Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports最新文献

{"title":"Correction to “Exercise Snacks Improve Cognitive Processing Efficiency: Evidence From Behavioral and fNIRS Studies”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/sms.70372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70372","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"42 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149070936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bicarbonate and Carbohydrate Co‐Ingestion During Exercise in a Novel Gel Format Improves Time‐Trial Performance After 3 h of Moderate‐Intensity Exercise in Trained Cyclists","authors":"Bernardo R. Norte, Alex Hickman, Antonio Muñoz Megias, Erick Mosquera‐Lopez, Stéphane Bermon, Frédéric Garrandes, Paolo E. Adami, Kelsie O. Johnson, Elizabeth Mahon, Sam O. Shepherd, Juliette A. Strauss, Julien B. Louis","doi":"10.1111/sms.70373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70373","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion may improve high‐intensity exercise performance in efforts that range from 1 to 60 min; however, to date, no studies have investigated the effects of SB supplementation during exercise, nor its potential to attenuate the fatigue‐induced decline in parameters of the power‐duration curve during prolonged exercise (i.e., durability). This study examined the effects of bicarbonate (BI) and carbohydrate (CHO) co‐ingestion via a novel gel format during exercise on subsequent sprint and time‐trial (TT) performance in cyclists. Eleven trained cyclists took part in this randomized, crossover study. Following one visit to establish a non‐fatigued power profile (3 × 6‐s sprints, 2‐min TT and 12‐min TT cycling performance), participants completed two experimental trials consisting of 3 h cycling at 95% gas exchange threshold and ingested CHO at a rate of 80 g·h <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> with (CHO + BI; 18 g of SB and 2 g of potassium bicarbonate) or without BI co‐ingestion (CHO). Participants repeated the same power profiling protocol after the 3 h submaximal exercise. Performance in the 12‐min TT was improved in the CHO + BI condition compared with CHO (+12 W; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.01, <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> = 1.07). Mean power output in the 6‐s sprints (+12 W; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 1.00, <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> = 0.18) and 2‐min TT (+6 W; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.888, <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> = 0.32) were not significantly different between CHO + BI and CHO. There were no differences in gastrointestinal symptoms between conditions. These data suggest that BI and CHO co‐ingestion during prolonged exercise via a novel energy gel format improves subsequent 12‐min TT performance in a fatigued state with minimal gastrointestinal discomfort.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Running Cadence Manipulation on Acute Cartilage Response in Distance Runners","authors":"Ryan J. Evans, Harry S. Battersby, Tom Boers, Richard W. Willy, Derek N. Pamukoff","doi":"10.1111/sms.70370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70370","url":null,"abstract":"We examined the influence of running cadence manipulation on femoral cartilage deformation in runners and assessed the association between knee biomechanics and cartilage characteristics. Thirty‐one runners (15 females and 16 males) completed a habitual and high cadence (+10%) run 2–7 days apart in a counterbalanced order. Participants underwent ultrasound imaging of their femoral trochlear cartilage before and after running. A force instrumented treadmill with an 8‐camera motion capture system obtained the peak knee flexion angle, peak knee extensor moment, peak patellofemoral joint force (PFJF), peak patellofemoral joint stress (PFJS), and cumulative PFJS. A 2 (condition) by 2 (time) ANOVA with repeated measures revealed medial cartilage thickness decreased similarly between conditions after running (1.97 (95% CI: 1.86, 2.09) vs. 1.89 (95% CI: 1.78, 2.01) mm; mean difference = −0.078 (95% CI: −0.130, −0.026) mm, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.005). No main effect of condition or interaction effect was found despite a difference between biomechanics outcomes (all <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Higher peak and cumulative PFJS were associated with a greater decrease in medial cartilage thickness following high cadence running ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.011). Higher PFJS was associated with thicker medial, central, and lateral cartilage thickness (all <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Increasing running cadence may be a viable intervention to decrease external joint loading while maintaining an internal stimulus to knee cartilage. Cartilage is avascular and relies on mechanical loading to facilitate nutrient diffusion. As such, joint stress during running may be beneficial for cartilage development.