Sports Medicine - Open最新文献

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Linear and Nonlinear Pedagogical Approaches in Team-Invasion Ball Sports: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Liam Bromilow, Nikki Milne, Carl T Woods, Caroline K Dowsett, Justin W L Keogh","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00893-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00893-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the sport sciences, skill development is often (implicitly) explained through two metatheoretical perspectives: interactionism and transactionism. Given certain assumptions, the former adheres to a linear pedagogical approach to learning, while the latter follows a nonlinear pedagogical approach. The aim of this systematic review was to compare the effects of linear and nonlinear pedagogical approaches on the development of technical and tactical skills in team-invasion ball sports.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of six databases (EmBase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, OVID Medline, CINAHL, and OVID PsychInfo) was undertaken from root to 1st May 2024. Included studies were critically appraised using the ROBINS-I and RoB2 instruments. A narrative and descriptive synthesis approach was utilised.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 7450 potential records, nine studies were included, which explored the effects of a nonlinear versus linear pedagogy for developing technical and tactical skills in team-invasion ball sports. While, for most outcomes, the results showed there were no significant differences, nonlinear pedagogy did appear more favourable in 34% of technical outcomes. Further, descriptive synthesis of four studies revealed that nonlinear pedagogy was significantly better for developing tactical skills in 66% of outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While based on limited studies, linear and nonlinear pedagogical approaches appear to achieve similar results with regards to technical skill development. However, nonlinear pedagogy was favoured in some studies. With regards to tactical skill development, nonlinear pedagogical approaches appear better than linear approaches. Further high-quality research is needed to confirm these findings and examine how they may be implicated by the representativeness of the assessment instruments.</p><p><strong>Key points: </strong>Both linear and nonlinear pedagogical approaches assist with skill development in team-invasion ball sports. Nonlinear pedagogical approaches generally result in greater effects when developing tactical skills, while most literature shows there are no significant differences between approaches when developing technical skills. Further high-quality research exploring the effects of these pedagogical approaches is required to substantiate these findings. Questions remain regarding the representativeness of the assessment instruments used in the studies included in this review.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>This systematic review is registered with Open Science Framework- https://osf.io/za247/.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Central Motor and Neuromuscular Impairments on Front Crawl Body Roll Characteristics of Para Swimmers.","authors":"Yu-Hsien Lee, Dawn Nicola O'Dowd, Luke Hogarth, Brendan Burkett, Carl Payton","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00885-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00885-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rotation of the trunk about its long axis or 'body roll' is essential for maximising front crawl swimming performance yet research on how physical impairment affects body roll is extremely limited. This study quantifies body roll kinematics in swimmers with and without central motor and neuromuscular impairments (CMNI). It was hypothesised that body roll kinematics differ between CMNI and non-disabled swimmers, are associated with sport class (level of impairment) and are influenced by upper and lower-limb functional levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three-dimensional motion analysis of 27 CMNI (sport classes 2-9) and 13 non-disabled competitive swimmers at 100-200 m race pace provided body roll kinematics, including shoulder and hip roll ranges and torso twist. Health conditions of the CMNI group were cerebral palsy (n = 12), spinal cord injury (n = 10) and neuromuscular disorders (n = 5). CMNI swimmers were divided into three upper-limb [mild (n = 9), moderate (n = 9), severe (n = 9)] and three lower-limb function subgroups [bilateral (n = 2), unilateral (n = 6), without kick (n = 19)] based on their Froude efficiency (a measure of how effectively upper limbs contribute to propulsion) and the number of lower limbs actively kicking during trials, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CMNI group exhibited lower shoulder roll range (104 ± 11° vs. 88 ± 21°, p < 0.05) and torso twist (58 ± 13° vs. 48 ± 22°, p < 0.05) but greater hip roll range (62 ± 10° vs. 75 ± 29°, p < 0.05) than the non-disabled group. Statistical non-parametric mapping revealed less shoulder roll from 0 to 28%, less hip roll from 0 to 10%, greater hip roll from 91 to 100%, and less torso twist from 15 to 32% and from 75 to 81% of the cycle, in the CMNI than the non-disabled group (p < 0.05). CMNI body roll patterns varied widely, but discrete and continuous variables did not differ between upper-limb subgroups or between lower-limb subgroups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CMNI swimmers exhibit different body roll patterns to non-disabled swimmers. The study findings can be used to inform Para swimming coaches and improve the sport-specificity of land-based and water-based assessments currently used to classify CMNI swimmers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"88"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12316653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting Change in Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-5th