Sports Medicine - Open最新文献

{"title":"Association of School Social Status with COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Changes and Post-Pandemic Rebounds of Children's Physical Fitness.","authors":"Paula Teich, Fabian Arntz, Toni Wöhrl, Florian Bähr, Kathleen Golle, Reinhold Kliegl","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00838-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00838-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In a recent study, we examined Covid-19 pandemic effects on the physical fitness of German third-graders tested between 2016 and 2022. The present report includes new data from 2023 to examine whether there were post-pandemic rebounds in the negatively affected fitness components, and whether pandemic and potential rebound effects differed by school social status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The EMOTIKON project annually tests the fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. Tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min-run), coordination (star-run), speed (20-m linear sprint), lower (powerLOW, standing long jump), and upper (powerUP, ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged-stance test). A total of 108,308 third-graders aged between 8 and 9.2 years from 444 schools were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2023. Linear mixed models, specified for a regression discontinuity design with random factors for child and school, estimated pandemic effects on the first day of school in the school year 2020/21 (i.e., the critical date), as well as cohort trends before and after the pandemic onset.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher school social status was associated with better cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, and powerLOW. At the critical date, there were small negative pandemic effects in cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, and powerUP. Pandemic effects in speed and coordination were larger in schools with higher social status. Coordination and powerUP were characterized by a post-pandemic rebound, with slightly larger coordination rebounds for schools with higher social status. There was no evidence for rebounds of cardiorespiratory endurance and speed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Absence of evidence for task-specific rebounds may indicate long-term consequences of pandemic-related movement restrictions. Lower cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, and powerLOW in schools with low social status may indicate the need for improved access to sports opportunities in these schools.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12018658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Hongfu Jin, Nouman Tahir, Shide Jiang, Herasimenka Mikhail, Volotovski Pavel, Masoud Rahmati, Seung Won Lee, Wenfeng Xiao, Yusheng Li","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00844-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00844-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to rising sports participation, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are increasingly prevalent in children and adolescents. This systematic review aimed to evaluate and summarize the management strategies for ACL injuries in children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify studies reporting outcomes of ACL injuries in children and adolescents. Key outcomes were synthesized descriptively, including knee instability, secondary damage, growth disturbances, and return-to-sport (RTS) rates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7,507 publications were initially screened, with 105 studies involving 8294 children or adolescents satisfying the inclusion criteria. Conservative treatments were associated with elevated rates of knee instability (35.85-100%), secondary meniscal and cartilage damage, and long-term degenerative changes. Conversely, surgical interventions, including physeal-sparing and transphyseal techniques, demonstrated superior outcomes with lower instability rates (0-7.41%), fewer complications, and higher RTS rates (83.4-92.6%). Pooled RTS rates for conservative treatments were 44.0% (95%CI: 0.018-0.927), while physeal-sparing ACL reconstruction showed a pooled RTS rate of 92.6% (95%CI: 0.732-1.000) and transphyseal ACL reconstruction reported an RTS rate of 83.4% (95%CI: 0.722-0.924).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conservative management of ACL injuries in children and adolescents is linked to higher rates of knee instability, secondary meniscal and cartilage damage, and degenerative changes. In contrast, surgical interventions, such as physeal-sparing and transphyseal techniques, yield better outcomes in knee stability, complications reduction, and RTS rates. However, risks such as graft rupture, repeat surgeries, and potential growth disturbances emphasize the importance of tailoring surgical approaches to the patient's growth stage and anatomical characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12014893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143981281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cardiovascular Benefits of Dark Chocolate Supplementation before High-Intensity Resistance Exercise in the Early Follicular and Mid-Luteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle.","authors":"Chun-Wei Wang, Shih-Hua Fang, Tse-An Yu, Liang-You Chen, Chung-Kai Wang, Soun-Cheng Wang, Cheng-Shiun He","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00850-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00850-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dark chocolate, rich in flavanols, may support vascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and blood pressure across menstrual phases. This study examined the effects of 85% dark chocolate on nitric oxide (NO) levels and vascular function during high-intensity resistance exercise in healthy women across the early follicular and mid-luteal phases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-one healthy women (aged 20-30 years) with regular menstrual cycles completed a randomized, crossover study (conducted at National Chung Cheng University, Sep-Dec 2023). Participants consumed either 85% dark chocolate or milk chocolate (1 g/kg body weight) before high-intensity resistance exercise during the early follicular (days 2-5) and mid-luteal (days 18-24) phases of two menstrual cycles. Finger-toe pulse wave velocity (ftPWV), arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and plasma NO levels were measured at rest, 2 h after chocolate consumption (baseline), immediately post-exercise (T0), and at 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes post-exercise.