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Knee Joint Load Accumulation During Cycling, Walking, and Running in Individuals With and Without Knee Osteoarthritis","authors":"Jonas Ebbecke, Lasse Hansen, Josef Viellehner, William Brent Edwards, Nina Naeckel, Wolfgang Potthast","doi":"10.1111/sms.70369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70369","url":null,"abstract":"Cycling is recommended as a conservative treatment for managing knee osteoarthritis (KOA), yet direct comparisons of knee joint loading between cycling and weight‐bearing locomotion are limited. This study compared fatigue‐weighted cumulative knee joint loading ( <jats:italic>wCKL</jats:italic> ) across cycling, walking, and running in individuals with and without KOA. Fifty‐six recreational cyclists (19 KOA, 19 age‐matched controls, 18 young controls) performed cycling at nine cadence‐power combinations (60/80/100 rpm × 157/210/261 W), walking at 1.4 m/s, and running at 3.0 m/s. Three‐dimensional kinematics and reaction forces (ground for walking/running, pedal for cycling) were used to compute external knee moments via OpenSim. <jats:italic>wCKL</jats:italic> was calculated from sagittal‐plane and frontal‐plane knee moments and scaled to 1 h of activity. Mixed‐effects linear models tested task‐ and group‐dependent effects, and dose‐equivalence estimates were derived to relate cycling duration to equivalent walking or running exposure. Across planes, cycling produced lower <jats:italic>wCKL</jats:italic> than running and was not greater than walking. In the sagittal plane, cycling and walking showed comparable <jats:italic>wCKL</jats:italic> across groups, whereas KOA exhibited reduced sagittal <jats:italic>wCKL</jats:italic> relative to controls during running. In the frontal plane, KOA demonstrated significantly elevated <jats:italic>wCKL</jats:italic> during walking and running but not cycling. Dose‐equivalence analyses indicated that cycling would need to be performed ~1–2 h to match 1 h of walking and ~3–5 h to match 1 h of running, with larger ratios in the frontal plane for KOA. These findings demonstrate that cycling limits cumulative knee loading compared with running without exceeding walking under the tested conditions.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148973344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right Heart Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Profiles and Cardiopulmonary Reserve in Older Adults Undergoing Long‐Term Multicomponent Exercise: A 2‐Year Longitudinal Study","authors":"Tingting Liu, Yanmei Song, Zhiqiang Ye, Cai Jiang, Yanling Cheng, Yalan Dai, Huijuan Zhong, Feng Huang, Qiaowei Li, Fang Wang","doi":"10.1111/sms.70368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70368","url":null,"abstract":"Right heart geometry and function are essential for preserving physical performance in healthy aging, yet evidence regarding how long‐term supervised multicomponent exercise influences right heart characteristics and cardiopulmonary reserve over time remains limited. To address this gap, this interim analysis of a prospective, non‐randomized, two‐armed cohort study included 155 adults aged ≥ 65 years assigned to supervised multicomponent training ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 75) or education control group ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 80). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed at baseline, 1‐year, and 2‐year follow‐ups, with right heart structure and function as the primary outcomes; post hoc analyses were stratified by training adherence. Among these participants, 92 (training: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 54; control: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 38) completed the 2‐year follow‐up and were included in the final analysis. No significant time × group interactions were detected for right or left heart parameters (all <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). After multivariable adjustment, the exercise group showed higher overall adjusted mean values for right atrial volumes and selected right ventricular functional measures, including stroke volume, cardiac index, and peak filling rate (all <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). In contrast, significant time × group interactions were identified for peak VO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.003), and VO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> at AT ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.033), indicating distinct longitudinal cardiopulmonary trajectories between groups. Post hoc subgroup analyses showed that between‐group differences in right heart volumetric measures persisted through 2 years in the high‐adherence group, whereas those in the low‐adherence group were less consistent. Overall, long‐term multicomponent exercise was associated with higher levels of selected right heart volumetric and functional measures without detectable alterations in longitudinal cardiac remodeling trajectories in older adults, alongside favorable longitudinal changes in cardiopulmonary reserve. These findings suggest that exercise‐related benefits in healthy aging may be characterized primarily by functional adaptations rather than longitudinal structural cardiac remodeling. Trial Registration: The original study was registered at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/userProject\">https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/userProject</jats:ext-link> (ChiCTR2000032404, Registered on April 27, 2020)","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148915412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement Strategies During the Penultimate and Final Steps of a Change of Direction Following Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy","authors":"Chelsea Starbuck, Lee Herrington, Vanessa Walters, Bilal Barkatali, Richard Jones","doi":"10.1111/sms.70367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70367","url":null,"abstract":"Persistent knee offloading is well‐documented after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM). Yet, it remains unclear if this extends to higher‐demanding change‐of‐direction (CoD) tasks and how step‐specific strategies influence joint loading. We aimed to compare joint power and relative contributions in the surgical limb, contralateral limb, and healthy individuals during a 90° CoD. A secondary aim examined the relationship between knee negative power at the penultimate and final foot contacts across limb sequences. