SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants最新文献

{"title":"In Situ Assessment of Oil Quality Sensor Performance in Engine\u0000 Lubricant Flow","authors":"Cameron Schepner, Adam Smith, David Schafer, A. Anilkumar","doi":"10.4271/04-17-02-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-17-02-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing the functional quality of an engine lubricant through real-time sensing\u0000 could pave the way for development of comprehensive engine health monitoring\u0000 systems. In this study, a permittivity-based, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)\u0000 oil quality sensor was implemented in the lubricant flow of a diesel engine\u0000 after detailed evaluation on a benchtop test facility. The sensor was mounted on\u0000 the oil filter housing of the engine in the post-filter oil flow, and its\u0000 implementation required no modifications to the engine block. Simultaneously,\u0000 the lubricant flow was visualized by incorporating a novel test cell in the oil\u0000 flow path. Both the sensor assembly and the flow visualization cell were fully\u0000 characterized on the benchtop facility prior to implementation on the engine. In\u0000 these experiments, fresh and used samples of the engine’s recommended oil were\u0000 tested, and the sensor’s oil quality measurements showed noticeable differences\u0000 between the engine and benchtop studies, a feature attributable to the observed\u0000 presence of aeration intrinsic to the engine oil flow. These results prove that\u0000 the adaptation of permittivity-based sensors for effective real-time engine\u0000 lubricant quality monitoring will require comparative assessment of oil quality\u0000 measurements in aerated and nonaerated flow fields.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48683994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Distribution Characteristics and Leakage\u0000 Detection of Hydrogen Release from Hydrogen Supply System of Fuel Cell\u0000 Truck","authors":"Shu Liu, R. He","doi":"10.4271/04-17-01-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-17-01-0006","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrogen supply system of a fuel cell truck is in a semi-enclosed space where\u0000 hydrogen is easy to accumulate if a hydrogen leak occurs. The acquisition of\u0000 hydrogen dispersion behavior data is essential to support the detection of\u0000 hydrogen release. The purpose of this article is to present the characteristics\u0000 of hydrogen concentration distribution and delay time of hydrogen leakage\u0000 detection under different leakage parameters. The experiments have been\u0000 performed in a hydrogen storage cabin with six hydrogen sensors arranged on the\u0000 roof to measure hydrogen concentration. During the tests, hydrogen was released\u0000 into the test cabin through standard leaks. Two different release rates (80\u0000 NL/min and 450 NL/min), three different release positions, and six release\u0000 directions are investigated to analyze the effects on the distribution of\u0000 hydrogen concentration and leakage detection delay time. This article presents\u0000 both the experimental facility and results. The experimental results can help\u0000 optimize the placement of hydrogen sensors and the design of a hydrogen leakage\u0000 detection system.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47794811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Tribological Properties of Layered Kaolin Lubricant\u0000 Additives","authors":"Yuqin Zhu, Li Zhang, Jian Chang, Xinming Wang, Wei Chai, Shaoze Song","doi":"10.4271/04-17-01-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-17-01-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Lubricant additives are the main means to improve the performance of lubricants.\u0000 In this article, green and inexpensive layered kaolin were selected as lubricant\u0000 additives, and the effects of the type of modifier, concentration, particle size\u0000 of kaolin additives, and working temperatures on the tribological performance of\u0000 lubricants were investigated. The results showed that the Span80 modifier can\u0000 effectively improve the dispersibility and friction reduction effects of kaolin\u0000 oil samples. Compared with kaolin oil samples without the modifier, the modified\u0000 kaolin oil can reduce the friction coefficient by 40.9% and the wear spot\u0000 diameter of the steel balls by 43.8%. The layered kaolin additive can\u0000 significantly reduce the friction coefficient and wear of steel balls in\u0000 lubrication, and the friction coefficient showed a trend of decreasing and then\u0000 increasing with increasing kaolin additive concentration and particle size. The\u0000 optimal added concentration and particle size of kaolin are 5 wt% and 2 μm,\u0000 respectively, which can reduce the friction coefficient by 41.9% and 65.63% and\u0000 the wear spot diameter by 12.31% and 50.72%, respectively, compared with the\u0000 base oil. At five temperatures, compared with the base oil, the kaolin oil\u0000 samples all showed better friction reduction and anti-wear properties. The micro\u0000 and nano size of the kaolin additive, the layered structure, and the chemically\u0000 reactive film generated on the surface are the main reasons for its good\u0000 lubrication performance.