Reproduction最新文献

{"title":"Sertoli cells, but not testicular endothelial cells, contribute to optimized culture of spermatogonia in pigs.","authors":"Xueni You, Zifang Wu, Lin Shi, Jiaojiao Zheng, Weijun Pang, Wenxian Zeng, Wuzi Dong, Yi Zheng","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reprod/xaag047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are able to self-renew and differentiate into mature sperm therefore affording life-long male fertility. SSCs are rare in testes, and we previously established a culture system that enabled in vitro propagation of porcine spermatogonia (including SSCs) for up to 2 months. Testicular endothelial cells (TECs), as a key component of the germline niche, have been reported to support long-term in vitro expansion of SSCs from rodents and humans. To further optimize the porcine SSC culture, here we systematically assessed the ability of porcine TECs and Sertoli cells (SCs) as feeder layers to sustain porcine spermatogonial proliferation in vitro. We found that under the optimized condition, SCs significantly promoted the formation of typical grape-like colonies derived from SSEA4+ spermatogonia, with stable expansion for > 100 days and expression of stem and germ cell markers. The cultured cells also retained normal karyotype and successfully colonized the busulfan-treated mouse testes after xenotransplantation. In contrast, TECs only supported short-term spermatogonial proliferation (< 60 days), and the co-cultured spermatogonia exhibited loose aggregation and salient apoptosis. The secretomic analysis further revealed that SCs were enriched with adhesion molecules, anti-stress proteins, and self-renewal-associated factors, whereas TECs preferentially secreted differentiation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling-, and metabolism-related proteins. Collectively, this study demonstrates that SCs, rather than TECs, contribute to optimized culture of spermatogonia in pigs, and our SC-based optimized culture system for porcine spermatogonia provides a scalable platform for genetic manipulation of porcine SSCs therefore facilitating their application to breeding and germplasm innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HMGB1-Induced Perturbations in the Uterine Immune Microenvironment and Implantation Failure in Rats.","authors":"Rithika Rajendran, Sheetal Singhania, Anita Sutar, Siddhanath Metkari, Vainav Patel, Uddhav Chaudhari, Satish K Adiga, Geetanjali Sachdeva","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reprod/xaag046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins are endogenous molecules that activate immune cells and drive an inflammatory response. Derangements in DAMP levels are associated with pregnancy disorders. Our previous study demonstrated that an excess of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin, in the uterine cavity leads to implantation failure in rats. The present study investigated whether HMGB1-induced implantation failure was associated with perturbations in the uterine immune microenvironment. Recombinant HMGB1 with/without its inhibitor glycyrrhizin was administered on day 3 post-coitum (p.c.) in Wistar rats. Uterine fluid, uterine horns, and lymph nodes were collected on day 5 p.c. HMGB1-associated implantation failure was found to be associated with altered proportions of uNK cells, Tregs; altered phenotype of macrophages, and impaired decidualization. While total CD68+ macrophage proportion did not change significantly, the proportion of M2 macrophages (CD68+CD163+) was reduced at the implantation sites in the HMGB1-treated uterine horns. The proportion of activated M2 macrophages (CD68+CD163+CD86+MHCIIlow) was also reduced in the HMGB1-treated animals. This was accompanied by a significant increase in IL-1β and IL-5 cytokine levels in the uterine fluid. Further, our studies demonstrated that some of these effects, such as a decrease in the uNK cell proportion and modulation in the macrophage phenotype, result from the direct effect of excess HMGB1 on the endometrium. These effects were not observed in animals receiving both HMGB1 and glycyrrhizin. Thus, an excess of HMGB1 in the uterine cavity alters the proportion/phenotype of uterine immune cells and thereby compromises the implantation competence of the endometrium.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive seasonality drives structural and functional shifts in spermatozoa of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae).","authors":"Leonardo Carvalho, Carolina Pinhol Vieira, Carla Cristina Martins Silva, Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa, Samyra Maria Dos Santos Nassif Lacerda, Flávia Cappuccio de Resende, Gleide Fernandes de Avelar","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reprod/xaag045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reproductive seasonality in snakes can result in dissociation between spermatogenesis and mating, making long-term sperm storage essential. Despite seasonal testicular regression in Crotalus durissus, spermatozoa persist in the distal segment of the ductus deferens (DD) year-round. This study evaluated structural and functional changes in sperm associated with this reproductive pattern. We analyzed 40 adult males with active (n = 21) or regressed (n = 