Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports最新文献

{"title":"Exercise as a Therapy for Successful Aging.","authors":"Ignacio Ara,Maria Carmen Gómez-Cabrera,Nuria Garatachea","doi":"10.1111/sms.70133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70133","url":null,"abstract":"Regular physical activity has profound and multifaceted benefits for individuals as they age. This review highlights the role of exercise in promoting healthy and successful aging, emphasizing its effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of frailty and disability. Exercise is a primary intervention to attenuate the age-related biological and functional decline by targeting mainly the cardiorespiratory, vascular, nervous, and skeletal muscle systems. From a biological perspective, we review the evidence on the role of exercise in mitigating the three categories of the biological hallmarks of aging: primary, antagonistic, and integrative. Different types of exercise may elicit different benefits for older adults. Thus, our review also emphasizes the importance of incorporating tailored and personalized exercise programs that align with individual health profiles and conditions, ranging from geriatric care to senior athletes. We also review the benefits that multicomponent exercise interventions, that combine power-oriented resistance training with high-intensity interval training, have for improving health outcomes in older adults. Overcoming the barriers that deter older adults from exercising requires a comprehensive approach that addresses psychological, economic, social, environmental, and gender perspective factors to increase participation. Governments play a key role by applying evidence-based strategies, offering accessible exercise programs, creating supportive environments, and promoting policies that strengthen older adults' motivation and autonomy. These measures should ensure that all older adults have the same opportunities to engage in exercise, ultimately fostering healthier societies.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"14 1","pages":"e70133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent Motivation Profiles and Doping in Sport and Exercise: An Integrative Approach Based on Achievement Goal and Self-Determination Theories.","authors":"Ian David Boardley,Shuge Zhang,Scott Alec Gunning,James William Adie","doi":"10.1111/sms.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70138","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing adult sport (Study 1: N = 290; Mage = 25.0 years, SD = 10.9) and exercise (Study 2: N = 501; Mage = 23.9 years, SD = 7.2) samples-competing and training at a range of levels-we identified several motivational profiles, determining which profiles were most associated with doping-related attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Across both studies, participants responded to multi-section questionnaires measuring goal orientations (task and ego), motivational regulations (controlled, autonomous, and amotivation), doping attitudes, doping likelihood (Study 1), doping self-regulatory efficacy, moral disengagement, and self-reported doping and supplement use (Study 2). Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) revealed five subgroups of motivational profiles in Study 1: Mixture Low, Task, Mixture Medium, Mixture High, and Autonomous Task. Consistent with our hypotheses, a distal outcome model of LPA revealed significant differences in doping attitudes and likelihood between profiles that suggested task goal orientation and autonomous regulation are generally linked with lower risk of doping, while ego goal orientation and controlled/amotivated regulation are linked with increased risk. In Study 2, we sought to replicate the profiles from Study 1 in a gym population and evaluate them across a wider range of doping outcomes. LPA identified four equivalent profiles to Study 1, with only the Mixture Low profile not emerging. In terms of risk for doping, distal outcome analysis supported a similar pattern of results to Study 1. Our person-centered approach advances understanding of motivational profiles in sport and exercise, and their connection to doping risk.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"1 1","pages":"e70138"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145083470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Incremental Cycling Cognitive‐Motor Dual‐Task Test to Assess Simultaneous Sustained Attention and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Trained Athletes","authors":"Thomas Goepp, Mark Hayes, Pascal Hot, Thomas Rupp","doi":"10.1111/sms.