Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports最新文献

{"title":"The Impact of miR-455-5p Modulation on Enhancing Tendon-Bone Interface Healing and Macrophage Polarization Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.","authors":"Rui Geng, Gang Liu, Wei Chen, Weibo Zhou, Yaojun Lu, Hao Wu, Wenwei Liang, Chunhui Zhu","doi":"10.1111/sms.70097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in physiological and pathological processes, including tendon-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This study identifies the upregulation of miR-455-5p in tendon-bone interface tissues during early postoperative periods. Using a mouse ACLR model, we explored the impact of miR-455-5p inhibition on macrophage polarization and tendon-bone healing. Our in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate that blocking miR-455-5p promotes M2 macrophage polarization and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Mice treated with miR-455-5p inhibitor exhibited enhanced bone formation, mature interface tissue, and superior mechanical properties. This study attributes the therapeutic benefits to miR-455-5p's interaction with the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), influencing the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. These insights advance the understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation in ACLR recovery, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for improving post-surgical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 7","pages":"e70097"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"#ReadyToPlay: Risk Factors in the Norwegian Women's Premier League Football-Perceptions and Priorities of Club Stakeholders.","authors":"Ingvild G Kåshagen, Roar Amundsen, Håvard Moksnes, Merete Møller, Roald Bahr","doi":"10.1111/sms.70099","DOIUrl":"10.1111/sms.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Women's premier league footballers have a high risk of injury. Risk management has been proposed as a framework for improving athlete health, through describing, assessing, and addressing potential risks. This article aim to describe the risks and risk factors for injury and illness that stakeholders in women's football perceive as important, their priorities and how they plan to address them. All key stakeholders in the 11 teams playing in the Norwegian women's premier league participated. They created a tailored risk management plan targeting the 2024 season, describing potential risks for injury and illness and their risk factors, as well as seasonal risks related to their training and match calendar. The risks were assessed individually, and a plan with preventive measures was created to address the prioritized risks. The teams identified 104 risks (49% team, 51% seasonal). Most risks were categorized as Training & match load (42) and Musculoskeletal (42). For these, 248 risk factors were identified; most were categorized as Training & match load (66), Staff & player-related (55), Social/behavioral (52) and Equipment & facilities (47). Of the 104 risks, 61 were prioritized, and 231 preventive measures were planned to address them. The physiotherapist was responsible for 55% of these measures, while the remaining 45% were assigned to other team stakeholders. This study highlights the diversity of risks, risk factors, and planned preventive measures for injury and illness in Norwegian elite women's football. Addressing these issues requires a broad focus beyond physical factors and adopting a holistic approach involving all relevant team representatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"35 7","pages":"e70099"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quadriceps Morphology 6- to 60-Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear.","authors":"Justin M Losciale,Bruce Lin,Marine Theret,Allyson M Schweitzer,Matthew D Fliss,Thomas Scarr,Xian He Yan,Navin Prasad,Michael A Hunt,Michael S Koehle,Fabio M V Rossi,Cameron J Mitchell,Jackie L Whittaker","doi":"10.1111/sms.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70109","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to compare quadriceps morphology between legs and individuals with a first-time anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and uninjured controls. This was an exploratory cross-sectional study. We enrolled participants who were aged 19-35 years, and 6-60 months after a first-time ACL tear as well as uninjured controls. Participants attended two sessions separated by a minimum of 7 days. Bilateral knee extensor concentric and eccentric strength and rate of torque development (RTD) were assessed at the first session, and bilateral vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained at the second. Muscle fiber-type specific cross-sectional area (fCSA), fiber-type proportions, and extracellular matrix area were calculated. Between-limb and between-group differences were estimated using mixed-effects regression. 41 of 47 (87%) participants completed the study (n = 21 ACL, n = 20 control). ACL group participants were a median (range) of 23 months from injury, and 78% had undergone an ACL reconstruction. Uninjured group participants had greater knee extensor concentric strength (-39.3 Nm; 95% CI: -54.2, -20.5), eccentric strength (-30.2 Nm; 95% CI: -53.4, -11.6), and RTD (-0.16 Nm/ms; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.04). No between-group or between-limb differences in muscle fiber-type specific fCSA, fiber-type proportions, or extracellular matrix area were observed. Despite deficits in knee extensor muscle performance, no difference in vastus lateralis fiber-type specific CSA, fiber-type proportion, or extracellular matrix area was detected between individuals 6-60 months after an ACL tear and uninjured controls.