Reumatologia最新文献

{"title":"Nutritional disorders and nutrition-related conditions: an underestimated clinical problem in systemic sclerosis.","authors":"Anna Wojteczek, Michał Chmielewski, Zbigniew Zdrojewski","doi":"10.5114/reum/194035","DOIUrl":"10.5114/reum/194035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nutritional disorders are significant but often underestimated complications in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The most prevalent nutritional disorders in SSc are malnutrition, affecting up to 62.5% of patients, and sarcopenia, with a frequency of up to 42%. Thus, clinical vigilance is recommended for the detection of eating disorders in SSc patients, particularly those with gastrointestinal involvement, cardiopulmonary complications, an advanced disease stage, and high disease activity. Nutritional treatment should be carefully tailored to the patients' clinical condition to ensure that it effectively addresses their specific needs. Studies focusing on enteral nutrition in SSc patients demonstrate its effectiveness in stabilizing or improving nutritional status in malnourished patients. In severe cases, parenteral nutrition offers viable options to support patient health. The findings highlight the importance of early nutritional assessment and intervention in improving patient outcomes and suggest that individualized nutritional therapy can be a critical component of comprehensive care for SSc patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"62 5","pages":"368-380"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential biomarkers in Behçet's disease: monocyte, neutrophil, platelet, and C-reactive protein to albumin ratios.","authors":"Mestan Sahin, Cansu Celin Karakose, Meltem Alkan Melikoglu","doi":"10.5114/reum/192391","DOIUrl":"10.5114/reum/192391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the monocyte to albumin ratio (MAR), neutrophil to albumin ratio (NAR), platelet to albumin ratio (PAR), and C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) as potential biomarkers for disease activity in patients with Behçet's disease (BD).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Both BD cases and healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Demographic characteristics, disease duration, and current medications were recorded for all participants. The BD Current Activity Form (BDCAF) was utilized to assess the activity of BD. Additionally, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, and serum albumin levels were measured. The MAR, NAR, PAR, and CAR were compared between the two groups. Correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were employed to establish cut-off points for these biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the study, both BD cases and 45 controls were included, totaling 90 participants. Significant differences were observed in the mean ±SD values of ESR, MAR, PAR, CAR, and albumin between the BD cases and controls (<i>p</i> = 0.008, <i>p</i> = 0.009, <i>p</i> = 0.029, <i>p</i> = 0.034, <i>p</i> = 0.006, respectively). However, despite these differences, no significant correlation was detected between BDCAF and the parameters under investigation. The cut-off point was determined as 150.59 (sensitivity 46.67%, specificity 82.22%, <i>p</i> = 0.008, AUC = 0.655) for MAR; as 62,013.73 (sensitivity 60.00%, specificity 66.67%, <i>p</i> = 0.03, AUC = 0.629) for PAR; and as 1.16 (sensitivity 35.56%, specificity of 95.567%, <i>p</i> = 0.03, AUC = 0.629) for CAR. The results were not able to define any cut-off points for active-inactive BD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significantly higher levels of MAR, PAR, and CAR were observed in patients with BD than controls. Monocyte to albumin ratio, PAR, and CAR were notably elevated in patients with active BD. This finding suggests that these parameters possess discriminative ability and could potentially serve as biomarkers to aid in the clinical evaluation of BD.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"62 5","pages":"308-313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.","authors":"Ajaz Kariem Khan, Junaid Nabi, Ashaq Hussain Parrey, Prasan Deep Rath, Sanan Lone","doi":"10.5114/reum/186975","DOIUrl":"10.5114/reum/186975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and potential joint damage. Patients with RA are at high risk of developing psychiatric morbidity; it is important to recognize these psychiatric manifestations. The relationship between psychiatric symptoms and RA is complex and can involve various factors, including the impact of chronic pain, inflammation, medications, and the overall burden of managing a chronic illness.Aim of the study was to systematically investigate and analyze the patterns and prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among individuals diagnosed with RA, with the aim of identifying common mental health conditions, understanding the interplay between RA and psychiatric disorders, and providing valuable insights for improved holistic patient care.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This was a prospective, observational cross-sectional study conducted over a period of three years in patients with RA. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed using International Classification of Diseases-10 criteria and Mini-Plus by dedicated psychiatrists. The diagnosis of RA was confirmed using the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (ACR/EULAR) diagnostic criteria for RA and the disease activity was calculated by Disease Activity Score with 28-joint count (DAS28) using the calculator from the RheumaHelper application. The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 23.