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dark chocolate supplementation significantly increased NO levels and reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), ftPWV, and arterial pressure volume index (API) (p < 0.05) compared to milk chocolate across both menstrual phases. During the early follicular phase, dark chocolate also attenuated exercise-induced increases in arterial stiffness and blood pressure (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>85% dark chocolate supplementation may reduce the negative vascular effects of high-intensity resistance exercise, particularly by lowering blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and API, especially in the early follicular phase. These findings suggest that dark chocolate could be a practical, non-pharmacological intervention for improving cardiovascular health in women.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06908941. Registered 19 March 2025 - Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06908941 .</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptual Training in Ice Hockey: Bridging the Eyes-Puck Gap Using Virtual Reality.","authors":"Jean-Luc Bloechle, Julien Audiffren, Quentin Sauthier, Quentin Mertenat, Yohann Waeber, David Aebischer, Jean-Pierre Bresciani","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00840-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00840-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Some cognitive and perceptual determinants of sports performance can be arduous to train using conventional methods. In ice-hockey, this is the case for the players' ability to identify the largest exposed area (LEA), i.e., the goal area that is the least covered by the goaltender from a puck perspective. We developed a virtual reality (VR) application to quantify and train the players' ability to identify the LEA from a wide range of shooting positions. Thirty-four professional ice-hockey players were tested. Between two test sessions, half of the players followed a specific feedback-based training (feedback group), whereas the other players practiced without feedback (control group).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the players of the feedback group, perceptual performance was significantly better after training, whereas it remained unaltered for the players of the control group. For both groups, perceptual performance decreased as the amplitude of the eyes-puck difference (i.e., the difference of perspective between the eyes and the puck) increased. This relationship vanished after training for the feedback group but not for the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We took advantage of VR technology to assess and train the perceptual ability to identify the LEA from a puck perspective, which would be difficult using traditional methods. Only 15 min of specific feedback-based training significantly and substantially improved the perceptual performance of professional ice-hockey players, thereby evidencing the effectiveness of our application for training an important perceptual skill in ice hockey.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11993527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criteria-Based Decision Making for Introducing Open Kinetic Chain Exercise after-ACL Reconstruction: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Florian Forelli, Jean Mazeas, Vasileios Korakakis, Haashim Ramtoola, Amaury Vandebrouck, Pascal Duffiet, Louis Ratte, Georgios Kakavas, Ismail Bouzekaroui Alaoui, Maurice Douryang, Andreas Bjerregaard, Jérôme Riera, Alexandre J M Rambaud","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00843-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00843-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>After an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), mounting evidence suggests that open kinetic chain (OKC) strengthening is safe, reduces the risk of anterior knee pain, and significantly improves the quadriceps strength. However, clinicians are reluctant to use OKC knee strengthening exercises mainly due to the strong beliefs that they might increase graft laxity. The objective of this scoping review is to identify the key criteria employed in the scientific literature for the safe introduction of OKC quadriceps strengthening following ACLR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review of the literature was conducted on the online databases MEDLINE (PubMed), ScienceDirect, Embase and CINAHL Library online. Data regarding time-based criteria and/or clinical based criteria allowing OKC exercises introduction following ACLR were searched for. Only studies involving patients who performed quadriceps strengthening using any type of OKC exercises were included, regardless of the type, resistance location, load magnitude, type of muscle contraction, knee range of motion, or duration of the strengthening protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-one employed time-based criteria for the introduction of OKC exercise. The median time from when OKC was permitted was 15 postoperative days (range 1-270 days), while the mean time was 31.6 ± 56.7 postoperative days. In 30.7% of the studies additional clinical examination components were used. These components included range of motion (0-100°), numeric pain scale score < 2 or 3, absence of joint effusion (assess by the stroke test), full knee active extension (assess by the straight leg raise), and walking without crutches for the decision-making regarding OKC exercise introduction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Less than one study in 3 reported clinical criteria for the introduction of OKC exercise. This highlights the absence of consensus among surgeons and physiotherapists, thereby hindering their ability to make informed decisions based on scientific evidence. Although the use of OKC exercise appears to be safe, precautions to maintain the integrity of the surgical repair need to be implemented. The establishment of valid criteria is crucial to support evidence-based decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11993518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Incidence of Sports-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Veronica Ingram, Megan Fielding, Laura A M Dunne, Stefan Piantella, Jonathon Weakley, Rich D Johnston, Thomas B McGuckian","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00834-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00834-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sport-related concussions (SRC) are a concern for young athletes due to the potential for long-term health problems. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature exploring SRC incidence in youth sports to understand the associated risks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medline, Embase, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched without language restrictions up to September 2024. Studies were included if they (i) reported data for calculation of SRC incidence, (ii) were a prospective cohort study, and (iii) included a sample aged ≤ 18 years. Studies that reported Athlete Exposure (AE) or Player Hours (PH) as SRC incidence data measures were included in a multi-level random-effects meta-analysis. Additional analysis explored SRC incidence based on age, sex, country, year of data collection, setting, and level of contact.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 6474 studies reviewed for eligibility, 116 studies were accepted for a systematic review and 99 in the meta-analysis. A total of 3,025,911 participants were included in the review (59% male, 41% female); however, 41% of studies did not report sample size. The pooled incidence rate of SRC per 1000 AE was found to be 1.41 across 21 sports, and 4.36 per 1000 PH across 7 sports. The highest incidence per 1000 AE were in taekwondo, rugby union, and ice hockey, and the highest incidence per 1000 PH were in rugby 7s, rugby league, and rugby union.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis can serve as an updated baseline for risk of concussion among youth athletes across various sports.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This systematic review was registered on OSF Registries ( https://osf.io/v298s ).</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11992322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity, Air Pollution, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Louise Martin, Hijrah Nasir, Reza Bagheri, Ukadike C Ugbolue, Catherine Laporte, Julien S Baker, Yaodong Gu, Marek Zak, Martine Duclos, Frédéric Dutheil","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00830-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00830-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As whether the positive effects of physical activity on mortality outweigh the negative effects of exposure to pollution is still under debate, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk of mortality for combined exposure to physical activity and air pollution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and ScienceDirect databases were searched for studies assessing the risk of mortality for combined exposure to physical activity and air pollution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included eight studies for a total of 1,417,945 individuals (mean 57.7 years old, 39% men) - 54,131 died. We confirmed that air pollution increased the risk of mortality by 36% (OR 1.36, 95CI 1.05-1.52), whereas physical activity in a non-polluted environment decreased the risk of mortality by 31% (OR 0.69, 95CI 0.42-0.95). Our meta-analysis demonstrated that combined exposure to physical activity and air pollution decreased the risk of mortality by 26% (OR 0.74, 95CI 0.63-0.85). This risk decreased whatever the level of physical activity: by 19% (OR 0.81, 95CI 0.69-0.93) for low, by 32% (OR 0.68, 95CI 0.44-0.93) for moderate, and by 30% (OR 0.70, 95CI 0.49-0.91) for high physical activity in air pollution.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We confirmed that air pollution increased mortality by 36% in our meta-analysis. Despite the controversial benefit-risk, we demonstrated a reduction of mortality by 26% for combined exposure to physical activity and air pollution - nearly comparable to the reduction of mortality when practicing physical activity without air pollution (- 31%). However, the limited number of included studies precluded the demonstration of a dose-response relationship between levels of physical activity and air pollution, and reduction of mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11977067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Neuromuscular Training Applied During Ramadan on Physical Fitness and Injury Prevention in Highly-Trained Male Youth Soccer Players.","authors":"Ali Belamjahad, Claire Tourny, Anthony C Hackney, Fatiha Laziri, Ayoub Saeidi, Ouafae El Hachimi, Ismail Laher, Urs Granacher, Hassane Zouhal","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00831-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00831-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The intermittent fasting period of Ramadan is associated with reductions in training volumes and intensities to maintain physical fitness levels and reduce injury occurrence. Accordingly, it might be beneficial to include neuromuscular training (NMT) applied during Ramadan to avoid detraining and promote injury prevention in soccer players. This study aimed to analyze NMT effects on physical fitness and injury prevention during the Ramadan fasting period in young soccer players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty young highly-trained male soccer players (U17/U19) were randomly assigned to a NMT (n = 20) or a traditional soccer-specific training group (TT, n = 20). NMT was conducted during Ramadan, lasted four weeks, and included two weekly sessions with exercises to promote muscle strength, power (plyometrics), speed, balance. TT contents were similar to the training period before Ramadan and comprised two weekly sessions including endurance and sprint-based exercises. The training volume was similar between groups. Body composition (body fat), linear sprint (5-m, 10-m, 30-m sprint), and change-of-direction (CoD) speed (T-test with and without ball), muscle power (squat [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ]), peak isokinetic torque of the knee flexors, extensors, and soccer-specific performance (Loughborough soccer passing test [LSPT], Yoyo intermittent test level 1 [YYIRT L1], repeated-shuttle-sprint ability test [RSSA]) were determined before and after the Ramadan period. The overall injury rate per 1000 h of exposure (training, match) was carried out during and after the four-week Ramadan period and until the end of the soccer season (overall 8 weeks).