19) testes. Morphological, morphometric, and ultrastructural assessments were performed, along with evaluations of motility, vitality, concentration, and viability after short-term cold storage. Sperm from males with regressed testes (autumn and winter) exhibited significantly longer heads and acrosomes, suggesting structural changes during storage. While total motility did not differ significantly between groups, sperm vitality was significantly higher in males with active testes (spring and summer). Additionally, sperm from both groups remained viable after seven days of cold storage (2-8 °C), although motility declined over time. These findings suggest that the distal segment of the DD plays a role in sperm maintenance and potentially in sperm maturation. The extended viability of spermatozoa outside the active reproductive phase highlights key physiological adaptations and supports potential applications in reptile reproductive management and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147676035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antagonistic Pleiotropy Governing Reproductive Aging: Evolutionary Regulation of Endometrial Receptivity.","authors":"Hiroshi Kobayashi, Miki Nishio, Mai Umetani, Hiroshi Shigetomi, Shogo Imanaka, Hiratsugu Hashimoto","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reprod/xaag044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review aims to integrate current knowledge on how mTORC1-centered metabolic and stress-response pathways regulate endometrial decidualization, cellular senescence, and receptivity, with particular emphasis on their impact on implantation in advanced maternal age and metabolic disorders. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar without temporal restrictions, and studies were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria focusing on metabolic signaling and reproductive function. Physiological mTORC1 activation during the proliferative phase supports stromal cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and initiation of decidualization, while facilitating formation and clearance of physiological senescent cells. Conversely, sustained mTORC1 activation associated with aging or metabolic dysfunction enhances cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) through autophagy suppression, increased oxidative stress, and DNA damage, leading to impaired decidualization and reduced endometrial receptivity. This pattern aligns with the principle of antagonistic pleiotropy, whereby traits advantageous for reproduction in youth become detrimental to tissue function later. Dysregulation of mTORC1 and its related pathways-including AMPK, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (TSC2), and the p53 axis-is linked to implantation failure, particularly in advanced maternal age, obesity, and insulin resistance. In conclusion, mTORC1-centered metabolic and stress-response networks are fundamental regulators of endometrial maturation and senescence. Incorporating the assessment of mTORC1 activity and aging-associated markers may improve endometrial evaluation and reproductive outcomes, particularly in women of advanced reproductive age. Furthermore, such approaches may also enhance diagnostic precision and potentially increase success rates in assisted reproductive technologies (ART).</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asprosin infusion modulates central circuits to rescue selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced male dysfunction.","authors":"Fatih Tan, Zeynep Dila Oz, Gokhan Zorlu, Cihan Suleyman Erdogan, Mehmet Ridvan Ozdede, Emine Kacar, Ihsan Serhatlioglu, Nalan Kaya Tektemur, Gaffari Turk, Bayram Yilmaz, Haluk Kelestimur","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag036","DOIUrl":"10.1093/reprod/xaag036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction and infertility are major clinical challenges that lack effective pathophysiological solutions. We show that the fasting-induced adipokine asprosin acts centrally to restore erectile function, copulatory behavior, and testicular morphology in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-treated rats, positioning it as a promising therapeutic candidate. AbstractSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide and sexual dysfunction is one of the most common side effects of SSRI use. As a fasting-induced adipokine that crosses the blood-brain barrier to activate orexigenic agouti-related peptide neurons, asprosin may link energy homeostasis to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis; thus, we investigated its potential to modulate sexual activity and mitigate SSRI-induced reproductive impairment, given that SSRIs disrupt metabolic signaling to exacerbate sexual dysfunction. