Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of EEG Neurofeedback Training on Sport Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Chien-Lin Yu,Ming-Yang Cheng,Xin An,Ting-Yu Chueh,Jia-Hao Wu,Kuo-Pin Wang,Tsung-Min Hung","doi":"10.1111/sms.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70055","url":null,"abstract":"Neurofeedback training (NFT) has emerged as a promising technique for enhancing sports performance by enabling individuals to self-regulate their neural activity. However, only 53% of the 13 included studies, all of which published before 2021, in the latest meta-analyses of NFT and motor performance focused on motor performance outcomes. Due to the rapid development of neurofeedback, 8 high-quality articles were published in 2023-2024 alone. Therefore, there is a need for a new meta-analysis to update the impact of NFT on sports performance. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we have not only reassessed the knowledge of the effect of EEG neurofeedback in motor performance but have also incorporated a standardized methodology, known as the CRED-nf checklist (Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioral neurofeedback studies), for methodological evaluation of previous EEG neurofeedback studies. The study protocol was pre-registered, and a systematic search was conducted across major databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials. A total of 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, with 21 studies eligible for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a moderate positive effect of NFT on sport motor tasks, with a Hedges's g of 0.78 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.49-1.07. Importantly, subgroup analyses showed that studies with higher methodological quality scores, as assessed by the CRED-nf checklist, had significantly larger effect sizes (Hedges's g = 1.07) compared to lower than median studies (Hedges's g = 0.49). This finding highlights the importance of addressing key methodological gaps, such as reporting on participant strategies, data processing methods, and the relationship between regulation success and behavioral outcomes. In conclusion, NFT showcases a moderate positive impact on sport motor task, particularly when high-quality methodologies are employed, as assessed by the CRED-nf checklist, underscoring the importance of rigorous study designs in future research.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"42 1","pages":"e70055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of 90 and 120 Min of Running on the Determinants of Endurance Performance in Well-Trained Male Marathon Runners.","authors":"Michele Zanini,Jonathan P Folland,Richard C Blagrove","doi":"10.1111/sms.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70076","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), fractional utilization at lactate threshold (FULT), and running economy (RE) is considered to largely determine/predict marathon performance, which is also closely associated with the speed at lactate threshold (sLT). Although these determinants are considered to deteriorate during prolonged running, except for RE, their temporal changes with fatigue remain largely unknown. This study aimed to measure the changes in V̇O2max, FULT, RE, and sLT after running for 90 and 120 min in the heavy-intensity domain. Fourteen trained marathon runners (V̇O2max 63.1 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1; marathon time 2:46:58 h:mm:ss) completed three separate visits to determine sLT, FULT, and V̇O2peak in the following conditions (sessions): unfatigued, and after two prolonged runs of 90 and 120 min at a fixed speed (10% Δ between LT and lactate threshold 2). During the runs, respiratory gases were collected at 15 min intervals to quantify RE. Decreases in V̇O2peak (-3.1%, p = 0.04 [post-90]; -7.1%, p < 0.001 [post-120]) and subsequent increases in FULT (+2.8%, p = 0.03 [post-90]; +4.9% p = 0.01 [post-120]) both occurred at an increasing rate with run duration, with FULT changes linked to the decreased V̇O2peak, while RE (mL·kg-1·km-1) deteriorated more linearly with time (by 4.2% [post-90] and 5.8% [post-120], p < 0.001). sLT also showed a nonlinear decrease, from 14.0 to 13.5 (p = 0.01 post-90), to 13.0 km·h-1 (p < 0.001 post-120). In conclusion, performance determinants and sLT changed following 90 min, and particularly 120 min of prolonged running. These dynamic changes have strong implications for running performance and would particularly affect longer duration events such as the marathon.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"53 1","pages":"e70076"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Surface Stiffness on Human Hopping Frequency Preference and the Underlying Neuromuscular Function of the Foot and Ankle.","authors":"Jonathon V Birch,Luke A Kelly,Dominic J Farris","doi":"10.1111/sms.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70067","url":null,"abstract":"Typically, humans tune their lower limb mechanics to preserve center of mass motion when hopping or running on surfaces with different stiffnesses. However, much of our understanding of this interaction is based on frequency-constrained hopping and not preferred behavior, which may also be influenced by the stiffness of the surface underfoot. Therefore, we tested if preferred hopping frequency was different from a previously assumed value of 2.2 Hz and if preference was affected by a less-stiff surface. To help explain any observed trends, we quantified foot and ankle mechanics and muscle activations for frequencies ±20% of preferred. We used custom-built platforms to provide both an elastic and locked (inelastic) surface and asked participants to hop bilaterally in place on each. We measured multi-segment foot and ankle kinematics and ground reaction forces, alongside electromyography (EMG) of flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, soleus, and tibialis anterior. There was no significant difference between mean preferred hopping frequency and 2.2 Hz, for either surface. There was also no difference in mechanics between preferred frequency and 2.2 Hz conditions. However, there were effects of surface, frequency, and surface-by-frequency interactions on foot and ankle kinematics, kinetics, and EMG. Frequency preference appears to be partially driven by an effort to maximize energy stored and returned in the surface while trading off the costs of active muscular work and the cost associated with producing force. Frequency affects hopping mechanics differently on stiff vs. elastic surfaces.