The Open Veterinary Science Journal最新文献

{"title":"Equine Neutrophils Respond to PGE2 by Activating Expression of CoreCircadian Clock Genes","authors":"Barbara A. Murphy, C. Mérant, M. M. Vick, R. F. Cook, Samantha A. Brooks, D W Horohov, Barry P. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010096","url":null,"abstract":"An emerging body of evidence supports a relationship between the circadian and immune systems during an innate immune response. Previously, we have demonstrated synchronized upregulation of core circadian clock genes, Per2 and Bmal1, in equine whole blood following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in vivo. Subsequent experi- ments suggested a role for the febrile mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in mediating this response. However, PGE2 failed to directly stimulate clock gene expression in equine PBMCs. This study demonstrates that ex vivo cultured equine neutrophils actively respond to PGE2 by upregulating Per2 and Bmal1 expression. In addition, we show that LPS induces marked neutrophilia and concomitant monocytopenia in equine peripheral blood at the time corresponding to the previ- ously observed clock gene rise. We further report that the peak in the PGE2 mediated endotoxic fever also occurs simulta- neously. Combined, our data suggest that neutrophils are the source of the rise in Per2 and Bmal1 expression previously observed in equine peripheral blood following LPS administration, and that this response is likely mediated by PGE2. These results provide the first evidence for a potential role of core circadian clock genes in neutrophil function following innate immune activation.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117205978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Promoted the Possibility of Leukemia Caused by L6565 Murine Leukemia Virus","authors":"W. Chen, Z. Q. Yang, Y. Li, J. J. Liu","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010092","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) is a virus commonly existent in nature. Others reported that herpesvirus DNA probably activates type C virus in vitro. L6565 Murine Leukemia Virus (L6565 MuLV) is a kind of virus inducing the murine Leukemia. The main aim of the study was to explore the activation of HSV-1 to the pathogenicity of L6565 MuLV in vivo. Suckling mice were inoculated with either L6565 MuLV & inactivated HSV-1, or L6565 MuLV alone. In order to determine the infection of the mice, HE staining and RT-PCR techniques were applied. The result shows that the L6565 MuLV RNA was detected in 8 th week in the mice of MuLV plus HSV-1 group, while delayed to 10 th week in the L6565 MuLV alone group. The infection rates of the two groups were 74.3% and 41.7%, respectively. Also, L6565 MuLV RNA was detected in the thymus one week after the inoculation, and it was detected in both thymus and spleen two weeks after inoculation. It is obvious that HSV-1 promoted the infection of L6565 MuLV and increased the incidence rate of murine leukemia induced by L6565 MuLV.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"PP 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126421250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine Herpes Virus-1: Virus, Immunity and Vaccines","authors":"R. Paillot, R. Case, Julie Ross, R. Newton, J. Nugent","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010068","url":null,"abstract":"Equine Herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens of the horse. EHV-1 induces several clinical signs of disease ranging in severity, from mild respiratory distress to abortion in pregnant mares, neonatal foal death and neuropathogenic disorders. This review details some aspects of EHV-1 biology, its life cycle and patho-genicity in the natural host. Protective immunity stimulated by natural EHV-1 infection, which is short lived and depends of both humoral and cellular immune responses, will also be treated here. Vaccination remains today one of the best options to fight EHV-1 infection and several different strategies of vaccination that have been investigated and developed over the past decades will be presented in this report.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"19 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126098740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine Adjuvants Revisited","authors":"N. Grubhofer","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010063","url":null,"abstract":"A huge amount of evidence has been made available on various adjuvants as immunological auxiliaries. Very few of them, however, have made it into commercial vaccines. Their defining properties and uses are discussed in the fol- lowing mini-review. WHAT IS AN ADJUVANT? In Freund's words (1) an adjuvant should \"evoke very abundant serum antibody production sustained for an unex- pectedly long time\". In other words, it is something very practical. It must work in animals at least the size of sheep and of course