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control, sham, paroxetine (20 mg/kg/day via oral gavage), asprosin (500 ng/kg/day via intracerebroventricular infusion), and paroxetine + asprosin groups (n = 12/group). Following behavioral assessments, we analyzed serum hormones, sperm parameters, and reproductive histology, alongside hypothalamic Kiss1 and Rfrp-3 expression within the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Asprosin enhanced erectile responses, facilitated ejaculation, and increased sexual motivation. Paroxetine-induced testicular damage, characterized by interstitial edema, vascular congestion, and detachment of the seminiferous tubule basement membrane, was ameliorated by asprosin. Paroxetine reduced sperm concentration versus controls, whereas asprosin increased sperm concentration relative to both control and paroxetine groups. Total sperm motility decreased in the paroxetine group and was restored by asprosin. Asprosin decreased prolactin levels and increased oxytocin levels. Rfrp-3 and Kiss1 mRNA levels were not altered by paroxetine, while it counteracted the asprosin-induced elevations in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Our findings indicate that asprosin exerts pro-fertility effects and modulates central reproductive circuits, suggesting that asprosin is a key regulator of metabolic status and male reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147504509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Receptivity of the human male and female fetal caudal genital ligament to gonadal hormones.","authors":"Christèle Desdoits-Lethimonier, Isabelle Coiffec-Dorval, Maryne Toupin, Marie Bey, Audrey Guinot, Vincent Lavoué, Benjamin Frémond, Séverine Mazaud-Guittot, Bernard Jégou","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/reprod/xaag040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In briefCurrent understanding of testicular descent mechanisms, mainly based on rodent models, attributes a central role to testicular hormones. This study examines the hormonal receptivity and potential sex differences of human caudal genital ligaments (also named gubernaculum in males) during organogenesis. Abstract In both sexes, fetal gonads are connected to the abdominal wall by caudal genital ligaments (CGLs). The male CGL (gubernaculum testis) drives testis descent under the influence of testicular hormones, whereas the fate of the female CGL is thought to result from the absence of these hormones. However, the process in humans has not been clearly demonstrated. We here examined the expression patterns of receptors and metabolizing enzymes of gonadal hormones in CGLs collected from male and female human first trimester fetuses and from boys with uni- or bi-lateral cryptorchidism by using real-time quantitative PCR, in situ hybridisation, and when possible, immunostaining. We show that the CGLs of both sexes express receptors for insulin-like factor 3 (RXFP2), androgens, estrogens, and for members of the transforming growth factor beta family during the first trimester of pregnancy. The expression of RXFP2 increased with fetal age in both sexes, was heterogeneous, and was unrelated to proliferation. Androgen receptor expression also tended to increase with age, particularly in males. Notably, five alpha reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) and estrogen receptor (ESR1) mRNA levels increased significantly with age in both sexes, but showed clear sexual dimorphism. In contrast, ACVR2B and BMPR1B mRNA decreased with age in both sexes, unlike stable levels of AMHR2 mRNA. In boys with cryptorchidism, gene expression remained consistent regardless of age, ligament position, or appearance. The expression of male hormone receptors and the increased expression of ESR1 in female CGLs raises questions about their physiological significance and susceptibility to xenoestrogens during early development.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147634005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TEX30 safeguards sperm morphogenesis and quality consistency required for male fertility.","authors":"Koji Kikuchi, Sakie Iisaka, Reika Uriu, Hina Shinohara, Ayano Ezaki, Ryuki Shimada, Sayoko Fujimura, Naoki Tani, Kimi Araki, Taichi Noda, Kei-Ichiro Ishiguro","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag022","DOIUrl":"10.1093/reprod/xaag022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spermatogenesis, essential for male fertility, requires precise temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression to generate sperm that function robustly in vivo. Here, we show that testis-expressed 30 (Tex30) mRNA expression is induced by the germ-cell-specific transcription factors MEIOSIN and stimulated by retinoic acid 8 during meiotic prophase and is further upregulated in round spermatids. Despite this transcriptional activation, TEX30 protein is detected predominantly in the cytoplasm of step 16 spermatids, where it is highly enriched in the cytoplasmic lobe that is normally discarded as the residual body during spermiation. This strikingly restricted localization suggests that TEX30 safeguards sperm maturation during the final stages of spermiogenesis. Although overall testis morphology and gross spermatogenic progression are largely preserved in Tex30 knockout (KO) mice, epididymal sperm exhibit mild but reproducible abnormalities, including globozoospermia-like head defects and occasional tail deformities, together with variability in acrosome integrity. Importantly, Tex30 KO males display pronounced inter-individual variability in cauda epididymal sperm abundance-a feature not observed in wild-type controls-suggesting that TEX30 contributes to the robustness and consistency of late spermatogenesis rather than to its absolute production. Consistent with