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,000 patients with RA were included in this study. Nearly two-thirds of the patients were female (64.8%). The majority of patients belonged to the age group of 41 to 54 years. Total 47.5% of the patients were unemployed, 27.0% were salaried, 19.0% were businessman, while 6.5% of the patients were students. More than half of the patients (53.2%) had moderate disease activity. Major depressive disorder was the most commonly observed comorbidity (41.0%), followed by somatoform disorder (28.5%), and generalized anxiety disorder was found in 13.5%. No psychiatric manifestations were found in 17% of studied individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Psychiatric morbidity is associated with RA and there is a need for psychiatric services to be made available to these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"62 2","pages":"115-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11114128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis patients with biological agents and JAK-STAT inhibitors. An extension study.","authors":"Małgorzata Wisłowska","doi":"10.5114/reum/194686","DOIUrl":"10.5114/reum/194686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study compared treatment with biologic agents and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a real-world setting at a large center in Poland. There is a persistent shortage of such studies, and illustrating the switching of medications in search of a suitable way of treatment for a given patient is a crucial step towards future personalized therapy.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>This study is an extension of the initial work published in 2022 in <i>Reumatologia</i>, with the addition of an analysis of patients treated with upadacitinib. The study compared the effectiveness and side effects after treatment of biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs) in combination with MTX.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 130 patients with active severe RA (Disease Activity Score for 28 joints based on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate [DAS28(ESR)] value > 5.1) were treated at the Rheumatologic Outpatients Department of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland between January 2010 and September 2021. All patients were treated with MTX 25 mg per week. They were divided into two groups: group I (80 patients) treated with biologic agents, and group II (50 patients) treated with JAKi. Assessment of DAS28(ESR) and Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) and analysis of Boolean criteria for remission were performed. Remission or low disease activity, switching between drugs and adverse events were assessed and compared between studied groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients treated with tsDMARDs had previously used a higher number of conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs) and bDMARDs compared to those treated with bDMARDs. However, they achieved lower SDAI and assessment of disease activity using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) values, and a higher proportion of patients achieved Boolean criteria for remission after treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of treatment with JAKi were successful, but the potential side effects indicate that this treatment may not be equally suitable for all RA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"62 5","pages":"322-329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic assessment of nailfold capillaroscopy software: a pilot study.","authors":"Olga Elżbieta Brzezińska, Krzysztof Andrzej Rychlicki-Kicior, Joanna Samanta Makowska","doi":"10.5114/reum/194040","DOIUrl":"10.5114/reum/194040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Capillaroscopy is a simple method of nailfold capillary imaging, used to diagnose diseases from the systemic sclerosis spectrum. However, the assessment of the capillary image is time-consuming and subjective. This makes it difficult to use for a detailed comparison of studies assessed by various physicians. This pilot study aimed to validate software used for automatic capillary counting and image classification as normal or pathological.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study was based on the assessment of 200 capillaroscopic images obtained from patients suffering from systemic sclerosis or scleroderma spectrum diseases and healthy people. Dinolite MEDL4N Pro was used to perform capillaroscopy. Each image was analysed manually and described using working software. The neural network was trained using the fast.ai library (based on PyTorch). The ResNet-34 deep residual neural network was chosen; 10-fold cross-validation with the validation and test set was performed, using the Darknet-YoloV3 state of the art neural network in a GPU-optimized (P5000 GPU) environment. For the calculation of 1 mm capillaries, an additional detection mechanism was designed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results obtained under neural network training were compared to the results obtained in manual analysis. The sensitivity of the automatic tool relative to manual assessment in classification of correct vs. pathological images was 89.0%, specificity 89.4% for the training group, in validation 89.0% and 86.9% respectively. For the average number of capillaries in 1 mm the precision of real images detected within the region of interest was 96.48%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The pilot software for fully automatic capillaroscopic image assessment can be a useful tool for the rapid classification of a normal and altered capillaroscopy pattern. In addition, it allows one to quickly calculate the number of capillaries. In the future, the tool will be developed and will make it possible to obtain full imaging characteristics independent of the experience of the examiner.