Edition (SCAT5) Scores in National Rugby League Women's Premiership Players.","authors":"Shreya McLeod, Douglas P Terry, Andrew J Gardner, Grant L Iverson","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00896-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00896-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) is a multimodal, evidence-based tool designed for repeat administration at baseline, pre-season and/ or for post-injury assessments, following a sport related concussion. Repeat administration of concussion assessment tools requires clinicians to understand the instrument's stability and test-retest reliability. Typically, clinicians compare post-injury scores with baseline test results in order to determine whether a clinically significant change has occurred. The National Rugby League Women's (NRLW) Premiership was created in 2018, with a concussion management process requiring annual pre-season baseline medical assessments of players using the Sport Concussion Assessment Concussion Tool-5th Edition (SCAT5). Although baseline normative data have been published for the SCAT5, reliability data are limited in women. The purpose of this study was to examine the one-year test-retest reliability of the SCAT5 component scores, and to develop reliable change indices, for the women's league.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants were 63 NRLW players (mean age = 26.9 years, SD = 5.5) from the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons. Team medical staff conducted the baseline SCAT5 assessments each year. Test-retest reliability estimates for each of the SCAT5 components were low to moderate (ICCs = 0.28-0.57). The following change scores, reflecting worsening, occurred in 20% or fewer of the sample: +3 symptom number, + 4 symptom severity, and - 2 on the Standardized Assessment of Concussion total score. A change of + 2 total modified Balance Error Scoring System errors occurred in fewer than 10% of the NRLW players between the test and retest.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SCAT5 scores had low to moderate test-retest reliability across a one-year period. Reliable change scores for the SCAT5 were developed in this study for use with professional women rugby league players. When evaluating post-injury SCAT5 scores, it can be helpful to consider both what the score means compared to normative reference values and compared to the athlete's individual baseline scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"89"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12316624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phoenix from the Ashes: An Advocacy for an International Consensus for Return To Play for Athletes with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators.","authors":"Andreas Müssigbrodt","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00858-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00858-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This viewpoint discusses disparities in return-to-play (RTP) policies for athletes with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), highlighted by the case of professional football (soccer) player Christian Eriksen. It argues for an international consensus based on shared decision-making to harmonize national policies, balancing athlete autonomy and safety. Current RTP policies vary significantly across countries, creating inconsistencies that impact athletes' careers. Given emerging evidence on the safety of sports participation for athletes with ICDs, the application of an international standardized approach based on shared decision-making is proposed that prioritizes athlete safety without neglecting individual responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12311082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstracts of the 3rd UNICA Sport Science International Conference 2024.","authors":"","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00877-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00877-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 Suppl 1","pages":"85"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12304323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-differences in Mountain Ultra-trail Performance: Look at the Scenery.","authors":"Grégoire P Millet, Alexa Callovini, Antoine Raberin","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00894-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00894-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a growing body of literature on sex-differences in human performance, particularly in the context of endurance sports. However, several mechanisms (e.g., higher type 1 fibres proportion; lesser neuromuscular fatigue; higher metabolic flexibility etc) have been previously proposed and suggest an advantage to females over ultra-endurance competitions on flat terrain. However, in mountain ultramarathon, the percent sex difference between male and female records appears to be larger than on various road/track running distances on flat terrain, suggesting that additional factors related to the specific mountainous conditions may be at play. In this Current Opinion, we point to three specific factors that are likely to influence and widen sex differences in ultra-distance running events performed in the mountains (i.e., uphill- downhill locomotion, altitude, and changes in extreme ambient temperatures).First, the sex differences in uphill endurance performance are approximately two times larger than those in events primarily performed on flat terrain (i.e., 18-22% vs. 9-12%, respectively), mainly due to the detrimental influence of the lower lean mass to fat mass ratio and lower fast twitch/type II fibre type proportion in females).At altitude, the ventilatory response to exercise emerges as one of the most sex-sensitive factors that may modify reactions to hypoxia. A diffusive mechanism appears to be involved in the larger hypoxemia commonly reported in females.Finally, responses to cold environments are also sex-dependent, with females exhibiting lower muscle mass, which limits thermogenic heat production, a higher body surface area-to-mass ratio, and a greater prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon.Altogether, these specific factors must be further understood when analyzing sex-differences in mountain ultra-trail performance. Don't forget to look at the scenery!