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70122","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive performance during cognitive‐motor dual‐task (CMDT) varies with exercise intensity. According to the inverted‐U theory, low‐to‐moderate intensity enhances cognition, but this remains unexplored in trained individuals who may better sustain cognitive performance at high intensities due to improved prefrontal cortex (PFC) homeostasis. Additionally, how sustained attention influences neuromuscular fatigue during whole‐body CMDT is unclear. This study investigated both during incremental cycling using an innovative ergometer. Forty trained adults (30 males/10 females; 28.5 ± 7.4 years, 22.9 ± 2.2 kg·m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>) performed an incremental cycling test with a sustained attention Mackworth task. The protocol consisted of 3‐min ramp stages (starting at 1 W·kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, +0.4 W·kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> per stage) until “extremely strong” perceived effort (Borg CR<jats:sub>100</jats:sub>, task‐failure TF). At each stage, we assessed: Mackworth score, quadriceps isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC), neuromuscular fatigue (peripheral: twitch force, Pt; central: voluntary activation, VA), PFC oxygenation (NIRS), and mental effort. Data were interpolated at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of TF. Pt decreased linearly (−40.7% ± 15.1%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). VA declined from 40%TF (−1.5% ± 0.9%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.003) and worsened at 80%TF (−6.9% ± 2.4%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), alongside IMVC (−20.9% ± 8.9%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). PFC oxygenation dropped from 60%TF (−7.9% ± 2.2%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Mackworth performance declined only at TF (−11.0% ± 6.7%, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), associated with ≥ 84% ± 7% HR<jats:sub>max</jats:sub>. Sustained attention did not follow the inverted‐U theory during incremental cycling in trained adults. Cognitive impairments were observed at very strong intensities, in correlation with PFC deoxygenation. Central fatigue emerged early, itself correlated with increased mental effort and cerebral deoxygenation.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent Changes in Peak Fat Oxidation and Fatmax Following 3-Day Dietary Interventions Are Related to Muscle Glycogen Availability in Men.","authors":"Eloise Kate Tarry,Sofie Greve Vestergaard,Emilie Ahmt Petersen,Mike Cadovius Olsen,Maria Hansen,Arthur Ingersen,Timothy Connor,Henriette Pilegaard,Flemming Dela,Steen Larsen,Christopher Stephen Shaw,Jørn Wulff Helge","doi":"10.1111/sms.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70132","url":null,"abstract":"Dietary intake has an important influence on rates of fuel use during exercise, but the extent to which short-term diet changes affect peak fat oxidation (PFO) and the intensity at which this occurs (Fatmax) is unknown. This study examined the impact of diet-induced changes in substrate availability on PFO and Fatmax and the expression of key lipid-regulatory genes and proteins in skeletal muscle. Forty moderately to well-trained males (27 ± 5 years, V̇O2peak 56.3 ± 4.8 mL/kg/min) were randomly allocated to either a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF, n = 20) (65E% fat, 20E% CHO, 15E% protein) or high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet (HCLF, n = 20) (70E% CHO, 15E% fat, 15E% protein) for 3 days. Fasting blood samples, muscle biopsies, and incremental exercise tests to determine PFO and maximal oxygen uptake were conducted before and after the diet. PFO increased after LCHF (pre: 0.39 ± 0.11; post: 0.59 ± 0.18 g/min, post hoc: p < 0.0001), and decreased following HCLF (pre: 0.36 ± 0.08; post: 0.28 ± 0.10 g/min, post hoc: p = 0.0065). Divergent shifts in Fatmax of ~5% points were also observed (LCHF: pre: 38% ± 6%; post: 44% ± 7%; post hoc: p < 0.0001, HCLF: pre: 37% ± 4%; post: 33% ± 7%; post hoc: p = 0.0004). Intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) stores were similar after the diets, but muscle glycogen was significantly reduced in LCHF (pre: 439 ± 98; post: 358 ± 117 nmol/mg, post hoc: p = 0.0019), and increased in HCLF (pre: 407 ± 107; post: 498 ± 139 nmol/mg, post hoc: p = 0.0101). Skeletal muscle gene and protein expression remained unchanged. PFO and Fatmax are amenable to short-term changes in dietary macronutrient composition and are coupled to changes in muscle glycogen.