Rice最新文献

{"title":"The 14-3-3 Protein OsGF14h Coordinates Brassinosteroid and Gibberellin Signaling to Regulate Plant Growth and Grain Yield in Rice.","authors":"Yonghong Xie, Zhupeng Fan, Kaichong Teng, Zejian Huang, Kaizun Xu, Jianxiong Li","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00831-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00831-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brassinosteroids (BRs) and gibberellins (GAs) are two important phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development. Crosstalk between BR and GA has been unveiled in Arabidopsis but the molecular mechanism by which the concurrence of these two signaling pathways regulates plant growth and development in rice remains elusive. The14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved molecules that interact with a number of protein clients to regulate fundamental cellular processes including different aspects of plant hormone physiology. Here, we report that the rice 14-3-3 protein OsGF14h (G-box factor 14-3-3 homolog h) negatively modulates BR response and positively regulates GA signaling in rice. Overexpressing OsGF14h in rice increased plant height and grain yield, whereas knocking out OsGF14h increased lamina joint angle and reduced plant height and grain yield. OsGF14h interacted with both OsOFP8, a positive regulator in BR signaling, and SLR1, a negative key regulator in GA signaling. Interaction with OsGF14h led to nuclear export and cytoplasmic retention of OsOFP8, whereas OsGF14h interaction resulted in SLR1 shuttling from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and consequently inducing degradation of SLR1. Our results indicate that OsGF14h functions in both BR and GA signaling pathways and acts as a crosstalk point for BR and GA signaling, which offers new insights into the role of 14-3-3 proteins in regulating plant growth and development by modulating BR and GA signaling crosstalk.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12317962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino Acid Regulation in Rice: Integrated Mechanisms and Agricultural Applications.","authors":"Hangfei Luo, Bowen Wu, Bakht Amin, Jiaxu Li, Zhongbo Chen, Jian Shi, Weiting Huang, Zhongming Fang","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00829-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00829-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review synthesizes how amino acid (AA) metabolism regulates rice stress tolerance, growth and quality through stress protection and growth-modulating pathways, bridging mechanisms to field applications. Under abiotic stresses, rice accumulates specific AAs-notably proline (Pro), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and branched-chain AAs (BCAAs)-as osmoprotectants and antioxidants, correlating strongly with stress tolerance. Genetic evidence establishes causality: overexpression of biosynthetic genes (e.g., OsOAT for Pro, OsDIAT for BCAAs), while suppressing catabolism (e.g., OsProDH knockout) or engineering AA transporters (AATs) (e.g., ABA-induced OsANT1 for amino acids redistribution) enhances tolerance. Integrated AA biosynthetic, catabolic, and transport pathways collectively maintain cellular function under stress. These insights enable practical strategies: exogenous AA treatments (e.g., Pro, GABA) mitigate stress damage, while breeding/engineering (e.g., OsAAP3, OsAAP11, and OsProDH knockout) develops high-yield, high-quality, and stress-tolerant rice. Future work should translate molecular insights into field applications, addressing trade-offs between growth, nutrition, and tolerance to enhance climate-resilient rice production.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12304346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic Insights into the Root‒Soil Response Mechanisms of Indica and Japonica Rice Under Nitrogen Deficiency and High-Efficiency Nitrogen Compensation.","authors":"Qiangqiang Xiong, Runnan Wang, Donghong Lai, Shuo Cai, Haiyuan Wang, Nianbing Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00818-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00818-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen (N) dynamics critically regulate rice productivity through root-mediated absorption and assimilation processes. This study investigates the differential responses of japonica (Suxiu 867) and indica (Yangxianyou 918) rice to N deficiency and subsequent high-efficiency compensation, integrating metagenomic analysis with physiological assessments of N metabolism. Building on an established high-efficiency N compensation period (18 days after tillering for japonica and 12 days for indica), we demonstrate that optimized N compensation significantly enhances dry matter accumulation and yield in both subspecies through distinct biological mechanisms. Compensation treatment elevated key metabolic indicators including soluble protein content (Cpr), glutamine synthetase (GDH) activity, soil urease (S-UE) activity, glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity, and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, collectively enhancing N assimilation efficiency. Rhizosphere microbiome restructuring showed subspecies-specific patterns, with Chloroflexi and Betaproteobacteria abundance positively correlating with N metabolic enzymes in indica, versus Actinomycetia, Deltaproteobacteria associations in japonica. Functional microbial analysis revealed divergent keystone taxa, with Noviherbaspirillum (indica) and Bacillus (japonica) driving N conversion efficiencies through niche-specific community synergies. Notably, indica rice presented a relatively high N absorption capacity and conversion efficiency, while japonica rice presented relatively stable N absorption and distribution mechanisms, and relatively high N fertilizer application significantly increased the abundance of specific microbial communities in japonica rice. These findings elucidate how subspecies-specific root physiology coordinates with rhizosphere microbial ecology to optimize N utilization, providing actionable insights for precision N management strategies tailored to rice genetic types.