</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"86"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12297077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144718391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Protocol Matter for Repetition Volume? A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Volitional Failure Versus the Traditionally Used 75-Repetition Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training.","authors":"Nicholas Rolnick, Victor S de Queiros, Ethan C Hill, Thomas Bjørnsen, Tim Werner, Jeremy P Loenneke","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00892-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00892-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is recommended to prescribe sets to volitional muscular failure (e.g., 4 sets) or a fixed repetition scheme of 75 repetitions (1 × 30, 3 × 15) in low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR-RE). While prior studies suggest both protocols may elicit similar muscular adaptations, the extent to which this is explained by matched exercise volume remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the number of repetitions performed during four sets of low-load BFR-RE to volitional muscular failure and compared these with the fixed 75-repetition scheme. The goal was to determine whether the two protocols yield similar total and per-set repetition volumes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On 10/31/2024, two databases (PubMed^® and Scopus) were used to identify studies that applied a protocol of four sets to volitional muscular failure in BFR-RE with a load of ≤ 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), regardless of the outcome investigated. Mean repetition data were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. One-sample t-tests compared per-set and total volumes to the reference scheme (1 × 30, 3 × 15).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across 25 studies (47 means; n = 678), the estimated total repetitions performed to failure was 73.1 (95% CI: 61.1 to 85.2). Per-set means were 36.0 (95% CI: 30.5 to 41.4), 14.7 (95% CI: 12.2 to 17.1), 11.5 (95% CI: 9.2 to 13.8), and 10.4 repetitions (95% CI: 8.1 to 12.7) for sets 1 through 4, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four sets of BFR-RE to volitional muscular failure produce similar total repetition volume compared to the commonly implemented fixed 75-repetition scheme, though the distribution of repetitions per set differs. These findings provide insight into the mechanical equivalence of two widely used BFR-RE prescriptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"84"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12260137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Coach's Eye: A Randomized Repeated-Measure Observational Study Assessing Coaches' Perception of Velocity Loss During Resistance Training Exercises.","authors":"Antonio Dello Iacono, Scott Henry, Asaf Ben-Ari, Israel Halperin, Laura Carey","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00890-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00890-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Resistance training (RT) coaches regularly instruct their trainees to terminate a set when the repetition velocity drops below a certain threshold, aligned with the principles of velocity loss in velocity-based training (VBT). However, absent of a velocity-tracking device, coaches are required to detect velocity loss through observation-a topic that has never been studied. Here, we assess the accuracy of RT coaches in detecting when trainees reach specific repetition velocity loss thresholds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty RT coaches participated in a single experimental session. They observed videos of two trainees completing sets of the barbell bench press and barbell back squat exercises, using three loads (45%, 65%, and 85% of 1 repetition-maximum [1RM]), and recorded from two views (front and side). We asked them to detect when repetition velocity dropped below two velocity loss thresholds (20% and 40% relative to their first repetition). We examined whether load, velocity loss threshold, view, mental fatigue, and gaze strategy (bar or no-bar tracking) influenced accuracy. We compared outcomes using a negative binomial generalized mixed-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average absolute error across all conditions was 2.6 repetitions. Coaches improved their accuracy (negative estimates indicate reduced error) when observing a higher velocity loss threshold (40% vs 20%; - 1.8, 95%CI [- 2.3, - 1.3]); observing heavier loads (- 0.8, 95% CI [- 1.5, - 0.1] for 65% 1RM, and - 3, 95%CI [- 3.4, - 2.6] for 85% 1RM compared to 45% 1RM); and employing a bar tracking gaze strategy compared to a no-bar strategy (- 1.7, 95%CI [- 2.7, - 0.4]). In contrast, point of view and mental fatigue had a negligible effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While coaches detect velocity loss with some degree of accuracy, their error rates vary depending on the threshold, load, and gaze strategy. These factors should be considered when using perceived velocity loss in practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12240891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between Starting to Exercise in Later Life and Survival among Older Adults: a Nationwide, Community-based, Prospective Cohort Study in China.","authors":"Haiyan Ruan, Ziqiong Wang, Kexin Wang, Muxin Zhang, Sen He","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00851-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00851-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physical inactivity and prolonged sedentary behavior represent significant public health concerns that can be addressed to achieve considerable health benefits. However, it is unknown whether starting to exercise in later life is an effective intervention for promoting health and longevity in older adults who have not exercised previously. The study aimed to explore whether starting to exercise in later life could offer survival benefits for older adults (≥ 65 years), particularly focusing on the impact of exercise duration on survival.