in both veterinary and human vaccination. To this end it must be thoroughly biocompatible, easy to handle and to store, sterile, safe, acceptable for registration as an auxiliary in vaccination and, last but not least, must have an affordable price. \"Abundant serum antibody production\" moreover always seems to go hand-in-hand with a host of other beneficial cel- lular immunostimulatory effects. WHAT IS NOT AN ADJUVANT? The following are not adjuvants: Any soluble or insolu- ble substance producing antibodies only in mice (which then have to take the blame for \"lying\"), and also immunopoten- tiators (showing saturation doses) or immunomodulators (showing dose optimum and even inhibition at the high end). Examples are: water soluble muramyl peptides, saponins, liposaccharides, hormones. These one might characterize as \"adjuvants for adjuvants\", or, in a word, pseudo-adjuvant. Undoubtedly they are important in special cases, but their usefulness is more remote.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116069919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lamb Post-Mortem Protocol for Use on Farm: To Diagnose Primary Cause of Lamb Death from Birth to 3 Days of Age","authors":"J. Everett-Hincks, S. Duncan","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010055","url":null,"abstract":"Lamb survival is a key issue for sheep farming operations. The majority of lamb deaths from birth to weaning occur in the first 3 days after birth and range from 5% to 30% for individual sheep flocks. A simplified lamb post-mortem examination (PM) protocol has been developed for use on farm to determine the primary cause of lamb death between birth and 3 days of age. Firstly lamb viability at birth (LDVB) is determined and secondly the lamb death risk being dystocia (LDD), starvation and exposure (LDSE) or other (LDOTHER) is diagnosed. A trained lamb post-mortem practi- tioner is expected to take between 5 and 10 minutes to complete a post-mortem examination for one lamb using the proto- col and decision tool described. The PM protocol is required for large scale use for AgResearch's gene marker discovery programme. Breeders involved in the Ovita Lamb Survival study are trained to use the post-mortem protocol and can ac- cess breeding values for the lamb mortality traits derived from PM: that is lamb viability at birth (LDVB), lamb death risk due to dystocia (LDD) and lamb death risk due to starvation/exposure (LDSE).","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126940754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Dirofilaria Immitis (Leidy) in Client Owned Dogs from the Greater Metropolitan Manila Area of Luzon Island in The Philippines","authors":"J. Theis, S. Tran, M. P. Carlos, E. Carlos, S. Carlos","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010050","url":null,"abstract":"Serum samples were collected from each of 290 healthy dogs 6 months of age or older living in the Greater Metropolitan Manila (GMM) area over a 12 month period. These samples were examined by the Synbiotics DiroChek ® antigen capture test (San Diego, CA) for evidence of Dirofilaria immitis circulating antigen. At the time of the first sample 220 out of 290 examined were negative by the DiroChek test. Twelve months later 175 of the original 220 uninfected dogs were still uninfected. This is an incidence rate of 20%. This is the first incidence study on client owned dogs reported for D. immitis and illustrates that owners will participate in such studies which are essential if canine populations are to be monitored to evaluate the effect of control efforts.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122574202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumer Safety and HACCP-Like Quality Risk Management Programs on Dairy Farms: The Role of Veterinarians","authors":"J. Cannas, J. Noordhuizen","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010037","url":null,"abstract":"Consumer safety is a matter of increasing concern, and is subject of continuous media attention as well as the general public attention. To assure that food products of animal origin are safe, the European Union has produced several directives, which will be compulsory in the near future. The HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) concept is not easy to implement on dairy farms because we are dealing with a complex production system including live animals, where the hazards and risks are manifold and highly diverse. The veterinarian should be pivotal to the program: contribut- ing to the creation of the farm-HACCP team, willing to work with other professionals, and having sound knowledge of the production process. The application of this kind of program on dairy will ensure the safety of the food produced; protect animals and food from hazards during the production process before they pass beyond the physical limits of the dairy farm, to reach the next step in the food chain. Milk is a good example of a product that is