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12297215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin Enhances Antioxidant Defense Systems and Stress Tolerance in Plants under Variable Environmental Conditions.","authors":"Ihsan Muhammad, Shah Fahad, Ahlam Khalofah, Bingsong Zheng, Weijun Shen","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00825-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00825-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin (Mel), a multifunctional molecule, has emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant stress responses, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and modulating metabolic pathways. This meta-analysis evaluated the role of Mel in mitigating various abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, heavy metals, light intensity, and humidity, across diverse experimental conditions in rice crop. The findings reveal significant improvements in enzymatic antioxidant activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), with notable increases in POD (77%) and CAT (61%) activities under hydroponic application. Mel application reduced oxidative stress markers, such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA), by up to 45% and 54%, respectively, highlighting its capacity to alleviate cellular damage under stress conditions. Additionally, Mel enhanced osmotic regulator such as proline, soluble sugar, and protein accumulation, contributing to osmotic adjustment, with an exceptional increase of 987% proline contents in Thailand. Experimental type and application methods significantly influenced the efficacy of Mel. Hydroponic treatments and seed soaking methods consistently showed the highest improvement in stress tolerance, while field experiments exhibited variability. The effects were also modulated by light intensity and humidity. Under light intensity of 150 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, Mel enhanced antioxidant activities and reduced oxidative damage, while humidity at 70-75% showed the highest stress alleviation effects. These findings highlight Mel's complex contribution to increasing plant resilience by control of antioxidant enzymes, reduction of oxidative damage, and enhancement of osmotic adaptations under abiotic pressures. The present study offers a thorough knowledge of Mel's potential as a plant growth regulator, therefore guiding sustainable development under demanding environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12279687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative Transcriptomic and Biochemical Analysis Reveals Key HSP20/Alpha-Crystallin Genes Associated with Heat Tolerance in Rice.","authors":"Mvuyeni Nyasulu, Qi Zhong, Zhengjie Wang, Zhicheng Cheng, Chen Zhihao, Jun Yang, Haohua He, Jianmin Bian","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00828-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00828-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress tolerance in rice, focusing on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein processing pathway. Through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we identified differentially expressed genes in two rice varieties, BNP162 and BNP206, emphasizing the importance of ER quality control mechanisms in maintaining cellular balance during heat stress. We identified three novel genes, Os11g0244200, Os01g0135800, and Os04g0445100, belonging to the Hsp20/alpha crystallin family, which are upregulated in response to heat stress. These genes play essential roles in protein stabilization, folding, and preventing aggregation, critical functions for maintaining protein balance under stress conditions. The upregulation of these genes highlights their potential in enhancing thermotolerance, a key trait for rice cultivation in the face of global climate change challenges. Our findings suggest that these novel genes could be promising targets for genetic manipulation to enhance heat tolerance in rice, contributing to the development of heat-resistant rice varieties. This research provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of heat stress adaptation and lays a solid foundation for future studies aimed at improving crop resilience to environmental stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12279669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin Enhances Blast Disease Resistance via Inducing Rice Immunity and Inhibits the Growth of the Magnaporthe Oryzae.","authors":"Si-Jia Yang, Xiu-Lian Yan, Mao-Lin Guo, Ya-Ping Tang, Rong Liao, Xiao-Xiao Yin, Beenish Hassan, Ming Yuan, Zhi-Xue Zhao, Wen-Ming Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00824-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00824-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biopesticides are promising alternatives to chemical pesticides because of their low residual effects, high selectivity, and capacity for long-term disease control. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) may be an ideal candidate for biopesticide because it is widely present in the plant kingdom, involved in growth, development, and stress-induced responses in plants, and can inhibit the growth and propagation of some microbial pathogens. However, it remains largely unclear whether melatonin influences rice and the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we demonstrate that melatonin enhances rice immunity and inhibits the growth of M. oryzae, resulting in resistance to rice blast disease. Melatonin acts in rice response to M. oryzae because biosynthesis-related genes are induced upon M. oryzae infection. Melatonin treatment remarkably reduces blast disease severity in a susceptible rice accession. Mechanistically, melatonin treatment activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and up-regulates the expression of defense-related genes. Melatonin treatment also significantly inhibits the growth, sporulation, and spore germination of M. oryzae. Notably, melatonin treatment results in the death of M. oryzae hyphal cells. Altogether, our findings indicate that melatonin plays dual roles in the rice-M. oryzae interactions, activating rice immunity and inhibiting fungal growth. Thus, this study offers insights into the potential development of novel melatonin-based biopesticides for controlling rice blast disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12276192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TaCIPK19-3D Improves Photosynthetic Machinery, Growth, Yield, and Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Rice.","authors":"Muhammad Arif, Dingli Hong, Ruhong Xu, Mo Xian Chen, Hafiz Mamoon Rehman, Zhongni Wang, Luhua Li","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00827-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00827-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) are central regulators of plant development and stress adaptation. However, the specific roles of individual CIPK family members remain largely unexplored in major crops like wheat and rice. In this study, we characterized the function of TaCIPK19-3D through overexpression in transgenic rice and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated oscipk19 knockout lines. Expression profiling and subcellular localization analyses revealed that TaCIPK19-3D is associated with chloroplast development and metabolic activity. Overexpression lines exhibited enhanced chloroplast structure, increased chlorophyll biosynthesis, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration, and elevated levels of K⁺/Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺, resulting in improved growth and yield compared to wild-type and mutant lines. Notably, TaCIPK19-3D overexpression conferred increased salt tolerance by upregulating ABA signaling, antioxidant responses, and proline biosynthesis. Key genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis (OsCAO, OsCHLH) and salt stress responses (OsAPX2, OsP5CS, OsABA2) were significantly upregulated in transgenic plants. Protein interaction studies using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays demonstrated that TaCIPK19-3D interacts with TaFBA-4D and four CBL proteins (TaCBL1, TaCBL3, TaCBL4, and TaCBL7). Collectively, our findings reveal that TaCIPK19-3D positively regulates photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and stress-responsive signaling pathways, highlighting its potential for improving crop productivity and stress resilience in wheat and rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"67"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12267765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms Underlying Day-Night Differences in Carbohydrate Metabolism between Diploid and Tetraploid Rice.","authors":"Weilong Meng, Yuchen Liu, Changjiang Zhang, Xiaohong Zhan, Yingkai Wang, Xinfang Yu, Chunying Zhang, Ningning Wang, Jian Ma","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00826-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00826-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyploidy plays a crucial role in plant evolution, as polyploid plants possess larger genomes compared to their diploid counterparts. This genomic expansion leads to changes in gene redundancy and interactions, which alter the physiological metabolism of polyploids. Carbohydrate metabolism is a crucial energy metabolism pathway in plants, significantly impacting plant growth and development. In this study, we employed multi-omics analysis to investigate the differences in carbohydrate metabolism between diploid and tetraploid flag leaves during both day and night periods at the grain-filling stage. Our results revealed significant differences in carbohydrate metabolism between diploid (GFD-2X) and autopolyploid (GFD-4X) rice during both day and night periods. Chromosome doubling resulted in GFD-4X exhibiting reduced sucrose catabolism during the daytime, while starch synthesis and catabolism were stronger in GFD-4X compared to GFD-2X during both daytime and nighttime. Additionally, the phosphorylation of monosaccharides was enhanced in GFD-4X, suggesting that changes in chromosome ploidy altered carbohydrate metabolism, thereby benefiting the regulation and redistribution of carbohydrates in tetraploid rice. Furthermore, analysis of