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"18 1","pages":"e70109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Heterogeneity in Vastus Lateralis Architecture Influences Fascicle Behavior During In Vivo Contractions.","authors":"Michele Trinchi,Baptiste Bizet,Paola Zamparo,Andrea Monte","doi":"10.1111/sms.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70103","url":null,"abstract":"Skeletal muscle is heterogeneous in its architecture, with regional differences in fiber length and pennation angle that make up anatomically distinct regions. This study aimed to understand how these regional differences influence vastus lateralis (VL) behavior during isokinetic contractions in vivo. Knee extensor torque was measured in twelve healthy young adults using an isokinetic dynamometer during maximal contractions at different angular velocities (30° s-1, 75° s-1, 150° s-1, 210° s-1, 270° s-1). The fascicle length of VL was recorded by two ultrasound devices in its distal and middle regions, and muscle-belly length was calculated as the longitudinal length change in the muscle belly. Fascicle (Vf) and muscle-belly (Vm) velocities were calculated as the first derivative of the length-time curve in the phase at constant angular velocity. Muscle-belly gearing (Gb) was calculated as Vm/Vf. At rest, greater thickness and pennation angles and lower fascicle lengths were observed in the middle vs. distal regions. During contraction, Vf and Vm increased as a function of angular velocity in both the investigated regions. The distal regions showed higher Vf and Vm values at all the investigated angular velocities. Significant differences in Gb were observed between regions but not as a function of knee angular velocity. Our data indicate that the architectural differences within a muscle affect the behavior of the active components during contraction. These results could help develop new musculoskeletal models to predict the muscle's mechanical output better.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"14 1","pages":"e70103"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Extremity Mechanical Energetics During Walking 6 Months Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.","authors":"Hyunwook Lee,Caroline Lisee,Christin Büttner,Elizabeth Bjornsen,Natalia Favoreto,Robert A Creighton,Ganesh M Kamath,Jeffrey T Spang,Jason R Franz,J Troy Blackburn,Brian Pietrosimone","doi":"10.1111/sms.70105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70105","url":null,"abstract":"Aberrant gait biomechanics following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ACL reconstruction (ACLR) are critical factors contributing to the development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, it remains unknown how ACLR impacts lower extremity joint energetics and each joint's contribution to total limb energetics during walking. To compare mechanical energetics at the ankle, knee, and hip joints between ACLR limbs, contralateral, and control limbs during walking. Forty-four participants with primary unilateral ACLR (post-ACLR: 6.0 ± 0.2 months) and 44 uninjured controls were studied. Ankle, knee, and hip joint work were calculated as the time integral of the negative (energy dissipation) or positive (energy generation) regions of the respective stance-phase joint power curves. The joint-specific contribution to total limb energy dissipation and generation was calculated. ANCOVA was used to assess differences in energy dissipation and generation at the ankle, knee, and hip between ACLR, contralateral, and matched control limbs, respectively. Compared to contralateral and matched control limbs, ACLR limbs exhibited lesser energy dissipation (ACLR: -0.06 ± 0.03 J/kg; vs. contralateral: -0.12 ± 0.07; vs. control: -0.12 ± 0.04; p < 0.001, all) and generation (0.08 ± 0.03 vs. 0.11 ± 0.06 vs. 0.10 ± 0.04; p < 0.001, all) about the knee joint and lesser contribution from the knee (66.8 ± 33.0 vs. 79.8 ± 26.7 vs. 79.9 ± 23.1; p = 0.01, all) and greater contribution from the hip (30.5 ± 33.1 vs. 14.5 ± 23.5 vs. 14.7 ± 19.8; p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively) to total limb generation during mid-stance. Compared to contralateral limbs and matched controls, individuals at 6 months post ACLR exhibit altered lower extremity mechanical energetics, with decreased knee contributions and a greater hip contribution during walking.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"9 1","pages":"e70105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Postconcussion Outcomes and Symptom Reporting: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Gina Carr,Marie-Therese Fleddermann","doi":"10.1111/sms.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70093","url":null,"abstract":"Concussion is common in sports and often shows sex-based differences in symptom severity and recovery, with female athletes experiencing more severe, prolonged symptoms. Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle may play a role in concussion, but research on this topic has been limited. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to investigate whether the menstrual cycle phase-both at the time of injury and after injury-influences postconcussion outcomes and symptom reporting, and whether menstrual cycle phases influence baseline assessments in the absence of injury. This review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines and included studies on the influence of menstrual cycle phases on concussion-related outcomes retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and BISp-Surf databases. Five studies involving 774 females identified variations in symptom severity and health outcomes across menstrual cycle phases, with differences between the luteal and follicular phases. Findings suggest that hormonal fluctuations, particularly the withdrawal of elevated progesterone during the luteal phase, may contribute to worse postconcussion symptoms and outcomes, with these hormone levels at the time of injury emerging as a potential predictor of recovery severity. Baseline assessment evaluations should account for menstrual cycle phase, because this influences symptom variability and severity. This review underscores the importance of incorporating menstrual cycle phases into concussion management strategies in order to enhance diagnostic accuracy and recovery approaches for female athletes. Addressing these hormonal influences can advance both research and practice in the management of concussion.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"45 1","pages":"e70093"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144478669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Effects of Prolonged Endurance Exercise in Young and Older Athletes.","authors":"Jacob Frandsen,Mikkel Aaroe,Thomas Sehestedt,Ronni Eg Sahl,Mikkel Thunestvedt Hansen,Michelle Munk Lie-Olesen,Andreas Blaaholm Nielsen,Tue Rømer,Arthur Ingersen,Steen Larsen,Flemming Dela,Massimo Sacchetti,Angelo Cataldo,Marcello Traina,Jørn Wulff Helge,Hanne Kruuse Rasmusen","doi":"10.1111/sms.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70104","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the effects of prolonged endurance exercise on the thin-walled chambers of the right ventricle (RV) and left atrium (LA), and heart rate (HR) in young (YA) and older (OA) athletes. Seven YA and seven OA (30 ± 5 and 65 ± 6 years; V̇O2max: 61.5 ± 2.2 and 46.8 ± 4.1 mL/min/kg, respectively) were studied before, during, and after a 15-day cycling journey from Copenhagen (CPH) to Palermo (PMO) (~3000 km). Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed in both groups, and additional stress echocardiography (SE) in OA. Speckle-tracking echocardiography was applied for RV free-wall strain, LA global peak-atrial longitudinal strain (PALS), and contraction strain (PACS). Assessments were made at baseline (CPH), at arrival (PMO), and for OA six months post-intervention (CPH+6). RV size and function were similar between YA and OA at baseline and remained unchanged at rest post-intervention. In OA, SE revealed decreased RV function during exercise at PMO, normalizing at CPH+6. LA size remained unchanged, but OA showed higher baseline filling pressure (E/e'), PACS, and LA stiffness index with lower PALS than YA. Post-intervention, PALS decreased (p < 0.01) while E/e', PACS, and LA stiffness index remained stable. Resting HR increased in OA (p = 0.002) but not in YA. V̇O2max was higher in YA and decreased in OA post-intervention (p = 0.056). Although RV size and resting function were unaffected, RV exercise-induced dysfunction was observed in OA, potentially due to increased LA stiffness. These findings suggest age-related cardiac fatigue and extended recovery time in OA.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"666 1","pages":"e70104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144640008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Football Association Injury and Illness Surveillance Study: The Incidence, Burden, and Severity of Injuries in English Women's Domestic Football—A 5‐Year Prospective Cohort Study","authors":"Bradley Sprouse, Philip Hennis, Pippa Bennett, Steve Kemp, Charlotte Cowie, Abosede Ajayi, Ryan King, Molly Johnson, John Morris, Simon Cooper, Avinash Chandran, Ian Varley","doi":"10.1111/sms.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70094","url":null,"abstract":"The epidemiology of injuries in English women's professional football is yet to be investigated. Therefore, the aim was to examine the incidence, severity, and burden of injury in English women's domestic football. Time‐loss injuries, and match and training exposure, were collected by club medical staff across 5 seasons (2018–2023) from English Women's Super League and Championship teams (93 team seasons). The incidence, severity, burden, cause, onset and patterns of injury were examined. A bootstrapped negative binomial approach was employed to calculate incidence and burden estimates, time‐trend analysis and injury rate ratios (IRR), all with accompanying 95% CI. 2167 injuries were reported, resulting in 76 687 days absent. Of these, 981 match injuries (eliciting 37 269 days absent) and 1186 training injuries (eliciting 39 418 days absent) were reported. Injury incidence was greater in matches than training (20.5 [16.9–24.1] vs. 2.9 [2.0–4.0] injuries per 1000 h [95% CI]; IRR: 7.3, 95% CI: 5.1–10.1). Match injury burden (775.1 days absent/1000 h [95% CI; 630.0–934.9]) was greater than training (96.9 days