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 23,889 older participants (median age: 91.0 [IQR: 82.0-100.0], 8760 males) from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey were included. Participants comprised non-exercisers who never exercised and regular exercisers who started to exercise regularly after age 65 for at least one year. The exposure was exercise duration, which was self-reported and categorized into four groups: non-exercise (0 years), 1 to < 10 years, 10 to < 20 years, and ≥ 20 years. The study outcome was overall survival. Accelerated failure time models were used to investigate the association between exercise duration and outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During a follow-up period totaling 101118.9 person-years, there were 18,751 recorded deaths (78.5%). Overall, regular exercisers had longer survival time than non-exercisers, with an adjusted time ratio (TR) of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03-1.11, p < 0.001). When compared to non-exercisers, the adjusted TRs for participants with varying exercise durations were as follows: 1.06 (95% CI: 0.99-1.14, p = 0.086) for those exercising between 1 and < 10 years, 1.03 (95% CI: 0.97-1.08, p = 0.382) for those between 10 and < 20 years, and significantly higher at 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05-1.18, p < 0.001) for those with ≥ 20 years of exercise duration. In addition, smooth curve fitting analysis also revealed the survival benefits of exercise were only significant for those with an exercise duration of ≥ 20 years, with an adjusted TR of 1.024 (95% CI: 1.013-1.036, p < 0.001) for each 5-year increase in duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Starting to exercise in later life can provide survival benefits for older adults, but only if they maintain exercise for over 20 years. This long latency period may suggest suboptimal exercise efficiency among older adults in real-world contexts; therefore, it is essential not only to emphasize the importance of long-term exercise but also to promote structured exercise within this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12214180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144542161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Considerations and Effectiveness for Ecologically Valid Mental Fatigue Inducement in Sports: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Chao Bian, Suzanna Russell, Ana Mali, Elke Lathouwers, Kevin De Pauw, Jelle Habay, Špela Bogataj, Bart Roelands","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00891-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00891-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mental fatigue (MF) in sports has developed from well-controlled laboratory-based studies to applied studies with greater ecological validity. Ongoing developments in the representativeness of MF inducement approaches, including the broad range of sport-specific motor tasks to simulated real-life scenarios, have shown methodological variability and inconsistent outcomes of effectiveness. Evaluating and comparing these approaches is essential to provide recommendations for designing inducement tasks in future research and considerations for practitioners. Therefore, the systematic review aimed to summarize more ecologically valid MF-inducing tasks in representative sports contexts and to evaluate the MF inducement effectiveness via manipulation check outcomes and potential after effects on subsequent sport-specific performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The review was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42024577183). PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were searched until 21 August 2024 for studies that applied acute, more ecologically valid MF-inducing tasks within sports-specific contexts. The MF inducement task design and effectiveness across representative sports and participants were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve papers were included. Only a quarter of studies presented an overall low risk of bias. The 20-minute sports-specific motor tasks with cognitive demands and most 30-minute simulated real-life scenarios (i.e., social media use on smartphones, watching tactical videos, sports-themed videogame play) successfully induced MF in differing athlete samples. Ineffective MF inducement was attributed to shorter task duration, passive engagement with sparse cognitive demands, or the involvement of less susceptible participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This systematic review evaluated MF inducement methodologies with greater ecological validity to sporting contexts. The inducement effectiveness varied within four task types. Athletes and sports practitioners should carefully manage the modality and content of pre-competition activities to minimize MF. Future research should refine and co-design the MF-inducing task with practitioners based on multifaceted MF evidence from laboratory and real-life settings, create immersive scenarios that can better replicate the inducement process in specific contexts, and improve measurement tools, which will provide comprehensive evaluation and verification of the MF inducement.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12214236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144542162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}