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46279470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Validation and Optical Study of Injection of Different Oxymethylene Ether Fuels for Heavy-Duty Application","authors":"K. Gaukel, D. Pélerin, Patrick Dworschak, M. Härtl, M. Jaensch","doi":"10.4271/04-17-01-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-17-01-0004","url":null,"abstract":"A reliable toolchain for the validation and evaluation of numerical spray break-up simulation for the potentially carbon-neutral fuels polyoxymethylene dimethylether (POMDME, or short OME) is developed and presented. The numerical investigation is based on three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D-CFD) with the commercial code STAR-CD v2019.1 using a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations approach. Fuel properties of the representatives OME1 and OME3 are implemented into the software and with that the fuels are investigated numerically. For validation purposes, optical experimental results in a heated spray chamber with inert nitrogen-pressurized atmosphere are presented. The measurement data are based on Mie scattering of the liquid phase and Schlieren imaging of the vapor phase. Solely experimental results are shown for OME1b and OME3–6 to assess if the knowledge from the numerical modeling with OME1 and OME3 can also be transferred to the corresponding multicomponent fuels. While the results for a match between OME3 and OME3–6 are close, the measurement for OME1b exceeds the result of OME1 in the liquid penetration significantly. This is explained by the molecular structure of the low-volatile additive in OME1b based on long-chained polyglycol ethers. For the numerically modeled operating conditions, the fuel injection rate with the corresponding fuel is measured. Two atomization and spray break-up approaches are investigated in simulation, based on Reitz-Diwakar (RD) models and a combination using Huh’s atomization and the Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor (KHRT) spray break-up models. A holistic parameter study in a single operating point with the fuel OME1 helps to determine the sensitivities of the models. Adjustments to the spray momentum by a variation of the parameter for the nozzle hole diameter are used to get results closely aligned with measurement data. The transfer of the calibrated RD model to a validation study with OME3 at different operating conditions matches well to measurement with no further adjustments necessary.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41871312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engine Operation and Engine Oil Degradation: A Research Approach","authors":"David Growney, Arndt Joedicke, Megan Williams, Mathew P Robin, R. Mainwaring, M. Davies","doi":"10.4271/04-17-01-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-17-01-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid electric vehicles (xHEV) are a critical enabler to fulfil the most recent CO and fuel economy requirements in key markets like North America, China, and Europe [1, 2]. Different levels of hybridization exist; the main differentiator is the power of the electric system and battery capacity. Increased electrical power enables the vehicle to run more often in electric mode and recuperate energy from braking, which enhances the saving potential [3]. Mild (MHEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) impose different duty cycles on the engine compared to a conventional powertrain, potentially altering the degradation mechanisms of the lubricant, and challenging the basis on which the lubricant should be condemned [4]. The biggest concerns are water and fuel dilution [5], which promote corrosion and can form emulsions [6]. This may result in so-called white sludge formation (a thick and creamy emulsion) which can deposit inside the engine on colder surfaces, potentially blocking pipes and breather hoses [6]. White sludge deposits on the oil filler cap can become visible to the vehicle operator and may be a reason for concern. Many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and their customers, need advice in defining the important oil parameters for the oil to be fit for purpose. If oil and additive companies are to respond to these challenges, an increased awareness and understanding of oil degradation in modern vehicle platforms is required. In this work, we have investigated the operating conditions in different