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"62 5","pages":"346-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiles of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with co-existing sickle cell disease: a coincidence or true association?","authors":"Hakeem Babatunde Olaosebikan, Etseoghena Igebu, Adebukola Khairat Orolu, Gbenga Joshua Odunlami, Ilo Azizat Bamisebi, Akin Dada, Ebele Uche, Olufemi Adelowo","doi":"10.5114/reum/195432","DOIUrl":"10.5114/reum/195432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and sickle cell disease (SCD) are distinct multisystemic diseases that commonly affect blacks. There are few reports of their co-existence in Western literature and a paucity of reports in Sub-Saharan Africa. Their co-existence is associated with diagnostic delay and treatment dilemmas. The aim is to describe the clinical, laboratory, and treatment profile of Nigerian lupus with sickle cell disease.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A 7-year retrospective descriptive study of lupus patients with sickle cell disease was performed. Medical records of eligible patients were extracted into a proforma, transferred into SPSS, and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were presented as frequency and percentages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve SLE-SCD cases (female 11, male 1) were identified. The mean age was 28.5 years and the mean duration of illness prior to diagnosis was 9.5 years. The median follow-up period was 3.1 years and the common presentations were mucocutaneous (66%), renal, (50%) serositis (33%), and neurological (16%) in decreasing order. All had anemia and positive antinuclear antibody, 33% had pancytopenia and 75% had positive anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith. Two are on maintenance hemodialysis, one with interstitial lung disease, and one on long-term anticoagulation due to deep vein thrombosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sickle cell disease and SLE should be considered in SCD with atypical clinical and laboratory features. We hope this report will raise diagnostic suspicion and prompt early diagnosis and treatment to prevent multiorgan damage that may ensue from such an association.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"62 6","pages":"430-438"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica and cancer: surveillance duration and other points to ponder.","authors":"Ciro Manzo,&nbsp;Arvind Nune","doi":"10.5114/reum.2023.124336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/reum.2023.124336","url":null,"abstract":"Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is one of the most common inflammatory rheumatic disease affecting the elderly [1]. Up to 20% of patients with PMR may develop giant cell arteritis (GCA), a primary granulomatous vasculitis affecting the aorta and its branches. The association of PMR with GCA, also known as “Horton’s disease”, has therapeutic and prognostic consequences [2]. The possibility that isolated PMR can be a paraneoplastic syndrome has long been debated with conflicting viewpoints. Some points should be pondered.","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e6/9c/RU-61-156698.PMC10044035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9225975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subclinical retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients - optical coherence tomography study.","authors":"Małgorzata Karolina Mimier-Janczak,&nbsp;Dorota Kaczmarek,&nbsp;Krzysztof Proc,&nbsp;Marta Misiuk-Hojło,&nbsp;Radosław Kaczmarek","doi":"10.5114/reum/166296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/reum/166296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim was to detect subclinical structural retinal abnormalities in optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ophthalmologically asymptomatic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without signs of lupus retinopathy or drug toxicity in fundus examination and in OCT and to assess the relationship between OCT parameters and disease activity, therapy type and burden on other organs to demonstrate the utility of OCT in early retinal impairment in SLE patients.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study. Thirty-three SLE patients (57 eyes) and 31 healthy individuals (56 eyes) were enrolled in the study. We excluded patients with evidence of lupus retinopathy or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity on OCT or fundus examination to reveal any subclinical changes. All patients underwent full ophthalmologic examination in the slit lamp including best corrected visual acuity, tonometry, and OCT. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov distribution test was used to assess the normal distribution in quantitative values. The differences between the individual measured parameters in the groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to assess the correlation between the measured parameters and quantitative clinical data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no difference in the OCT findings between SLE and healthy control groups. Among the study group a negative correlation was found between disease duration and age and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the inferior quadrant (<i>p</i> = 0.0063, <i>p</i> = 0.0036). No correlations were observed between examined retinal parameters and duration of hydroxychloroquine therapy, hydroxychloroquine as well as chloroquine cumulative dose and disease activity indices.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Optical coherence tomography is a widespread ophthalmic modality used for SLE retinopathy and HCQ toxicity screening. Our study did not demonstrate its clinical potency in diagnosis of subclinical retinal involvement. An optical coherence tomography device seems to be less sensitive in subclinical retinal impairment detection than optical coherence tomography angiography.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"61 3","pages":"161-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9c/51/RU-61-166296.PMC10373166.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9913638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: diagnostic approaches.","authors":"Agnieszka Trybuch,&nbsp;Beata Tarnacka","doi":"10.5114/reum/168362","DOIUrl":"10.5114/reum/168362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Myocardial involvement in patients with IIM is an unfavorable prognostic factor and one of the most common cause of mortality in this group of patients. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge on cardiovascular manifestations observed in IIM. Data published in English until December 2021 were selected. Clinical symptoms suggesting cardiac involvement are non-specific and require a differential diagnosis in accordance with cardiological guidelines. Troponin I is specific to cardiac injury and should be preferred to other markers to evaluate the myocardium in IIM. Abnormalities in electrocardiography are common in IIM, especially non-specific changes of the ST-T segment. In standard echocardiography left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is reported frequently. New diagnostic technologies can reveal clinically silent myocardial abnormalities. However, the prognostic value of subclinical impairment of myocardial function require further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"61 3","pages":"202-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bd/48/RU-61-168362.PMC10373167.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9913642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza - a problem still existing during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Lidia B Brydak","doi":"10.5114/reum/169416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/reum/169416","url":null,"abstract":"Address for correspondence: Lidia B. Brydak, National Institute of Public Health – National Research Institute, 24 Chocimska St., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: lbrydak@pzh.gov.pl Submitted: 29.04.2023; Accepted: 12.05.2023 Influenza has always been and will be in years to come a global and public health problem. Therefore the improvement and expansion of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) should be a priority for the healthcare community [1]. In 1947, at the 4th International Congress of Microbiologists in Copenhagen, the World Health Organization (WHO) foundations were laid for the future GISRS (which was finally created in 1952 and in 2022 celebrated its 70th anniversary) with the establishment of the first seven WHO Collaborating Centers for Reference and Research on Influenza in their current form. Since 1957 Poland has been participating in this system for monitoring influenza, as one of 149 National Influenza Centers worldwide. Poland was responsible for the introduction of the SENTINEL surveillance methods during its leadership of GISRS in the 2004/2005 epidemic season [2]. Virological data obtained by the Collaborating Centers for Reference and Research on Influenza are reported to the WHO and the European Union Agency: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) [3]. As an example of such data, the information provided to the WHO by Poland concerning epidemic seasons from 2015/2016 to 2022/2023, including the time when the COVID-19 pandemic took place, is presented in Table I. On March 11, 2020, the WHO announced the COVID-19 pandemic. As shown in Table I, the values of all the indicators used for influenza monitoring were definitely lower at the time of the pandemic. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that a significant part of the population worked remotely, including schools and universities, and mandates to wear masks were introduced to avoid the transmission of respiratory infections. The number of deaths resulting from post-influenza complications reported in Poland is underestimated – which is true not only in the case of data presented in Table I, as some deaths are attributed to the wrong disease entity. In the 2021/2022 epidemic season, i.e. from October 1, 2021 to September 30, 2022, a total of 2,317 samples","PeriodicalId":21312,"journal":{"name":"Reumatologia","volume":"61 3","pages":"149-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/09/cc/RU-61-169416.PMC10373163.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9913645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}