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"18 1","pages":"e70067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144103607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding Victory in Cycling's Grand Monuments: A Performance Analysis of Top‐5 Versus Top‐6–30 Finishers","authors":"Manuel Mateo‐March, Manuel Moya‐Ramón, Jose Luis Sánchez‐Jiménez, Iván Peña‐González, Alejandro Javaloyes","doi":"10.1111/sms.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70057","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the key performance metrics and durability differences between cyclists finishing in the top‐5 and those ranked between 6th and 30th in the Five Monuments of Cycling (Milan‐San Remo, Tour of Flanders, Paris‐Roubaix, Liège‐Bastogne‐Liège, and Il Lombardia). Data from 64 professional male cyclists were analyzed. Cyclists were categorized into top‐5 finishers (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 14) and top‐6–30 finishers (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 50). Race data were extracted from .fit files, including power output (PO), mean maximal power (MMP) across multiple durations (5 s, 30 s, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, and 20 min), and power decay after accumulated workloads (30, 40, 50, and 60 kJ kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). Top‐5 finishers exhibited significantly higher MMP for 5‐min (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 0.7; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.02), 10‐min (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 0.8; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.01), and 20‐min efforts (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 1.0; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.01) compared to top‐6–30 finishers. No significant differences were found in shorter durations (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Power decay analysis revealed that top‐6–30 cyclists experienced greater reductions in MMP at 60 kJ kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, particularly for 10‐min (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 1.3; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) and 20‐min efforts (<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 1.2; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). No significant differences were observed in total energy expenditure or time spent in power zones between groups. Top‐5 finishers showed higher durability, with less power decay compared to top‐6–30 finishers in the Five Monuments. These findings highlight functional performance differences (e.g., MMP, power decay) associated with top‐5 finishes, though physiological mechanisms remain speculative. This study extends prior research by focusing on elite finishers in the Five Monuments.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber Type–Specific Adaptations to Exercise Training in Human Skeletal Muscle: Lessons From Proteome Analyses and Future Directions","authors":"Morten Hostrup, Atul S. Deshmukh","doi":"10.1111/sms.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70059","url":null,"abstract":"Skeletal muscle is a key determinant of sports performance. It is a highly specialized, yet complex and heterogeneous tissue, comprising multiple cell types. Muscle fibers are the main functional cell type responsible for converting energy into mechanical work. They exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt in response to stressors, such as exercise training. But while it is recognized that human skeletal muscle fibers have distinct contractile and metabolic features, classified as slow/oxidative (type 1) or fast/glycolytic (type 2a/x), less attention has been directed to the adaptability of the different fiber types. Methodological advancements in mass spectrometry‐based proteomics allow researchers to quantify thousands of proteins with only a small amount of muscle tissue—even in a single muscle fiber. By exploiting this technology, studies are emerging highlighting that muscle fiber subpopulations adapt differently to exercise training. This review provides a contemporary perspective on the fiber type–specific adaptability to exercise training in humans. A key aim of our review is to facilitate further advancements within exercise physiology by harnessing mass spectrometry proteomics.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle Force Dynamics Across Increasing Squat Intensity Conditions in Elite Powerlifters","authors":"Alexander Pürzel, Paul Kaufmann, Willi Koller, Lukas Pöhlmann, Arnold Baca, Hans Kainz","doi":"10.1111/sms.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70058","url":null,"abstract":"The growing popularity of powerlifting, which consists of the squat, bench press, and deadlift, calls for biomechanically comprehensible coaching strategies. Understanding the muscle forces at work can play a key part in this endeavor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing intensity in the squat on muscle forces in elite powerlifters. Twenty‐nine top‐ranked powerlifters from the Austrian team (age: 26.1 ± 5.4 years; 1‐repetition‐maximum (1‐RM): 2.4 ± 0.4 × body mass) performed squats at 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, and 90% of their 1‐RM. Force plates and 3D motion capture data were used to estimate muscle forces utilizing musculoskeletal models in OpenSim. Muscle forces significantly changed with increased intensity, particularly in the gluteus maximus and semitendinosus, which showed the greatest relative increase in muscle force. The vastii muscles exhibited the highest absolute muscle forces. Notably, the hamstrings, calf, and vastii muscle forces barely increased during the deepest and most challenging region of the squat (the sticking region) with increasing intensity. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the athletes' performance level and the ratio of single‐joint to multijoint hip extensor muscle forces. These findings highlight the importance of focusing on hip‐dominant techniques when squatting with high intensities and supplementary training for knee extensors to optimize performance.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunity, Inflammation and Airway Dysfunction in Elite Cross‐Country Skiers and Ice Hockey Players: A Systematic Review","authors":"Eva Jaeger, Debbie J. Maurer, Alexandra Wallimann, Walter Kistler, Beat Villiger, Ioana Agache, Marek Jutel, Kari Nadeau, Maia Rukhadze, Matteo Bonini, Oliver J. Price, Cezmi A. Akdis, Michael Villiger","doi":"10.1111/sms.