physical fitness, tailoring training regimens, and diagnosing health conditions. An essential aspect of this test is that participants exert maximal effort, as insufficient effort can compromise the validity of the results. While reliable results are seen in physically active individuals, reliability may not be guaranteed in exercise-naïve, less fit, and clinical populations lacking experience to exhaust themselves. This can result in inaccurate assessments, misdiagnoses, misinterpretation of intervention results, and unsuitable exercise recommendations. Various strategies, including verbal, audio, and video stimuli, are used to elicit maximal effort in exercise. While music and verbal encouragement are well-studied, non-musical sound, video, virtual reality, and augmented reality remain underexplored, with inconsistent or absent CPET-specific guidelines. Surprisingly, innovative approaches combining multisensory digital methods are notably lacking. Future research should systematically evaluate these strategies to create more immersive and engaging experiences, increasing effort and standardizing encouragement. Adaptive audio-visual methods could improve test reliability, validity, and workflows while enhancing participant enjoyment. Realizing this potential requires interdisciplinary collaboration among sound, graphic, and video designers, exercise physiologists, and psychologists. By moving beyond conventional approaches, CPET could be transformed into a more engaging and effective tool for diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12022186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}