Fabian Arntz, Adrian Markov, Brad J Schoenfeld, Martin Behrens, David G Behm, Olaf Prieske, Yassine Negra, Helmi Chaabene
{"title":"静态拉伸运动对健康人骨骼肌肥大的慢性影响:系统回顾与多层次元分析》。","authors":"Fabian Arntz, Adrian Markov, Brad J Schoenfeld, Martin Behrens, David G Behm, Olaf Prieske, Yassine Negra, Helmi Chaabene","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00772-y","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The chronic effect of static stretching (SS) on muscle hypertrophy is still unclear. This study aimed to examine the chronic effects of SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases up to July 2023. Included studies examined chronic effects of SS exercise compared to an active/passive control group or the contralateral leg (i.e., utilizing between- or within-study designs, respectively) and assessed at least one outcome of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals with no age restriction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, findings indicated an unclear effect of chronic SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy with a trivial point estimate (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.118 [95% prediction interval [95% PI] = - 0.233 to 0.469; p = 0.017]) and low heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 24%). Subgroup analyses revealed that trained individuals (β = 0.424; 95% PI = 0.095 to 0.753) displayed larger effects compared to recreationally trained (β = 0.115; 95% PI = - 0.195 to 0.425) and sedentary individuals (β = - 0.081; 95% PI = - 0.399 to 0.236). Subanalysis suggested the potential for greater skeletal muscle hypertrophy in samples with higher percentages of females (β = 0.003, [95% confidence interval [95% CI] = - 0.000 to 0.005]). However, the practical significance of this finding is questionable. Furthermore, a greater variety of stretching exercises elicited larger increases in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.069, [95% CI = 0.041 to 0.097]). Longer durations of single stretching exercises (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.002 to 0.010]), time under stretching per session (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.009]), per week (β = 0.001, [95% CI = 0.000 to 0.001]) and in total (β = 0.008, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.013]) induced larger muscle hypertrophy. Regarding joint range of motion, there was a clear positive effect with a moderate point estimate (β = 0.698; 95% PI = 0.147 to 1.249; p < 0.001) and moderate heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 43%). Moreover, findings indicated no significant association between the gains in joint range of motion and the increase in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.036, [95% CI = - 0.123 to 0.196]; p = 0.638).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed an overall unclear chronic effect of SS on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, although interpretation across the range of PI suggests a potential modest beneficial effect. Subgroup analysis indicated larger stretching-induced muscle gains in trained individuals, a more varied selection of SS exercises, longer mean duration of single stretching exercise, increased time under SS per session, week, and in total, and possibly in samples with a higher proportion of females. From a practical perspective, it appears that SS exercises may not be highly effective in promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy unless a higher duration of training is utilized. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022331762.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"10 1","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11438763/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis.\",\"authors\":\"Fabian Arntz, Adrian Markov, Brad J Schoenfeld, Martin Behrens, David G Behm, Olaf Prieske, Yassine Negra, Helmi Chaabene\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s40798-024-00772-y\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The chronic effect of static stretching (SS) on muscle hypertrophy is still unclear. This study aimed to examine the chronic effects of SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases up to July 2023. Included studies examined chronic effects of SS exercise compared to an active/passive control group or the contralateral leg (i.e., utilizing between- or within-study designs, respectively) and assessed at least one outcome of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals with no age restriction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, findings indicated an unclear effect of chronic SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy with a trivial point estimate (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.118 [95% prediction interval [95% PI] = - 0.233 to 0.469; p = 0.017]) and low heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 24%). Subgroup analyses revealed that trained individuals (β = 0.424; 95% PI = 0.095 to 0.753) displayed larger effects compared to recreationally trained (β = 0.115; 95% PI = - 0.195 to 0.425) and sedentary individuals (β = - 0.081; 95% PI = - 0.399 to 0.236). Subanalysis suggested the potential for greater skeletal muscle hypertrophy in samples with higher percentages of females (β = 0.003, [95% confidence interval [95% CI] = - 0.000 to 0.005]). However, the practical significance of this finding is questionable. Furthermore, a greater variety of stretching exercises elicited larger increases in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.069, [95% CI = 0.041 to 0.097]). Longer durations of single stretching exercises (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.002 to 0.010]), time under stretching per session (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.009]), per week (β = 0.001, [95% CI = 0.000 to 0.001]) and in total (β = 0.008, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.013]) induced larger muscle hypertrophy. Regarding joint range of motion, there was a clear positive effect with a moderate point estimate (β = 0.698; 95% PI = 0.147 to 1.249; p < 0.001) and moderate heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 43%). Moreover, findings indicated no significant association between the gains in joint range of motion and the increase in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.036, [95% CI = - 0.123 to 0.196]; p = 0.638).