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 1","pages":"e70132"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Season Injury Epidemiology in TeamGym-A Prospective Cohort Study Involving 474 Gymnasts.","authors":"Charlotte Anker-Petersen,Mikkel Bek Clausen,Birgit Juul-Kristensen,Per Hölmich,Carsten Bogh Juhl,Kristian Thorborg","doi":"10.1111/sms.70135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70135","url":null,"abstract":"Team gymnastics (TeamGym), a sport primarily practiced by girls/women, has rapidly gained popularity among adolescents. Despite a high pain prevalence among gymnasts, comprehensive epidemiological studies on injuries are lacking. This study aimed to investigate injury incidence rates, both overall and by body region including information on time-loss and non-time-loss injuries, type and severity, in competitive TeamGym gymnasts aged 10-30 years. During a 10-month season (August 2021-June 2022), a cohort of 474 gymnasts (73% women) was prospectively followed through weekly text-message queries on injuries, time-loss (partial or full absence from training/competition due to an injury), and gymnastic training and competition exposure. Injuries were verified and categorized through standardized telephone interviews. An injury with reported time-loss of ≥ 4 calendar weeks was classified as severe. Incidence rates were calculated using Generalized Poisson regression. Totally 1382 injuries were recorded, and the overall incidence rate was 14.7 injuries per 1000 h of exposure (95% CI: 13.3-16.3) with an incidence rate of 14.0 for women and 17.2 for men. The foot (24.5%), knee (22.0%), lower leg (10.4%), and lower back (10.4%) were the most frequently injured regions overall in both sexes, and > 60% of the injuries were due to overuse. Incidence rate for severe injuries was 0.5 (95% CI: 0.4-0.7), which predominantly included injuries to the foot/heel (32%), lower back (21%), and knee (19%). The injury incidence rate in TeamGym is high, with three-quarters of injuries being non-time-loss, and nearly two-thirds caused by overuse. Over half of all injuries affected the feet, knees, and lower back across both sexes.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"169 1","pages":"e70135"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Exercise Training on Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.","authors":"Grant Ligon,Kevin M Crombie,Matthew P Herring,Patrick J O'Connor,Michael V Fedewa","doi":"10.1111/sms.70137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70137","url":null,"abstract":"Elevated anxiety symptoms and disorders affect ~10% to 20% of US children and adolescents annually, which contributes to developmental disturbances in social, emotional, and cognitive domains. Although preliminary evidence (primarily in adults) suggests that exercise may be a promising therapeutic approach for lowering anxiety among children and adolescents, sufficient meta-analytic evidence is lacking. The aim of this study was to estimate the population effect of exercise training on anxiety levels in children and adolescents, and to test the extent to which effects vary based on features of the exercise stimulus (e.g., exercise intensity, mode, duration, frequency) and participant characteristics (e.g., age, sex, clinical vs. nonclinical samples). Included studies were: (1) peer-reviewed publications, (2) published in English, (3) included youth participants &lt; 20 years of age, (4) measured the change in anxiety symptoms in a no-treatment control and exercise-only treatment group, or a combined treatment group from which an independent effect of exercise could be estimated, and (5) reported results as mean and standard deviation, standard error, or 95% confidence intervals (CI) from which an effect size could be calculated. A standardized mean difference effect size (ES; Hedges' d) was calculated by subtracting the mean change in the control condition from the mean change in the exercise condition and dividing the difference by the pooled standard deviation of baseline values. Random effects models were used to aggregate a mean ES and 95% confidence interval using a three-level meta-analysis model structure to adjust for between-study variance and the correlation between effects nested within studies. Random effects meta-regression was used to explore potential sources of variability. In total, 39 effects derived from 22 studies published between 1982 and 2023 showed that exercise training significantly reduced anxiety symptoms by a moderate-sized magnitude (ES = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.06; p &lt; 0.001). The majority of effects (k = 28, 71.79%) were larger than zero and ranged from -0.26 to 2.82. Moderator analyses indicated that mean effect size significantly varied based on exercise training intensity (p = 0.032); stronger magnitude reductions in anxiety symptoms were found for moderate- and high-intensity training (k = 28, ES = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.45 to 1.31) compared to low-intensity training (k = 11, ES = 0.21, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.45). No other moderators significantly influenced the relationship between exercise and anxiety. Exercise training resulted in a moderate-sized, potentially clinically meaningful, mean reduction in anxiety symptoms among children and adolescents, with larger effects found for moderate- and high-intensities, supporting exercise training as a promising therapeutic approach to lower anxiety symptoms among children and adolescents. Future research is needed to address methodological limitations present in the included studi","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"1 1","pages":"e70137"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Disease Burden of Wheat Allergy Dependent on Augmentation Factors in Recreationally Active and Trained Individuals.","authors":"Valentina Faihs,Claudia Kugler,Rebekka K Linhart,Julia Felicitas Pilz,Tilo Biedermann,Knut Brockow","doi":"10.1111/sms.