absent/1000 h [95% CI: 66.1–138.5]) (IRR: 8.3, 95% CI: 5.4–12.0). Training injury incidence decreased by 28% across the study period (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.041), with no significant seasonal changes for match injury incidence (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.218) or injury burden (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). The most common diagnosis was hamstring injury (match: 2.37; training: 0.38; injuries/1000 h), while ACL injuries were the most burdensome (match: 136.31; training: 10.86 days absent/1000 h), with no significant seasonal changes observed (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Overall, the present study showed that injury incidence and burden were greater in matches than training, with incidence decreasing by 28% across the study period in training in English women's domestic football. Hamstring injuries were the most common injury diagnosis, and ACL injuries were the most burdensome; illustrating the need to continue to develop prevention strategies for these injuries. The present study provides injury surveillance information in English women's domestic football and can be a benchmark for the success of future injury prevention strategies.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speed Endurance Training to Improve Performance","authors":"Jens Bangsbo, Julie Kissow, Morten Hostrup","doi":"10.1111/sms.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70091","url":null,"abstract":"In many sports, the physical dimension plays a crucial role in determining athletic performance. This review provides insights into the effectiveness of speed endurance training (SET), that is, exercise training performed at intensities higher than that eliciting maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐max), on performance across different sports and event durations, that is, lasting 20–60 s, 1–10 min, and 10–60 min, as well as repeated intense exercise, as found in sports like football and basketball. Only studies with trained subjects and athletes are reviewed. For each event, the description is divided into the effect of SET, either alone or in combination with aerobic training or power/resistance training. We highlight that SET enhances performance across all event durations, even when training volume is markedly reduced. The performance enhancements arise despite no changes in V̇O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐max and are typically associated with improved exercise economy and a greater capacity to handle muscle ionic shifts and counter exercise‐induced reductions in pH. Thus, athletes can benefit from periods with SET—either performed alone or in combination with other training modalities.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Velocity Loss Thresholds in Full Squat With and Without Blood Flow Restriction on Strength Gains, Neuromuscular Adaptations, and Muscle Hypertrophy","authors":"Juan Sánchez‐Valdepeñas, Iván Asín‐Izquierdo, Pedro Jesús Cornejo‐Daza, Gonzalo Mariscal, Ruggero Romagnoli, Julian Alcazar, Juan José González‐Badillo, Eduardo Saez de Villarreal, Fernando Pareja‐Blanco","doi":"10.1111/sms.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70090","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyze the effects of four full‐squat (SQ) training programs that differed in the blood flow condition [free flow (FF) versus restricted (BFR)] and in the velocity loss (VL) induced within the set (20% vs. 40%) on strength gains and muscle hypertrophy. Fifty‐two strength‐trained men followed an 8‐week (16 sessions) SQ training program from 55% to 70% 1‐repetition maximum (1RM) (FF20: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 14; BFR20: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 13; FF40: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 12; BFR40: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 13). The number of sets <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 13 per session and the inter‐set recovery periods (2 min) were matched between groups. A 50% arterial occlusion pressure was applied and maintained during the inter‐set recovery for BFR groups. The following tests were carried out before and after the training intervention: (1) cross‐sectional area of the vastus lateralis (ACSA); (2) countermovement jump; (3) progressive loading SQ test; and (4) fatigue SQ test. No significant BFR × VL × time interactions were observed. For 1RM and strength‐derived outcomes from the progressive loading test, significant VL × time interactions (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.01–0.05) in favor of 20% VL groups were found. Regarding jump performance, a significant VL × time interaction (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.02) also favored the 20% VL groups. A BFR × time interaction (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.02) was observed in favor of the BFR condition for ACSA. Prescribing a certain level of effort through VL results in similar jump and strength performance improvements, regardless of blood flow condition, with optimal gains achieved at a moderate VL threshold (20%). Additionally, the BFR condition maximized muscle hypertrophy compared to FF, making it a valuable strategy for muscle growth.","PeriodicalId":21466,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports","volume":"260 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}