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant between group baseline differences were noted. Group-by-time interactions were significant for most assessed variables (0.001 < p < 0.004, 0.22 < d < 0.76) in favor of NMT. Variations in body mass, body fat, and BMI determined by post-hoc tests indicated significant decreases in NMT but not TT (0.026 < p < 0.047, 0.65 < d < 0.73). Moreover, post-hoc tests showed that NMT provided linear and COD speed improvements, enhanced muscle power (SJ, CMJ) and improved soccer-specific performance (p < 0.001, 0.71 < d < 2.53). Additionally, post-hoc tests revealed significant isokinetic strength increases in favor of NMT for all peak torque variables (0.015 < p < 0.049, 0.64 < d < 0.81). The overall injury rate was significantly lower in NMT (8.00/1000 h exposure) compared to TT (13.33/1000 h exposure) (p = 0.049; d = 0.66).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest that a four-week NMT conducted during Ramadan fasting helped to maintain or even improve measures of physical fitness including isokinetic strength. In addition, significant NMT-related reductions in injury occurrence were noted in highly-trained young male soccer players.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11977061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competitive demands during international sprint-distance triathlon races according to the course type: The influence of cycling on subsequent running performance.","authors":"Raúl Espejo, Jesús Martínez-Sobrino, Santiago Veiga","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00828-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00828-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the great contribution of the cycling segment to the Sprint-Distance Triathlon (SDT) races, very few studies have reported the power output of elite triathletes during races. The aim of this study was to analyse the competitive demands of elite triathletes during the cycling segment of SDT races and their influence on the subsequent running segment performance, considering the different types of race courses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Power variables during the cycling segment as well as the running performance metrics during 82 SDT races organised by World Triathlon (68 Continental Cups and Championships, 12 World Cups, and 2 World Triathlon Series) were analysed in 10 male and 7 female U23 participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of power peaks above 800 W and 1000 W for males was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the technical courses (23 ± 13 and 5 ± 6 peaks, respectively) compared to the rolling courses (10 ± 6 and 2 ± 2 peaks, respectively). Similarly, females presented more (p < 0.05) power peaks above 500 W in the technical courses (24 ± 9 peaks) than in the rolling courses (14 ± 7 peaks). Additionally, the percentage of race time in severe power bands increased from rolling to technical courses in both sexes (males 21 ± 1% to 24 ± 2% and females 12 ± 1% to 15 ± 1%, both p < 0.05). Males spent a greater percentage of race time in the moderate (< 2 W·kg⁻¹) and severe (> 6 W·kg⁻¹) power bands, but a lower percentage in the heavy (2-6 W·kg⁻¹) band compared to females (p < 0.05). Time spent in the heavy (200-400 W) and severe (> 400 W) power bands showed a strong correlation with running rankings for males on both rolling (r = 0.62) and technical (r = 0.55) courses, as well as for females on rolling courses (r = 0.52).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An increased number of corners in SDT cycling courses requires more focused training on repeated power peaks and spending more time in the > 6 W·kg⁻¹ power bands to minimize performance losses in the subsequent running segment.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Participation Evaluation of Recreational and Competitive Athletes - A Systematic Review of Guidelines and Consensus Statements.","authors":"Alina Weise, Nadja Könsgen, Christine Joisten, Fabian Schlumberger, Anja Hirschmüller, Jessica Breuing, Käthe Gooßen","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00837-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40798-025-00837-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pre-participation evaluation (PPE) aims to support safe participation in sports. The goal of this systematic review was to aggregate evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for the PPE of recreational or competitive athletes as preparation for developing a German guideline on this subject.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five databases, including MEDLINE, were searched in August 2022, complemented by searches on the websites of relevant guideline organisations and specialty medical associations and citation screening. We included guidelines/consensus statements with recommendations for PPE of adult recreational athletes or competitive athletes of any age, excluding those with certain chronic illnesses. We extracted and synthesised data in a structured manner and appraised quality using selected domains of the AGREE-II tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 6611 records found, we included 35 documents. Overall, the quality of the included documents was low. Seven documents (20%) made recommendations on the entire PPE process, while the remainder focussed on cardiovascular screening (16/35, 45.7%) or other topics. We extracted 305 recommendations. Of these, 11.8% (36/305) applied to recreational athletes and 88.2% (269/305) applied to athletes in organised or competitive sports. A total of 12.8% (39/305) of recommendations were directly linked to evidence from primary studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Many recommendations exist for PPE, but only a few are evidence based. The lack of primary studies evaluating the effects of screening on health outcomes may have led to this lack of evidence-based guidelines and contributed to poor rigour in guideline development. Future guidelines/consensus statements require a more robust evidence base, and reporting should improve.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>PROSPERO CRD42022355112.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}