SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Pre-spark Heat Release of Ethanol-Blended Gasoline\u0000 Surrogate Fuels on Engine Combustion Behavior","authors":"K. Yoshimura, K. Isobe, Mitsutaka Kawashima, Kyohei Yamaguchi, R. Sok, S. Tokuhara, Jin Kusaka","doi":"10.4271/04-17-01-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-17-01-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Regulations limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector have\u0000 become more restrictive in recent years, drawing interest to synthetic fuels\u0000 such as e-fuels and biofuels that could “decarbonize” existing vehicles. This\u0000 study focuses on the potential to increase the thermal efficiency of\u0000 spark-ignition (SI) engines using ethanol as a renewable fuel, which requires a\u0000 deep understanding of the effects of ethanol on combustion behavior with high\u0000 compression ratios (CRs). An important phenomenon in this condition is pre-spark\u0000 heat release (PSHR), which occurs in engines with high CRs in boosted conditions\u0000 and changes the fuel reactivity, leading to changes in the burning velocity.\u0000 Fuel blends containing ethanol display high octane sensitivity (OS) and limited\u0000 low-temperature heat release (LTHR). Consequently, their burning velocities with\u0000 PSHR may differ from that of gasoline. This study therefore aimed to clarify the\u0000 effects of ethanol on SI combustion behavior under PSHR conditions. Combustion\u0000 behavior was studied by performing single-cylinder engine experiments and\u0000 chemical kinetics simulations. The experimental measurements were performed to\u0000 characterize the relationship between the occurrence of PSHR and the main\u0000 combustion duration. Analysis of this relationship showed that the\u0000 ethanol-blended fuel has a lesser PSHR and a longer combustion duration than the\u0000 non-ethanol fuel by approximately 5% in high engine load conditions. Simulations\u0000 using input data from the experiments revealed that the ethanol-blended fuel has\u0000 a lower laminar burning velocity due to the lower temperature in the unburned\u0000 mixture caused by its PSHR. Additional simulations examining the chemical effect\u0000 of partially oxidized reactants caused by PSHR on the laminar burning velocity\u0000 showed that partially oxidized reactants increase the laminar burning velocity\u0000 of the ethanol-blended fuel but decrease that of a reference fuel without\u0000 ethanol. A large number of fuel radicals and oxides of the ethanol-blended fuel\u0000 enhances chain-branching reactions in the pre-flame zone and possibly increases\u0000 its laminar burning velocity. However, the thermodynamic effect of PSHR on\u0000 laminar burning velocity exceeds the chemical effect, and thus the\u0000 ethanol-blended fuel has a lower turbulent burning velocity in the PSHR\u0000 conditions.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43073086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Data-Driven Models for the Prediction of Fuel Effects\u0000 on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions","authors":"P. Schaberg, T. Harms","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0020","url":null,"abstract":"A modelling tool has been developed for the prediction of fuel effects on the\u0000 performance and exhaust emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. Recurrent\u0000 neural network models with duty-cycle, engine control, and fuel property\u0000 parameters as inputs were trained with transient test data from a 15-liter\u0000 heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with a common-rail fuel injection system and a\u0000 variable geometry turbocharger.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The test fuels were formulated by blending market diesel fuels, refinery\u0000 components, and biodiesel to provide variations in preselected fuel properties,\u0000 namely, hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio, derived\u0000 cetane number (CN), viscosity, and mid- and end-point distillation parameters.\u0000 Care was taken to ensure that the correlation between these fuel properties in\u0000 the test fuel matrix was minimized to avoid confounding model input\u0000 variables.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The test engine was exercised over a wide variety of transient test cycles during\u0000 which fuel rail pressure, injection timing, airflow, and recirculated exhaust\u0000 gas flow were systematically varied. The resulting models could predict the\u0000 transient engine torque and fuel consumption, and nitrogen oxide (NOx), soot,\u0000 carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC), and carbon dioxide\u0000 (CO2) exhaust emissions with good accuracy, indicating that the\u0000 limited number of fuel property parameters selected as model inputs was\u0000 sufficient to capture the fuel-related effects.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The modelling tool can also be used to estimate the relative contributions from\u0000 changes in the individual fuel inputs to changes in exhaust emissions, and this\u0000 is illustrated by means of an example blending study with crude-derived diesel\u0000 fuel, biodiesel, and paraffinic gas-to-liquid (GTL) diesel fuel. This type of\u0000 novel numerical analysis provides insights into fuel effects which are very\u0000 difficult to achieve experimentally due to the high degree of intercorrelation\u0000 between fuel properties that is usually present.