respiration-related pathways indicated that tetraploid rice may have more vigorous respiratory activity. Specifically, GFD-4X exhibited enhanced glycolysis and TCA cycle activity at night, resulting in more efficient energy production, which in turn influenced growth and the developmental process. This study examined the regulatory networks of genes, proteins, and metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism in diploid and tetraploid rice during both day and night periods. Our findings offer insights into how chromosome ploidy affects carbohydrate metabolism and reveal the distinct growth and developmental mechanisms of tetraploid rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12267728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endophytes Enhance Rice Inorganic Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Mitigate Nitrogen Loss Via Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction To Ammonium in Paddy Soils.","authors":"Mengting Liu, Ting Liu, Zixian Zhang, Jinzhi Yao, Xiao Xiao, Huanhuan An, Pangzhi Wei, Xubiao Luo, Shuping Qin","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00814-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00814-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice cultivation involves the large amounts of fertilizers application, but nitrogen (N) use efficiency remains low. Endophytes are considered key microorganisms that regulate nitrogen utilization and gaseous nitrogen loss in rice paddy ecosystems. However, systematic studies on the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of endophytes in nitrogen utilization by crops within paddy fields are still scarce. This study employed microcosmic experiments to investigate the effects of endophytes on gaseous nitrogen loss from paddy soil and inorganic nitrogen utilization in rice plants. Results demonstrated that colonization of endophytes increased the efficiency of inorganic N use by approximately twofold. The simultaneous addition of rice roots colonized with endophytes to the soil resulted in a significant increase in ammonium (NH₄⁺) concentrations by 121-138% as well. Notably, colonization with endophytes reduced cumulative nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions by 13-21% compared to the control. Importantly, the endophytes were shown to enhance soil redox capacity by increasing Clostridium abundance and Fe²⁺ concentration, thereby promoting the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and mitigating soil N loss. These findings underline the potential of rice endophytes in paddy field management to enhance soil nitrogen retention and reduce nitrogen loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"66"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12267767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Histidine-25-Arginine Mutation in the Rice MACPF Protein OsCAD1 Induces Cell Death and Activates Defense Responses in the Lesion Mimic Mutant spl17.","authors":"Dongsheng Tian, Yanchang Luo, Shuye Jiang, Yuejing Gui, Raji Mohan, Ignatius Ren Kai Phang, In-Cheol Jang, Zhongchao Yin","doi":"10.1186/s12284-025-00823-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12284-025-00823-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants defend themselves against pathogens through pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), with the latter often inducing a hypersensitive response (HR) characterized by localized programmed cell death (PCD). Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs), which spontaneously form HR-like lesions in the absence of pathogen infection, have served as valuable genetic resources for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying cell death and immune signaling in plants. In this study, we characterize the rice lesion mimic mutant spl17, derived from the IR64 cultivar, and identify the mutation responsible for its phenotype. We demonstrate that the spl17 mutation leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces light-dependent cell death and lesion formation, elevates levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), activates defense-related genes, and confers enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Using map-based cloning, we identified a single Histidine-25-Arginine substitution (OsCAD1^H25R) in OsCAD1, a gene encoding a membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) domain-containing protein in rice, as the causal mutation. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing revealed that a knockout of OsCAD1 (OsCAD1^KO) results in seedling lethality, whereas a weak allele (OsCAD1^D8) leads to a viable lesion mimic phenotype and enhances resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Subcellular localization studies demonstrated that eGFP-OsCAD1 is broadly distributed in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Transcriptome analyses, including RNA-Seq and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), indicate that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in spl17 are enriched in catalytic activity, metabolic processes, and membrane functions. Together, these results suggest that OsCAD1 is indispensable for rice growth and development, and that its mutation triggers cell death and defense responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":21408,"journal":{"name":"Rice","volume":"18 1","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12267775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}