this, sperm number and distribution within the uterus are frequently reduced in Tex30 KO males, resulting in inefficient migration into the oviduct during natural mating. Together, these findings demonstrate that TEX30 is dispensable for early spermatogenic progression but is required to maintain the structural integrity, functional competence, and inter-individual robustness of sperm produced during late spermiogenesis, thereby supporting efficient in vivo fertilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146195523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinoic acid at the crossroads of reproduction and sleep: an underexplored link with clinical implications.","authors":"Tathiana A Alvarenga, Bianca Camilo Schimenes, Ellen M S Xerfan, Sergio Tufik, Monica L Andersen","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag043","DOIUrl":"10.1093/reprod/xaag043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative widely used in dermatology, plays essential roles in female and male reproductive physiology and in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Emerging evidence suggests that chronic exposure to systemic retinoids, such as isotretinoin, may influence fertility parameters and sleep-reproductive interactions, highlighting the need for greater clinical awareness and longitudinal safety studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cytotrophoblast subtypes and senescence in recurrent spontaneous abortion.","authors":"Si-Man Chen, Meng-Ying Li, Yi-Xing Yang, Nan Liu, Xiao-Xiao Gao, Xiao-Yan Cao, Xiao-Yong Zhu, Ming-Qing Li, Feng Xie","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/reprod/xaag030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), defined as the loss of two or more pregnancies before 20 weeks of gestation, remains a challenging clinical problem with largely unknown pathogenesis. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of control and RSA villous tissues and identified three subtypes of cytotrophoblasts (CTBs): CTB1, which is mainly involved in protein synthesis; CTB2, a highly proliferative progenitor population; and CTB3, an adhesive and invasive subtype that serves as the precursor of extravillous trophoblasts. We also characterized syncytiotrophoblasts, which are responsible for hormone production. In RSA villi, the functions of both CTBs and syncytiotrophoblasts were impaired. Notably, CTB2 and CTB3 exhibited pronounced features of cellular senescence, potentially contributing to reduced proliferative and differentiation capacity. These findings suggest that aberrant trophoblast senescence may underlie defective placentation in RSA and highlight potential therapeutic targets for restoring trophoblast function and improving pregnancy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147481516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The roles of NF-κB-activated theca cell subtypes in subclinical premature ovarian insufficiency.","authors":"Peigen Chen, Yajie Chang, Jiana Huang, Peng Sun, Manchao Li, Xiao Yan Liang, Jintao Peng","doi":"10.1093/reprod/xaag032","DOIUrl":"10.1093/reprod/xaag032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early-onset ovarian insufficiency affects 1%-5% of women under the age of 40 years, but its early pathogenesis remains unclear. This exploratory study employed a small sample design to investigate cellular and molecular alterations in the follicular microenvironment of patients with early-onset ovarian insufficiency, with a particular focus on inflammatory pathways. Through single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing analysis of granulosa cells, we observed elevated expression patterns of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway activation in patient samples. Single-cell sequencing (n = 1 per group) revealed 11 cell subtypes, among which three inflammatory subpopulations exhibited elevated NF-κB activity, particularly NF-κB-activated follicular membrane/stromal cells, which dominated in patient samples. Computational deconvolution analysis based on population RNA sequencing data (n = 4 per group) supported the increased proportion of NF-κB-activated cell subpopulations in patient samples, with high cross-platform consistency (r = 0.86, p < 0.001). Trajectory analysis indicated that after removing NF-κB-activated follicular membrane/stromal cells, the developmental pathways of granulosa cell subpopulations in the patient group converged with those in the control group. Although the sample size was limited (single-cell sequencing, n = 1 per group), computational validation methods supported these preliminary findings. This study suggests that the NF-κB signaling pathway may be activated in the follicular microenvironment of early ovarian insufficiency, where inflammatory cells may influence granulosa cell differentiation through specific molecular interactions. This provides preliminary insights into the disease pathogenesis and suggests potential research directions for early diagnosis and intervention strategies, which require further validation in larger sample-size studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21127,"journal":{"name":"Reproduction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147444895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}