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70046","url":null,"abstract":"Strenuous exercise in elite sports impacts the immune system, leading to high rates of upper respiratory tract infections and airway dysfunction, such as asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Cross‐country (XC) skiers and ice hockey (IH) players are particularly affected due to their training environments and sports disciplines. This systematic review (SR) evaluates immune and inflammatory responses and the risk of developing airway dysfunction in these athletes. Original articles focusing on immune response, systemic inflammation, and airway dysfunction in competitive XC skiers and IH players were retrieved from MEDLINE/Ovid, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Of 3582 studies screened, 50 met the inclusion criteria. Both elite XC skiers and IH players exhibit increased cortisol levels and altered systemic immune cell compositions in response to training and competition. Both groups show neutrophilic or mixed neutrophilic/eosinophilic airway inflammation, in contrast to the primarily eosinophilic inflammation associated with allergic asthma. Both XC skiers (27%) and IH players (14%) had a high prevalence of physician‐diagnosed asthma. This SR highlights the notable burden of airway dysfunction in elite winter athletes, with elevated rates of asthma and EIB. The observed inflammatory patterns support the concept of a “sport asthma” endotype, which may be a result of chronic exposure to cold, dry air. Effective management may benefit from refined diagnostic criteria, the identification of specific biomarkers, and tailored prevention and treatment strategies for asthma and EIB.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equivalent Fall Height and Aerial Maneuver Difficulty Both Influence Landing Stability on World Cup Slopestyle Rollover Jumps For Skiers and Snowboarders","authors":"Mai‐Sissel Linløkken, Frédéric Meyer, Claes Högström, Petter Jølstad, Helge Spieker, Sebastien Guillaume, Sindre Hoholm, Fabian Wolfsperger, Matthias Gilgien","doi":"10.1111/sms.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70053","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how landing stability on slopestyle jumps is affected by jump design and the athletes' aerial maneuvers, in World Cup skiers and snowboarders. The data were recorded on rollover jumps from a World Cup Slopestyle competition using a geodetic video method, allowing for a reconstruction of the athletes' center of mass trajectories in 3D‐space and calculation of equivalent fall height (EFH). Aerial maneuvers and landing stability were assessed by human raters. A generalized estimating equations method with binary logistic regression was performed to investigate how aerial maneuvers and EFH impact landing stability (surrogate measure of potential injury risk). EFH increased the log odds for unstable landings for both skiers and snowboarders. Although five aerial maneuver factors affected landing stability for snowboarders (angular velocity, rotational axis, number of rotations, with interaction effects between multiaxial maneuvers and frontside rotation or switch landing), skiers landing stability was only affected by the number of rotations. This, along with the way skiers and snowboarders are attached to their equipment and their ability to compensate for instability in the landing, may explain why snowboarders show unstable landings more often than skiers. On this study's rollover jumps with generally low EFH, landing stability was regulated by both EFH and aerial maneuvers. As maneuver complexity and EFH have an influence on both performance and landing stability, it appears important that course builders emphasize the construction of safe jumps and athletes generate a good understanding of potential injury risk and performance reward when jumping.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Oral Contraceptive Use on Muscle Hypertrophy Following Strength Training","authors":"Martin Kvalvik Engstad, Olivier Seynnes, Ingvild Vesterhus, Eirik Hesseberg, Ken Fjeldberg, Monica Hauger Carlsen, Inger Olaug Ottestad, Mette Hansen, Antoine Nordez, Lilian Lacourpaille, Anne Marte Pensgaard, Gøran Paulsen","doi":"10.1111/sms.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70052","url":null,"abstract":"Oral contraceptives (OC) are widely used by women, while their interactions with strength training are yet to be resolved. This study investigated the effects of OC use on muscle hypertrophy and strength adaptation to heavy strength training in young adult women. Fifteen habitual OC users and 17 non‐OC users (NOC) with regular menstrual cycles completed ~12 weeks of strength training, which spanned three menstrual cycles for the NOC group. All participants were young, healthy, and strength‐untrained. Isometric knee‐extensor strength, muscle cross‐sectional area of the vastus lateralis (ultrasound imaging), and body composition (DXA) were used to evaluate training adaptations. Blood samples for estradiol and progesterone analyses, dietary registrations, and questionnaires assessing appetite, vitality, motivation, recovery status, and sleep duration were collected during the intervention period. Both groups experienced gains in lean mass and muscle strength. However, the OC group demonstrated a significantly larger increase in arm lean mass (5.5% ± 3.9% [mean ± standard deviation] vs. 2.9% ± 2.8%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and vastus lateralis cross‐sectional area (10.0% ± 4.1% vs. 5.3% ± 4.4%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) compared to the NOC group. Despite these differences, there was no significant group difference in lower body strength gains. Both groups reported similar levels of appetite, dietary intake, vitality, motivation to exercise, and perceived recovery throughout the study, although the OC group slept an average of 42 min longer per day. Our findings suggest that OC use potentiates muscle growth during strength training, although further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and long‐term effects.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to The Metabolic Fingerprint of Cardiorespiratory Fitness","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/sms.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"44 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143813449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}