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42119741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Lubricant Additive Interactions on Gasoline\u0000 Particulate Filters","authors":"M. Lance, T. Toops, Melanie Moses-DeBusk, B. Kaul, C. Lambert, Xin Liu, H. Luo, J. Qu, Ryan Rieth, A. Ritchie, S. Huff, M. Maricq, D. Dobson, A. Gangopadhyay, T. Chanko","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0019","url":null,"abstract":"To understand how the composition of novel lubricant additives and their ash\u0000 interact with gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), an accelerated aging protocol\u0000 was conducted using three lubricant additive formulations and two GPF types. The\u0000 additive packages (adpaks) consisted of Ca+Mg detergent in a 3:1 or 0:1 ratio\u0000 and an anti-wear component—either zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) or a novel\u0000 phosphonium-phosphinate ionic liquid (IL) substitute. The particulate sampling\u0000 captured amount/compositions of particulate matter (PM) generated, total\u0000 particulate number, and size distribution. Five ash loadings were completed. GPF\u0000 position and adpak composition affected the backpressure, ash composition, ash\u0000 morphology, and captured mass. The particulate sampling indicated that the ash\u0000 component consisted primarily of particles less than 50 nm in size and that the\u0000 Mg-only adpak resulted in more particulate of 50–400 nm in size. Postmortem\u0000 materials characterization indicated GPFs in the underfloor position had deeper\u0000 penetration of ash into the walls compared to the close-coupled position.\u0000 Additionally, the Mg-only adpak had a higher filter collection efficiency\u0000 (>90%) and the ash particles consisted of a higher concentration of dense ash\u0000 material. In contrast, four of the 3:1 Ca:Mg lubricant adpaks resulted in a\u0000 collection efficiency of only 40–50%. Although the collection efficiency was\u0000 higher with the Mg-only adpak, the ash layer in the GPF was not thicker, nor was\u0000 the penetration into the wall more significant, and surprisingly the full useful\u0000 life (FUL) backpressure was lower than with Ca:Mg adpaks. The higher density of\u0000 the Mg-derived ash was the only detectable difference. A possible explanation of\u0000 this observation is that Mg ash has a lower melting point and is more\u0000 susceptible to densification during combustion or GPF regeneration. The\u0000 substitution of IL in place of the ZDDP did not lead to any notable changes in\u0000 collection efficiency or location of the ash.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70624074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlating Particle Number Emissions to the Rotation of the Piston\u0000 Ring","authors":"Ludvig Adlercreutz, Andrea Lius, Filip Ainouz, A. Cronhjort, O. Stenlaas","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42158549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Combustion Parameters and Homogeneity of Full and\u0000 Direct Injection Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine under\u0000 Supercharger Conditions","authors":"Seyfi Polat, A. Bulut, Furkan Akbulut, T. Eroğlu","doi":"10.4271/04-16-02-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-02-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44332077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving the Combustion Zones of Bio-hybrid Fuels in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Using Tracer-Activated Luminescence Imaging","authors":"","doi":"10.4271/04-16-01-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-01-0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70623974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Effect of Start of Direct Injection Timing and Fuel Temperature on Combustion and Pollutant Emissions of a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Operated Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine","authors":"","doi":"10.4271/04-16-01-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-01-0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70624271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partially Premixed Combustion Study between n-Butanol and Ethanol for\u0000 the Reduction of NOx and Nonrenewable Carbon Emissions","authors":"V. Soloiu, Cesar E. Carapia, Rick Smith, Amanda Weaver, Lily H. Parker, Dillan Brock, Levi Mckinney, G. Molina, M. Ilie","doi":"10.4271/04-16-02-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-02-0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49368019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailed Compositional Comparison of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil with\u0000 Several Diesel Fuels and Their Effects on Engine-Out Emissions","authors":"J. Bays, R. Gieleciak, M. Viola, Russ P. Lewis, J. Cort, Kristen B Campbell, G. Coffey, J. Linehan, Matthew Kusinski","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48295565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of Aromatic Volatility in SI-Engines via\u0000 Low-Molecular-Weight Oxygenates","authors":"A. Landera, R. Davis","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49526278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}