Saudi Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"A Retrospective Cohort Study of Uterine Cancer Epidemiological Analysis and Age-Based Disparities in Saudi Arabian Population across 32 Years.","authors":"Sallwa M Alshehre, Mohammad A Althubiti","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8785","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the burden of uterine tumour in Saudi Arabia during the past 32 years (1990-2021), with an emphasize on the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Knowing these patterns strengthen the national aims of cancer control under Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Vision 2030.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was performed using data retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. The work included population from Saudi Arabia between 1990 and 2021 and tested standardization age-specific metrics, involving uterine tumour incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Uterine tumour cases raised from 507 in 1990 to 6,366 in 2021, showing a 1,170% rise. There was an increase in age-based pattern by 206%, with significant raises in women aged 30-54 and a pattern toward earlier onset (ages 34-39). Incidence increased by 300%, from 2.7 to 7.5 per 100,000, with most significant increase noticed in women over 55. DALYs correlated with uterine tumour raised by 500%, mostly affecting aged women. Death due to uterine tumour increased 4 times; the highest death rates taken place in women aged 45-49 years. An unforeseen raise in the mortality was observed among women aged 20-24 years in the period between 2004-2007.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study showed an increase in the uterine tumour trends in Saudi Arabia especially in the recent years, underscores the need for upgrading the preventive policies and early detection strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"1017-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating the Private Sector into Surgical Residency Training: <i>Insights from Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Saudi Arabia</i>.","authors":"Nuha A Alsaleh","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8795","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8795","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"1100-1102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Nosocomial Bacteria across Different Units at King Faisal Complex Hospital, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Nahed Hawsawi, Renad N Al-Jaiud, Layal L Khyyat, Kholoud Alsulimany, Manhal Shabat","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8788","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Nosocomial infections significantly impact patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. To determine the prevalence, bacteriological profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and resistance distribution of pathogens causing nosocomial infections at King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2023 and March 2024 at different hospital units following ethical approval. Samples (n = 667) were collected from patients (both genders; all ages) exhibiting infection symptoms ≥48 h post-admission and pre-antibiotic administration. Bacterial identification involved culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Phoenix100 system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 667 patients, 55% were men/boys, and 45% were aged 14-59 years. The highest infection rate was noted in the intensive care unit (26%), followed by the male surgical (19%) and medical wards (14%). The female surgical ward (10%) had the lowest infection rate. The most common sample sources were urine (28%), blood (17%), wound and sputum (16%), and swabs (15%). Gram-negative bacteria (mainly <i>Escherichia coli [E. coli]</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumonia</i> 70%) predominated over gram-positive bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus [S. aureus]</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>; 30%). Multidrug-resistant pathogens were most frequent in the intensive care unit (ICU) 37.6%, with gram-positive isolates exceeding gram-negative isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results highlight the prevalence of nosocomial infections in different hospital units, with <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> as dominant pathogens. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistance warrants continuous surveillance and tailored antimicrobial stewardship programs to combat resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"1041-1050"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronary Artery Ectasia: A 10-Year Experience at a Single Center in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Talal F Aljabbary, Meshal S Alhamed, Mohamed H Ismaeel, Abdulrahman O Alhaqbani, Abdullah S Alhumimidi, Nouf A Alanazi, Ayman M AlSaleh, Khalid M Aljohani, Waleed M Alharbi, Mostafa Q Alshamiri","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8793","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the incidence of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and its associated clinical characteristics and outcomes over a long follow-up period in Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed all coronary angiography procedures performed between January 2013 and June 2023. Patients with CAE were included in the final analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the 10-year period, 10,397 patients underwent coronary angiography. The CAE was diagnosed in 242 patients, yielding an incidence of 2.3%. The majority were male (92.6%). The average age was 57.15 ± 11.76 years. The right coronary artery (RCA) was the most involved vessel (65.2% of all patients). The most common anatomical morphology of ectasia was diffuse (92.5%), followed by saccular (4.5%) and fusiform (3%). A total of 26.8% of the patients had isolated CAE, while 73.1% had mixed CAE and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The rates of diabetes (27.7% vs. 55.4%, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and smoking (32.3% vs. 49.2%, <i>p</i> < 0.011) were significantly greater in the mixed CAE and ASCVD group. During a median follow-up of 510 days, the prevalence of composite endpoint was significantly greater in the mixed CAE and ASCVD group than in the isolated CAE group (29% vs. 14%, <i>p</i> = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coronary artery ectasia is an uncommon angiographic finding, most often occurring in association with obstructive CAD. Outcomes appear to differ according to the presence of coexisting obstructive disease, with fewer events observed among patients with isolated CAE.