hybrid vehicles and their impact on the engine oil. First, a chassis dynamometer (CD dyno) test program was conducted to understand how three different concepts influence engine operation, specifically the engine oil temperature and the number of stop/start events. Second, engine dyno testing was designed to replicate a worst-case scenario, extrapolating some of the observations from CD testing, to investigate the effect of an extreme drive cycle on the engine oil degradation and contamination. Finally, an analysis of the chemical and physical properties of these engine test drain oils, and the resulting impact on wear protection and engine cleanliness, was undertaken to understand the risks associated with worst-case scenario xHEV operation.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45081262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Pre-spark Heat Release of Ethanol-Blended Gasoline\u0000 Surrogate Fuels on Engine Combustion Behavior","authors":"K. Yoshimura, K. Isobe, Mitsutaka Kawashima, Kyohei Yamaguchi, R. Sok, S. Tokuhara, Jin Kusaka","doi":"10.4271/04-17-01-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-17-01-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Regulations limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector have\u0000 become more restrictive in recent years, drawing interest to synthetic fuels\u0000 such as e-fuels and biofuels that could “decarbonize” existing vehicles. This\u0000 study focuses on the potential to increase the thermal efficiency of\u0000 spark-ignition (SI) engines using ethanol as a renewable fuel, which requires a\u0000 deep understanding of the effects of ethanol on combustion behavior with high\u0000 compression ratios (CRs). An important phenomenon in this condition is pre-spark\u0000 heat release (PSHR), which occurs in engines with high CRs in boosted conditions\u0000 and changes the fuel reactivity, leading to changes in the burning velocity.\u0000 Fuel blends containing ethanol display high octane sensitivity (OS) and limited\u0000 low-temperature heat release (LTHR). Consequently, their burning velocities with\u0000 PSHR may differ from that of gasoline. This study therefore aimed to clarify the\u0000 effects of ethanol on SI combustion behavior under PSHR conditions. Combustion\u0000 behavior was studied by performing single-cylinder engine experiments and\u0000 chemical kinetics simulations. The experimental measurements were performed to\u0000 characterize the relationship between the occurrence of PSHR and the main\u0000 combustion duration. Analysis of this relationship showed that the\u0000 ethanol-blended fuel has a lesser PSHR and a longer combustion duration than the\u0000 non-ethanol fuel by approximately 5% in high engine load conditions. Simulations\u0000 using input data from the experiments revealed that the ethanol-blended fuel has\u0000 a lower laminar burning velocity due to the lower temperature in the unburned\u0000 mixture caused by its PSHR. Additional simulations examining the chemical effect\u0000 of partially oxidized reactants caused by PSHR on the laminar burning velocity\u0000 showed that partially oxidized reactants increase the laminar burning velocity\u0000 of the ethanol-blended fuel but decrease that of a reference fuel without\u0000 ethanol. A large number of fuel radicals and oxides of the ethanol-blended fuel\u0000 enhances chain-branching reactions in the pre-flame zone and possibly increases\u0000 its laminar burning velocity. However, the thermodynamic effect of PSHR on\u0000 laminar burning velocity exceeds the chemical effect, and thus the\u0000 ethanol-blended fuel has a lower turbulent burning velocity in the PSHR\u0000 conditions.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43073086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Data-Driven Models for the Prediction of Fuel Effects\u0000 on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions","authors":"P. Schaberg, T. Harms","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0020","url":null,"abstract":"A modelling tool has been developed for the prediction of fuel effects on the\u0000 performance and exhaust emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. Recurrent\u0000 neural network models with duty-cycle, engine control, and fuel property\u0000 parameters as inputs were trained with transient test data from a 15-liter\u0000 heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with a common-rail fuel injection system and a\u0000 variable geometry turbocharger.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The test fuels were formulated by blending market diesel fuels, refinery\u0000 components, and biodiesel to provide variations in preselected fuel properties,\u0000 namely, hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio, derived\u0000 cetane number (CN), viscosity, and mid- and end-point distillation parameters.