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected from 24 post‐APM and 20 healthy individuals using motion capture with force plates. Participants performed a running approach before executing a 90° CoD. Linear mixed‐effects models compared limb differences and examined the relationship between steps. During penultimate contact, APM limb showed lower magnitudes of total (mean difference 2.80 W/kg, 95% CI 0.59, 5.00) and knee (2.60 W/kg, 0.75, 4.46) negative power than healthy limbs, with lower knee (−10.57%, −19.63, −1.52) and higher ankle (10.13%, 0.47, 19.79) contributions. During final contact, APM limb showed lower magnitudes of knee negative power (0.65 W/kg, 0.06, 1.24) than contralateral limbs. Compared with healthy, APM limb showed lower positive knee and ankle power, with lower knee (−7.23%, −14.19, −0.27) and greater hip (9.73%, 0.33, 19.13) contributions. Persistent knee deficits occurred post‐APM, characterized by ankle‐dominant braking and hip‐dominant propulsion. Limb sequence influenced knee loading, with APM penultimate contact shifting braking to the contralateral limb at final contact. These findings suggest rehabilitation approaches may benefit from prioritizing knee function while preparing the ankle and hip to tolerate redistributed loads.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148883469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanics of Copenhagen Adduction Exercise and Eccentric Hip Adductor Exercises on a Novel Isokinetic Dynamometer With Within‐Session Repeatability","authors":"J. Marušič, O. Cvjetičanin, M. Supej, J. Babič, N. Šarabon","doi":"10.1111/sms.70365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70365","url":null,"abstract":"This study biomechanically evaluated the eccentric phase of short and long lever Copenhagen adduction exercise (CAE) and compared them with unilateral and bilateral eccentric hip adductor exercises performed on a novel eccentric hip adductor dynamometer (EHAD). Fifteen participants completed two CAE variations and five EHAD exercises. Three‐dimensional kinematics and force data were collected to compute peak hip joint torque, range of motion (ROM), and angle at peak torque as the primary dependent variables. Peak and mean external force and body‐mass‐normalized torque were reported. Effects of exercise type and lever length on primary dependent variables, as well as relative and absolute within‐session repeatability, were evaluated. The CAE produced significantly lower peak eccentric torques than all EHAD variations, regardless of lever length or unilateral/bilateral performance. Long lever CAE elicited greater peak and average torques than the short lever CAE, although ROM was significantly lower in the long lever condition across exercises. EHAD exercises generated significantly greater peak torques during bilateral performance, demonstrating the presence of bilateral facilitation (27.9% ± 16.5%). Angle at peak torque was similar across all exercises (31°–39°). With the exception of angle at peak torque during the CAE, all measurements showed good to excellent relative and moderate to good absolute within‐session repeatability. Increasing lever length during CAE effectively raises hip adductor loading, while all EHAD variations enable even greater loading and exhibit pronounced bilateral facilitation. Future intervention studies should determine whether these biomechanical advantages translate into clinically meaningful improvements in adductor‐related groin injury prevention and rehabilitation outcomes.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marathon Running Transiently Causes Medial Meniscus Extrusion: Recovery Time Course and Factors Associated With Extrusion.","authors":"Shinya Dobashi, Koji Iwasaki, Shunto Tanaka, Ryosuke Hishimura, Masatake Matsuoka, Taku Ebata, Dai Sato, Tomohiro Onodera, Eiji Kondo, Norimasa Iwasaki","doi":"10.1111/sms.70366","DOIUrl":"10.1111/sms.70366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meniscal recovery time following marathon running remains unknown, despite the need for practical recommendations on post-race return to training. We aimed (1) to characterize the time course of medial meniscus extrusion (MME) after a full marathon and (2) to identify baseline factors associated with the magnitude of the acute increase in MME. One hundred recreational runners (200 knees; mean age 47.2 years; 77 men, 23 women) from five marathons underwent weight-bearing, fully extended-knee portable ultrasonography at baseline and immediately post-race, and 90 runners (180 knees) were reassessed on post-race Days 1-5. Meniscus extrusion was measured as the distance from the medial tibial plateau to the outer meniscal edge. Baseline medial-to-lateral load distribution was quantified as walking knee adduction moment (KAM) impulse from a tibia-mounted inertial measurement unit, normalized to body mass and height. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated associations between acute extrusion change and candidate predictors. Mean baseline MME was 1.14 mm (95% CI 1.06-1.22) and increased to 1.57 mm (1.49-1.66) immediately post-race, a 38% increase (mean ΔMME 0.44 mm, 0.41-0.47; p < 0.001). MME remained significantly elevated through Day 3 (p < 0.01) but returned to baseline from Day 4 onward (p > 0.05). In multivariable analysis, a greater acute increase was independently associated with higher normalized KAM impulse (β = 0.24, 95% CI 0.10-0.37), higher BMI (β = 0.22, 0.09-0.36), and higher monthly running distance (β = 0.18, 0.04-0.31), with a borderline association for age (β = 0.15, -0.00 to 0.31). MME increased transiently after a marathon and returned to pre-race levels by approximately Day 4; whether this transient change has clinical consequences, or warrants a specific recovery interval, requires further study.