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70134","url":null,"abstract":"In wheat allergy dependent on augmentation factors (WALDA), allergic reactions occur when wheat ingestion is combined with exercise or rarely other augmentation factors. We analyzed clinical characteristics and disease burden in recreationally active and trained individuals with WALDA diagnosed by oral challenge test. Clinical characteristics, serological data, and quality of life (QOL) questionnaires were analyzed and completed with follow-up interviews. Twenty recreationally active and trained WALDA patients (five female, 15 male; median age 45 years; median exercise frequency 3.5 times weekly) participated. All had experienced allergic reactions during or after different types of exercise-predominantly endurance activities-and 85% developed systemic anaphylaxis. Diagnosis was delayed by a median of 5 years, during which 35% reduced or discontinued exercise out of fear of further reactions. QOL significantly decreased after initial reactions (p < 0.001). In 95%, symptoms began during exercise, primarily with endurance activities. Interestingly, 40% identified weight training as never triggering reactions. In the diagnostic challenge tests, 90% reacted to wheat gluten alone in high doses or in combination with acetylsalicylic acid. Following diagnosis, QOL significantly improved (p < 0.001), and fear of reactions decreased (p = 0.01). During follow-up (median 18 months), all were able to resume exercise with dietary modifications alone; 40% remained reaction-free, while others experienced only mild urticaria during accidental reactions. Thus, WALDA significantly impacts recreationally active and trained individuals both physically and psychologically. Weight training may be less likely to trigger reactions than endurance activities. Timely diagnosis through challenge tests and comprehensive education and management effectively restore exercise participation and QOL.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 1","pages":"e70134"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Six Weeks of Low‐Volume Sprint Interval Training Improves Peak Oxygen Uptake Compared to a Non‐Exercise Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"John R. M. Renwick, Jeff Crukley, Masa Kudsi, Emileigh R. Binet, Jack Bone, Noah J. Mulkewich, Fiona J. Babir, Brendon J. Gurd, Martin J. Gibala","doi":"10.1111/sms.70130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70130","url":null,"abstract":"Low‐volume sprint interval training (LVSIT) increases peak oxygen uptake (VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub>) when performed three times a week for 6 weeks. Methodological and statistical concerns, however, constrain the veracity of prior findings. We therefore reassessed the VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub> response to LVSIT using a randomized controlled trial design to mitigate bias and augment reporting quality. A generative model of VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub> was constructed as a function of group, baseline VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub>, age, sex, height, and change in body mass. Simulation experiments using previous data estimated that <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 15/group would achieve 80% power to detect a difference of 1 metabolic equivalent (MET) with a credible interval (CrI) of ≤ 1‐MET. Insufficiently active young adults (22 ± 3 years, body mass index: 24 ± 4 kg m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>, baseline VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub>: 33 ± 7 mL kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> min<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) were randomized to perform 6 weeks of thrice weekly LVSIT (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 17) or no exercise (CTL; <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 20). The LVSIT protocol involved 3 × 20‐s “all out” sprints over a 10‐min session of low‐intensity cycling. Bayesian generative multivariate modeling revealed that LVSIT increased absolute [+325 mL min<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> (101–605)] and relative VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub> [+5.6 mL kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> min<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> (2.2–8.1)] versus CTL. All but one LVSIT participant (94%) were deemed a responder (i.e., mean estimate ± 95% CrI for relative VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub> &gt; 0). In contrast, four CTL participants (20%) met this criterion. LVSIT also improved time to exhaustion by +133 s (101–160) versus CTL. We unequivocally demonstrate that 6 weeks of thrice weekly LVSIT increased VO<jats:sub>2peak</jats:sub> in insufficiently active young adults compared to no exercise. By incorporating a robust design that included preregistration, concealed allocation assignment, statistical best practices, and applied Bayesian methods, and open data‐sharing, this study addresses prior methodological critiques of similar previous work.