\u0000 Care was taken to ensure that the correlation between these fuel properties in\u0000 the test fuel matrix was minimized to avoid confounding model input\u0000 variables.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The test engine was exercised over a wide variety of transient test cycles during\u0000 which fuel rail pressure, injection timing, airflow, and recirculated exhaust\u0000 gas flow were systematically varied. The resulting models could predict the\u0000 transient engine torque and fuel consumption, and nitrogen oxide (NOx), soot,\u0000 carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC), and carbon dioxide\u0000 (CO2) exhaust emissions with good accuracy, indicating that the\u0000 limited number of fuel property parameters selected as model inputs was\u0000 sufficient to capture the fuel-related effects.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The modelling tool can also be used to estimate the relative contributions from\u0000 changes in the individual fuel inputs to changes in exhaust emissions, and this\u0000 is illustrated by means of an example blending study with crude-derived diesel\u0000 fuel, biodiesel, and paraffinic gas-to-liquid (GTL) diesel fuel. This type of\u0000 novel numerical analysis provides insights into fuel effects which are very\u0000 difficult to achieve experimentally due to the high degree of intercorrelation\u0000 between fuel properties that is usually present.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42119741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Lubricant Additive Interactions on Gasoline\u0000 Particulate Filters","authors":"M. Lance, T. Toops, Melanie Moses-DeBusk, B. Kaul, C. Lambert, Xin Liu, H. Luo, J. Qu, Ryan Rieth, A. Ritchie, S. Huff, M. Maricq, D. Dobson, A. Gangopadhyay, T. Chanko","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0019","url":null,"abstract":"To understand how the composition of novel lubricant additives and their ash\u0000 interact with gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), an accelerated aging protocol\u0000 was conducted using three lubricant additive formulations and two GPF types. The\u0000 additive packages (adpaks) consisted of Ca+Mg detergent in a 3:1 or 0:1 ratio\u0000 and an anti-wear component—either zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) or a novel\u0000 phosphonium-phosphinate ionic liquid (IL) substitute. The particulate sampling\u0000 captured amount/compositions of particulate matter (PM) generated, total\u0000 particulate number, and size distribution. Five ash loadings were completed. GPF\u0000 position and adpak composition affected the backpressure, ash composition, ash\u0000 morphology, and captured mass. The particulate sampling indicated that the ash\u0000 component consisted primarily of particles less than 50 nm in size and that the\u0000 Mg-only adpak resulted in more particulate of 50–400 nm in size. Postmortem\u0000 materials characterization indicated GPFs in the underfloor position had deeper\u0000 penetration of ash into the walls compared to the close-coupled position.\u0000 Additionally, the Mg-only adpak had a higher filter collection efficiency\u0000 (>90%) and the ash particles consisted of a higher concentration of dense ash\u0000 material. In contrast, four of the 3:1 Ca:Mg lubricant adpaks resulted in a\u0000 collection efficiency of only 40–50%. Although the collection efficiency was\u0000 higher with the Mg-only adpak, the ash layer in the GPF was not thicker, nor was\u0000 the penetration into the wall more significant, and surprisingly the full useful\u0000 life (FUL) backpressure was lower than with Ca:Mg adpaks. The higher density of\u0000 the Mg-derived ash was the only detectable difference. A possible explanation of\u0000 this observation is that Mg ash has a lower melting point and is more\u0000 susceptible to densification during combustion or GPF regeneration. The\u0000 substitution of IL in place of the ZDDP did not lead to any notable changes in\u0000 collection efficiency or location of the ash.","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70624074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlating Particle Number Emissions to the Rotation of the Piston\u0000 Ring","authors":"Ludvig Adlercreutz, Andrea Lius, Filip Ainouz, A. Cronhjort, O. Stenlaas","doi":"10.4271/04-16-03-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42158549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Combustion Parameters and Homogeneity of Full and\u0000 Direct Injection Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine under\u0000 Supercharger Conditions","authors":"Seyfi Polat, A. Bulut, Furkan Akbulut, T. Eroğlu","doi":"10.4271/04-16-02-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-02-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21365,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44332077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}