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"1087-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) to Body Defense and Healing in Pulmonary Tuberculosis.","authors":"Hasrah Junaidi, Annis C Adi, Soedarsono, Soetjipto, Chatarina U Wahyuni, Fariani Syahrul, Mahmudah M Kes, Zakiyuddin S Km, Iskandar Arfan, Abdullah A Mamun, Rubia Sari","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8781","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the contribution of IL-6 to host defense and healing in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Pulmonary tuberculosis continues to pose a significant global health challenge, with disease outcomes determined by complex host-pathogen interactions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine, has been implicated in immune regulation and tissue recovery during TB, but its specific role is not fully established. This review aimed to examine the contribution of IL-6 to host defense and healing in pulmonary TB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Medline following PRISMA guidelines, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. Search terms included \"pulmonary tuberculosis,\" \"IL-6,\" \"Immune response,\" and \"Healing.\" Eligible studies were human-based, published in English, and provided full-text access. Data extraction focused on study design, population, IL-6 sample type, and findings related to immune response and healing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence consistently demonstrated IL-6 as a key modulator of TB immunity. IL-6 supports macrophage activation, T-cell differentiation, and granuloma formation, enhancing host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, IL-6 regulates inflammation and promotes tissue repair, contributing to recovery. However, dysregulated or excessive IL-6 activity was linked to heightened inflammation and lung pathology, indicating a dual role in both protection and potential tissue damage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Interleukin-6 is central to immune defense and healing in pulmonary TB, exerting protective effects while requiring precise regulation to prevent pathological outcomes. Future research should clarify underlying mechanisms and explore IL-6-targeted strategies for improved TB treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"981-991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Stroke Fatigue in Saudi Arabia: <i>A Call to Action</i>.","authors":"Saad Z Alqahtani","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8782","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is a major consequence of stroke, with a prevalence of approximately 42-53% among stroke survivors. However, over the last 2 decades, only a few studies have explored PSF in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Findings from these studies show that PSF negatively impacts the quality of life of individuals with stroke. Furthermore, they emphasize the need for education for both health care providers and patients regarding PSF. This call-to-action mini narrative review identifies knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for both researchers and policymakers, including the need for standardized management and the exploration of hospital environment settings. Specifically, it urges investigation into the prevalence and possible coping strategies for PSF from a cultural perspective. Finally, it highlighted crucial future research direction regarding possibility of the potential long-term effects of PSF on individuals with stroke in KSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"992-997"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor Markers and Pancreatic Enzymes Reflect Early Pancreatic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Walaa Mohammedsaeed, Suliman Alharbi, Lama Alraddadi, Saja Aljohani, Talat Almehmadi, Sarah Alawfi","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8792","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8792","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate whether pancreatic enzymes and tumor markers reflect early pancreatic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study conducted between January 2023 and January 2024, 300 Saudi adults with T2DM were assessed for serum CA19-9, CA125, amylase, and lipase. Associations with glycemic control, insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), and metabolic parameters were examined using multivariable linear and logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes duration, lipid profile, and medication use. Receiver-operating characteristic analyses evaluated biomarker performance for identifying poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8.5%). Exploratory analyses assessed associations with recent acute pancreatitis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with poor glycemic control had significantly higher CA19-9 and CA125 levels and lower amylase and lipase levels (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). HbA1c and HOMA-IR remained independent predictors of tumor marker elevation and enzyme reduction after adjustment. Adjusted area under the curve values for detecting poor glycemic control were 0.81 for CA125, 0.79 for CA19-9, 0.75 for lipase, and 0.73 for amylase. A high-risk biomarker profile, defined as elevated CA19-9 or CA125 combined with low amylase or lipase, was associated with recent acute pancreatitis (adjusted odds ratio 2.3; 95% confidence interval 1.3-4.2).