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144919125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Three‐Year Longitudinal Study of Athlete Mental Health: A Cricket Case Study","authors":"George Ely, Tim Woodman, Ross Roberts, Eleri Jones, Lynsey Williams, Nicholas Peirce","doi":"10.1111/sms.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70125","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of research on athlete mental health is cross‐sectional. The aim of this research was to investigate whether elements of athlete mental health differ between discrete periods of a sporting cycle. We measured depression, anxiety, alcohol misuse, problem gambling, and wellbeing of elite male cricketers during the preseason, mid‐season, and off‐season across three years. We used multiple imputation to account for missing data and conducted repeated‐measures analysis of variance for each of the mental health markers. Depression and alcohol misuse levels significantly changed across time, whilst anxiety and wellbeing levels remained stable. Depression levels were highest during the mid‐season but appeared to return to a baseline during the off‐season and preseason. Alcohol misuse levels were highest during the off‐season. Differences in mental health between discrete time points of a sporting cycle demonstrate the temporal component of athlete mental health. From a research perspective, the findings highlight the importance of conducting longitudinal mental health monitoring that accounts for multiple discrete periods within the athlete's sporting cycle. Practically, the resetting of depression levels during the off‐season and preseason illustrates the importance of time away from competition and thus serves as a warning for administrators who are considering adding fixtures and ultimately lengthening playing seasons.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Modulation of Corticomotor and Neuromuscular Function by Contralateral and Ipsilateral Experimental Pain Applied During Cycling","authors":"Jenny Zhang, Niloofar Honarvar, Arezou Habibirad, Kirsty Bannister, Martin J. MacInnis, Saied Jalal Aboodarda","doi":"10.1111/sms.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70127","url":null,"abstract":"Pain can impair exercise performance, but its influence on motor control, in particular the effect of robust experimental pain on the timecourse of corticomotor responses throughout prolonged, exhaustive cycling, remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that an augmented experimental pain intervention applied to exercising and non‐exercising limbs would modulate neuromuscular function, corticospinal excitability and inhibition, and exacerbate perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise. Ten healthy adults (two females) completed three single‐leg cycling sessions at 60% peak power output to failure: without experimental pain (CTRL), with intermittent occlusions applied to the resting leg (CONTRA), and with occlusions upon the exercising leg (IPSI). Every 5 min, single‐ and paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations were applied during cycling to assess corticospinal excitability () and short‐ and long‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI). Participants also performed 5‐s isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) coupled with superimposed and resting femoral stimulations. Perceptual responses and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded throughout exercise. Time to failure was blunted in CONTRA (37.2 ± 13.1 min, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.015) and IPSI (27.1 ± 11.4 min, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.003) compared to CTRL (61.1 ± 21.5 min). Though they declined across time, MVC force, voluntary activation, and resting twitch force did not differ across conditions. While was similar, SICI was higher in CONTRA (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and LICI was higher in CONTRA but lower in IPSI (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.02) than CTRL. Both conditions upregulated pain in the affected leg and exacerbated ratings of fatigue and effort (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), while IPSI increased ventilation. Experimental pain augmented perceptual responses without impairing neuromuscular function, but the site of application can oppositely modulate cortical inhibition.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}