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed an overall unclear chronic effect of SS on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, although interpretation across the range of PI suggests a potential modest beneficial effect. Subgroup analysis indicated larger stretching-induced muscle gains in trained individuals, a more varied selection of SS exercises, longer mean duration of single stretching exercise, increased time under SS per session, week, and in total, and possibly in samples with a higher proportion of females. From a practical perspective, it appears that SS exercises may not be highly effective in promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy unless a higher duration of training is utilized. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:静态拉伸(SS)对肌肉肥大的慢性影响仍不清楚。本研究旨在探讨静态拉伸运动对健康人骨骼肌肥大的慢性影响:方法:在 PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library 和 SPORTDiscus 数据库中对截至 2023 年 7 月的文献进行了系统检索。纳入的研究考察了 SS 运动与主动/被动对照组或对侧腿(即分别采用研究间或研究内设计)相比的慢性效果,并评估了健康人骨骼肌肥大的至少一项结果,无年龄限制:结果:25 项研究符合纳入标准。总体而言,研究结果表明慢性 SS 运动对骨骼肌肥大的影响尚不明确,其点估计值微不足道(标准化平均差 [SMD] = 0.118 [95% 预测区间 [95% PI] = - 0.233 至 0.469;P = 0.017]),异质性较低(I2 = 24%)。亚组分析显示,训练有素者(β = 0.424; 95% PI = 0.095 to 0.753)与休闲训练者(β = 0.115; 95% PI = - 0.195 to 0.425)和久坐者(β = - 0.081; 95% PI = - 0.399 to 0.236)相比,显示出更大的效应。子分析表明,在女性比例较高的样本中,骨骼肌肥大的可能性更大(β = 0.003,[95% 置信区间 [95% CI] = - 0.000 至 0.005])。然而,这一发现的实际意义值得怀疑。此外,拉伸运动的种类越多,肌肉肥大的增加幅度越大(β = 0.069,[95% 置信区间 = 0.041 至 0.097])。单次拉伸运动时间(β = 0.006,[95% CI = 0.002 至 0.010])、每次拉伸运动时间(β = 0.006,[95% CI = 0.003 至 0.009])、每周拉伸运动时间(β = 0.001,[95% CI = 0.000 至 0.001])和总拉伸运动时间(β = 0.008,[95% CI = 0.003 至 0.013])越长,肌肉肥厚程度越大。在关节活动范围方面,有一个明显的积极效应,其点估计值为中等(β = 0.698;95% PI = 0.147 至 1.249;P 2 = 43%)。此外,研究结果表明,关节活动范围的增加与肌肉肥大的增加之间没有明显关联(β = 0.036,[95% CI = - 0.123 至 0.196];P = 0.638):这项研究表明,虽然在 PI 范围内的解释表明 SS 对骨骼肌肥大有潜在的适度有益影响,但总体而言,SS 对骨骼肌肥大的慢性影响尚不明确。亚组分析表明,训练有素的人拉伸诱导的肌肉增量更大,拉伸运动的选择更多样,单次拉伸运动的平均持续时间更长,每次、每周和总的拉伸运动时间更长,女性样本的比例可能更高。从实用的角度来看,除非采用更长的训练时间,否则拉伸运动在促进骨骼肌肥大方面似乎并不十分有效。PROSPERO 注册号:CRD42022331762。
Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis.
Background: The chronic effect of static stretching (SS) on muscle hypertrophy is still unclear. This study aimed to examine the chronic effects of SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases up to July 2023. Included studies examined chronic effects of SS exercise compared to an active/passive control group or the contralateral leg (i.e., utilizing between- or within-study designs, respectively) and assessed at least one outcome of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals with no age restriction.
Results: Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, findings indicated an unclear effect of chronic SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy with a trivial point estimate (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.118 [95% prediction interval [95% PI] = - 0.233 to 0.469; p = 0.017]) and low heterogeneity (I2 = 24%). Subgroup analyses revealed that trained individuals (β = 0.424; 95% PI = 0.095 to 0.753) displayed larger effects compared to recreationally trained (β = 0.115; 95% PI = - 0.195 to 0.425) and sedentary individuals (β = - 0.081; 95% PI = - 0.399 to 0.236). Subanalysis suggested the potential for greater skeletal muscle hypertrophy in samples with higher percentages of females (β = 0.003, [95% confidence interval [95% CI] = - 0.000 to 0.005]). However, the practical significance of this finding is questionable. Furthermore, a greater variety of stretching exercises elicited larger increases in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.069, [95% CI = 0.041 to 0.097]). Longer durations of single stretching exercises (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.002 to 0.010]), time under stretching per session (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.009]), per week (β = 0.001, [95% CI = 0.000 to 0.001]) and in total (β = 0.008, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.013]) induced larger muscle hypertrophy. Regarding joint range of motion, there was a clear positive effect with a moderate point estimate (β = 0.698; 95% PI = 0.147 to 1.249; p < 0.001) and moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 43%). Moreover, findings indicated no significant association between the gains in joint range of motion and the increase in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.036, [95% CI = - 0.123 to 0.196]; p = 0.638).
Conclusions: This study revealed an overall unclear chronic effect of SS on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, although interpretation across the range of PI suggests a potential modest beneficial effect. Subgroup analysis indicated larger stretching-induced muscle gains in trained individuals, a more varied selection of SS exercises, longer mean duration of single stretching exercise, increased time under SS per session, week, and in total, and possibly in samples with a higher proportion of females. From a practical perspective, it appears that SS exercises may not be highly effective in promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy unless a higher duration of training is utilized. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022331762.