already well controlled. In this paper, we describe the seven HACCP principles embedded in the 12 th steps for developing a HACCP-like program. The HACCP concept cannot be fully applied, because: (1) Animals show biological variation and hence no formal standards with tolerance limits can often be assigned. (2) Most outcome parameters are based on diagnostic tests which do not show a 100% sensitivity or specificity, hence providing false-positive and false-negative results. (3) Most often on farms we can not define true Critical Control Points (CCP's) according to the formal criteria set and hence have to switch to Points of Particular Attention (POPA's) which do not meet all the CCP criteria but are still considered as critical in process control. Therefore, we talk about a HACCP-like program. The handbook of a HACCP-like Quality Risk Management Program is present and several examples are given. Some outcomes of risk hazards are present too. CCP's and POPA's are highlight with examples. The main objective of this paper is the to make the veterinarians aware of the expected evolution in ensuring consumers that food products originated on dairy farms are safe, and to show which role they should play in this development.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123902384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Papillomaviruses in Multiple Tumours of Twin Goats","authors":"P. Simeone, M. Romanucci, C. Rizzo, R. Brandi, D. Malatesta, G. Guardo, L. Bongiovanni, L. D. Salda, A. Venuti","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010033","url":null,"abstract":"In situ hybridisation, polymerase chain reaction as well as L1 antigen immunolabelling indicated the presence of Papillomavirus in tumour samples of twin goats. These findings suggest that caprine PVs may play a role in cutaneous and ocular tumour development, similarly to what has been suggested for humans.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128578854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dicrocoeliosis of Old Mouflon Ewes - Effect on Biotransformation Enzymes and Metabolism of Anthelmintics In Vitro","authors":"V. Křížová, J. Lamka, B. Szotáková, I. Vokřál, Veronika Srpová, M. Urbánková, V. Kubíček, M. Nobilis, L. Skálová","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010023","url":null,"abstract":"Parasitic infections can modify the host's ability to metabolize drugs by altering the biotransformation en- zymes. Mouflon (Ovis musimon), the wild sheep, is very sensitive to parasitic diseases. In the present study, in vitro ac- tivities of thirteen hepatic biotransformation enzymes and the in vitro metabolism of albendazole and flubendazole were compared in old mouflon ewes, either non-infected or infected with lancet flukes (Dicrocoelium dendriticum). The most pronounced decline in 6�� testosteron hydroxylase, glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activities was observed in Dicrocoelium-infected animals. In addition, dicrocoeliosis caused a decrease in both albendazole and flubendazole phase I hepatic metabolism. However, the changes were very slight therefore any undesirable alterations in albendazole and flubendazole pharmacokinetics are not expected. Decreased activities of 6�� testosterone hydroxylase, glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase can impair drug elimination from the infected animals. This should be taken into consideration in pharmacotherapy or pharmacoprophylaxis of mouflons and sheep.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"688 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123823948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumorcidal Effect of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus","authors":"K. Hagiwara, T. Kadosawa, T. Nakaya","doi":"10.2174/1874318800802010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874318800802010011","url":null,"abstract":"We have generated GFP expressing recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (rNDV-GFP) based on a live vac- cine strain which contains a less pathogenic cleavage site of F protein leading to restricted viral growth in vivo. We evalu- ated the rNDV have an effect of oncolytic activity to B16 melanoma cell. The rNDV-GFP infected efficiency to B16 cells and induced cell death. Apoptosis-related genes, Bax and Caspase 3, were elevated in the infected cells. In order to evalu- ate the tumorcidal effect of rNDV on canine tumor cells, two canine tumors such as highly metastasizing canine osteosar- coma (HMPOS) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) were infected with rNDV. The rNDV induced cell death to canine tumor cells within 48 hours post infection. These results suggest that rNDV-GFP have a tumorcidal activity to B16 mouse melanoma and canine tumors in vitro.","PeriodicalId":214092,"journal":{"name":"The Open Veterinary Science Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129401418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}