</p>","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"36 9","pages":"e70366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13536212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148876115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural Brain Reserve Moderates the Associations Between 24‐h Movement Behaviors and Cognition in Older Adults: Cross‐Sectional Findings From the\u0000 AGUEDA\u0000 Trial","authors":"Beatriz Fernandez‐Gamez,Patricio Solis‐Urra,Javier Sanchez‐Martinez,Alessandro Sclafani,Marcos Olvera‐Rojas,María Teresa Rodríguez‐Palacios,Maddison L. Mellow,Dorothea Dumuid,Ashleigh E. Smith,Francisco B. Ortega,Irene Esteban‐Cornejo","doi":"10.1111/sms.70360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70360","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examined the associations between 24‐h movement behaviors and cognitive function in cognitively unimpaired older adults, and whether Alzheimer's disease brain signatures, including gray matter mean diffusivity (GMMD) and thickness/volume signatures, moderated these associations. A total of 91 participants were enrolled in the AGUEDA trial (NCT05186090), with 89 included in this cross‐sectional analysis (mean age = 71.61 ± 3.85 years; 56.2% females). Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep were objectively assessed using 9‐day wrist‐worn accelerometry. Cognitive function was assessed across attention/inhibitory control, episodic memory, processing speed, visuospatial processing, and working memory. Thickness/volume and GMMD signatures were derived from cortical and hippocampal regions. Compositional linear regression models (CoDA) examined associations, adjusting for age, sex, and education, and tested interactions between movement behaviors and Alzheimer's disease brain signatures. No direct associations were observed between 24‐h movement behaviors and cognitive domains (all p  &gt; 0.05). However, GMMD signature, but not thickness/volume signature, moderated several movement behavior‐cognition associations. Moderation was most evident for episodic memory, with significant interactions for MVPA, LPA, and sleep, while LPA exhibited the broadest pattern of moderation across cognitive domains, interacting with attention/inhibitory control, episodic memory, processing speed, and working memory (all p for interaction ≤ 0.04). In conclusion, the associations between 24‐h movement behaviors and cognitive function may depend on microstructural brain integrity (i.e., GMMD). These findings highlight the importance of considering Alzheimer's disease‐related brain signatures when investigating lifestyle–cognition associations and support a more personalized approach to promoting cognitive health in older adults. Future prospective longitudinal studies and CoDA interventional trials are needed to establish temporal precedence and evaluate whether targeted time reallocations can actively attenuate cognitive trajectories across distinct microstructural vulnerability profiles. Trial Registration: NCT05186090","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148893688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running Distance Is Associated With Components of Total Energy Expenditure in Amenorrhoeic and Non‐Amenorrhoeic Endurance Runners","authors":"Akiko Uchizawa, Emi Kondo, Yasushi Enomoto, Katsuhiko Yajima, Shinsuke Tamai, Koichi Watanabe, Ai Ito, Miki Kosugi, Yasuki Higaki, Hiroyuki Sagayama","doi":"10.1111/sms.70362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70362","url":null,"abstract":"Some competitive runners strategically regulate their body weight to optimize race performance by balancing energy intake and expenditure. The constrained total energy expenditure (TEE) model suggests that exercise energy expenditure (EEE) is sustained through compensatory reductions in other components of TEE, including resting metabolic rate (RMR) and sleeping metabolic rate (SMR). However, it remains unclear whether TEE and its components differ between athletes with and without amenorrhoea, or whether the constrained energy model applies to athletes engaged in chronic training. This study compared TEE components—SMR, RMR, non‐exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), and EEE—between amenorrhoeic and non‐amenorrhoeic runners and examined their relationship with physical activity, particularly weekly running distance. Twenty female middle‐ and long‐distance runners (10 amenorrhoeic and 10 non‐amenorrhoeic) participated. TEE and body composition were measured under free‐living conditions using the doubly labeled water method, while RMR and SMR were assessed in a whole‐room metabolic chamber. NEAT was estimated by accelerometry and training reports, and EEE was calculated by subtraction. TEE and its components did not differ between amenorrhoeic and non‐amenorrhoeic runners. Weekly running distance did not correlate with TEE but was negatively linked to NEAT and positively to EEE, whereas its negative associations with RMR and SMR were attenuated after adjustment for body composition. Similar directional associations were observed in both groups, but the study was not powered to test effect modification by menstrual status. These findings are consistent with the constrained TEE model and suggest that higher training volume may be accompanied by a reallocation of energy expenditure among its components in chronically trained runners.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148858810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}