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In T2DM, elevated tumor markers and reduced pancreatic enzyme activity are associated with poor glycemic control and insulin resistance and may indicate early pancreatic dysfunction. These biomarkers may aid risk stratification and warrant evaluation in prospective studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 6","pages":"1079-1086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nephroprotective Effects of Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: <i>A Multicenter Saudi Arabian Study</i>.","authors":"Maha H Jamal, Hassan A Alzahrani, Duaa M Bakhshwin, Ranya A Ghamri, Fatmah S Binzomah, Wisam H Jamal, Moaz W Abulfaraj","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8778","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dulaglutide in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included 212 patients with CKD (stages 1-4) and T2DM treated with once-weekly dulaglutide (1.5 mg) for either 12 or 24 months at three tertiary care centers in Saudi Arabia from January 2021 to December 2023. Safety was assessed based on the presence of adverse events. Efficacy was measured using the changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and body mass index (BMI). Changes in efficacy outcomes were assessed using paired t-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline HbA1c was 9.1% (±1.8%), BMI was 33.0 (±6.4) kg/m², and eGFR was 68.2 (±28.5) mL/min/1.73 m². At 12 and 24 months, HbA1c decreased by 1.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1.4, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and BMI by 1.1 kg/m² (95% CI: 0.9-1.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Further, eGFR remained stable at 12 months (change: $-$0.1, 95% CI: $-$2.2 to 2.0, <i>p</i> = 0.937) but increased by 2.8 mL/min/1.73 m² (95% CI: 0.3-5.3, <i>p</i> = 0.029) at 24 months, particularly in stage 3 CKD (<i>p</i> = 0.041). By multivariable regression analysis, with adjustment for concomitant medications, dulaglutide was associated with a significant increase in eGFR increase at 24 months (adjusted mean change: 2.6 mL/min/1.73 m², 95% CI: 0.2-5.0, <i>p</i> = 0.034). Patients aged <60 years (<i>p</i> = 0.049) and with HbA1c of ≤9.0% (<i>p</i> = 0.002) demonstrated greater eGFR increases. Adverse events occurred in 31.6% of patients, mainly nausea (10.8%), vomiting (8.0%), and diarrhea (10.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dulaglutide was associated with a modest increase in eGFR and improved glycemic control in patients with T2DM and CKD, particularly among younger individuals with moderate-stage CKD. The treatment demonstrated an acceptable safety profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 5","pages":"884-890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13227433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multi-Centre Study: <i>Quantitative Evaluation of Radiation Dose for Adults Head Computed Tomography</i>.","authors":"Abdulaziz A Qurashi, Shrooq T Aldahery","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8764","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine regional radiation dose in adults head computed tomography (CT) examinations in Jeddah by assessing the volume computed tomography dose index (CTDI_vol) and dose length product (DLP) values.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted from February to April 2025 across 10 CT scanners from 5 governmental hospitals in Jeddah. Data for 20 head CT examinations per scanner were collected. Dose metrics including CTDI_vol and DLP (mGy·cm), were extracted from digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images. Mean values per scanner and the 75^th percentile were calculated across centres to identify the regional DRL. The values were compared with the national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) using a bootstrapping method. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (v26).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 200 patients derived from the study showed a significant difference in radiation doses across hospitals (<i>p</i> = 0.001). The 75^th percentile of the mean CTDI_vol and DLP values were 52.69 mGy and 979.19 mGy·cm, respectively, slightly lower than the national average (55 mGy and 1026 mGy·cm). Median CTDI_vol and the DLP values ranged from 27.38-60.48 mGy, 485.50-1191.16 mGy·cm, with the highest differences reaching 120% and 145% for CTDI_vol and DLP median values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Substantial variation in radiation doses across hospitals were observed, highlighting inconsistencies in scanning protocols. Enhancing technologists' training and regular dose audits are required to comply with the standards of Saudi Food and Drug Authority guidelines as a practice in every hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 5","pages":"808-816"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13227408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative Approaches to Gut Microbiota: Biomarkers, Dysbiosis, and Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Zeyad M Alharbi","doi":"10.15537/1658-3175.8762","DOIUrl":"10.15537/1658-3175.8762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human gut contains bacteria, viruses, and archaea that influence health depending on age, diet, and location. An individual harbours about 150 bacterial species. An imbalance of these microorganisms, known as dysbiosis, can negatively impact health. Commensal bacteria maintain microbial homeostasis by building short chain fatty acids. The 2-way communication channel that connects the gut and the brain is referred to as the gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis of the gut leads to some autoimmune diseases. A decline of beneficial bacteria causes the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Gut dysbiosis increases intestinal permeability, allowing toxins and cytokines to enter the bloodstream and damage neurons. Through interactions with the immune system, the gut microbiota plays a complex role in both health and disease, including contributing to the development of type 1 diabetes. This review stresses the need to integrate measures to identify microbial biomarkers and also metabolic and genetic interplay between the microbiome and health.</p>","PeriodicalId":21453,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Medical Journal","volume":"47 5","pages":"787-800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13227343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}