Research最新文献

{"title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Interleukin Family on Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis, Progression, and Therapy.","authors":"Yuwei Ji, Zhenkai Zhao, Yan Yang, Xiaochen Wang, Ruifeng Qiao, Xiang Yu, Xinyan Gong, Zhe Feng, Quan Hong","doi":"10.34133/research.0738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/research.0738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome with high mortality, and its pathogenesis involves complex inflammatory regulatory mechanisms. As core components of the cytokine network, interleukins (ILs) exert pleiotropic effects in the development of AKI, participating in processes such as inflammation, fibrosis, tissue damage repair, and remote organ injury. Moreover, ILs influence the progression of AKI by mediating the crosstalk among renal resident cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts. Pro-inflammatory ILs primarily accelerate the progression of AKI by recruiting neutrophils and inducing renal cell apoptosis, whereas anti-inflammatory ILs alleviate AKI by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines and enhancing regulatory T cell function. Dual-function ILs may either promote disease progression or facilitate tissue repair depending on their cellular origin or the specific pathological stage. In terms of therapeutic strategies, monoclonal antibodies targeting ILs and their receptors, as well as advancements in extracellular vesicle technology, have shown promising potential. Future research should focus on elucidating the specific signaling networks of ILs and their intercellular interactions in order to promote precision medicine approaches for AKI and to block the transition from AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD).</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0738"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12163381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeleton-Forming Responses of Reef-Building Corals under Ocean Acidification.","authors":"Yixin Li, Hongwei Zhao, Yunpeng Zhao, Xin Liao, J-Y Chen, Yanping Qin, Zuhong Lu, Yuehuan Zhang, Chunpeng He","doi":"10.34133/research.0736","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ocean acidification is becoming more prevalent and may contribute to coral reef degradation, yet our understanding of its role in global reef decline remains limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the impact of reduced pH levels on the growth patterns of major reef-building corals. Here, we studied the skeleton-forming strategies of 4 widely distributed coral species in a simulated acidified habitat with a pH of 7.6 to 7.8. We reconstructed and visualized the skeleton-forming process, quantified elemental calcium loss, and determined gene expression changes. The results suggest that different reef-building corals have diverse growing strategies in lower pH conditions. A unique \"cavity-like\" forming process starts from the inside of the skeletons of <i>Acropora muricata</i>, which sacrifices skeletal density to protect its polyp-canal system. The forming patterns in <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i>, <i>Montipora capricornis</i>, and <i>Montipora foliosa</i> were characterized by \"osteoporosis\", exhibiting disordered skeletal structures, insufficient synthesis of adhesion proteins, and low bone mass, correspondingly. In addition, we found that damage from acidification particularly affects pre-existing skeletal structures in the colony. These results enhance our understanding of skeleton-forming strategies in major coral species under lower pH conditions, providing a foundation for coral reef protection and restoration amidst increasing ocean acidification.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0736"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12152308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Characteristics and Recent Advances in Thermoelectric Binary Indium Chalcogenides.","authors":"Yasong Wu, Binjie Zhou, Lu Liu, Shengnan Dai, Lirong Song, Jiong Yang","doi":"10.34133/research.0727","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermoelectric (TE) materials have garnered widespread research interest owing to their capability for direct heat-to-electricity conversion. Binary indium-based chalcogenides (In-X, X = Te, Se, S) stand out in inorganic materials by virtue of their relatively low thermal conductivity. For example, In₄Se_2.35 shows a low thermal conductivity of 0.74 W m^-1 K^-1 and an impressive <i>zT</i> value of 1.48 along the <i>b</i>-<i>c</i> plane at 705 K, as a result of structural anisotropy. Here, we review the structural features and recent research progress in the TE field for In-X materials. It begins by presenting the characteristics of crystal structure, electronic band structure, and phonon dispersion, aiming to microscopically understand the similarity/dissimilarity among these In-X compounds, notably the role of unconventional bonds (such as In-In) in modulating the band structures and lattice vibrations. Furthermore, TE optimization strategies of such materials were classified and discussed, including defect engineering, crystal orientation engineering, nanostructuring, and grain size engineering. The final section provides an overview of recent progress in optimizing TE properties of indium tellurides, indium selenides, and indium sulfides. An outlook is also presented on the major challenges and opportunities associated with these material systems for future TE applications. This Review is expected to provide critical insights into the development of new strategies to design binary indium-based chalcogenides as promising TE materials in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0727"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12150782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aberrant Tryptophan Metabolism Manipulates Osteochondral Homeostasis.","authors":"Tingwen Xiang, Chuan Yang, Langlang Xie, Shiyu Xiao, Yong Tang, Gang Huang, Dong Sun, Yueqi Chen, Fei Luo","doi":"10.34133/research.0728","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid, performs as a precursor for synthesizing various bioactive molecules primarily metabolized through the kynurenine (Kyn), serotonin, and indole pathways. The diverse metabolites were deeply implicated in multiple physiological processes. Emerging research has revealed the multifaceted contribution of Trp in skeletal health and pathophysiology of bone-related disease with the involvement of specific receptors including aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which modulated the downstream signaling pathways to manage the expression of pivotal genes and thereby altered cellular biological processes, such as proliferation and differentiation. Accompanied by distinct alterations in immune function, inflammatory responses, endocrine balance, and other physiological aspects, their impact and efficacy in osteochondrogenic disorders have also been well documented. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of Trp metabolism within bone biology is currently lacking. In this review, we elucidate the complexities of Trp metabolic pathway and several metabolites, delineating their versatile modulatory roles in the physiology and pathology of osteoblasts (OBs), osteoclasts (OCs), chondrocytes, and intercellular coupling effects, as well as in the progression of osteochondral disorder. Moreover, we comprehensively delineate the regulatory mechanisms by which gut microbiota-generated indole derivatives mediate bidirectional crosstalk along the gut-bone axis. The establishment of an elaborate governing network about bone homeostasis provides a novel insight on therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0728"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12150400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoelectrochemical Monitoring of pH-Regulated Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Homeostasis in Macrophages Lysosomes during Phagocytosis.","authors":"Yu-Ting Qi, Rui-Xue Gao, Ying Chen, Bing-Yi Guo, Ming-Yong Wen, Christian Amatore, Wei-Hua Huang","doi":"10.34133/research.0733","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macrophages participate in the immune system by recognizing and engulfing foreign bodies inside phagosomes, which fuse with lysosomes in their cytoplasm to form mature phagolysosomes. Lysosomes have an acidic interior and generate and release reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) to destroy the endocytosed entities. It has been previously reported that intra-lysosomal pH plays an essential role in the regulation of ROS/RNS. However, the exact regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. Taking advantage of the large number of active lysosomes distributed along the phagocytic lumen during frustrated phagocytosis of glass fibers by macrophages, the intensity of 4 primary ROS/RNS released fluxes (ONOO^-, H₂O₂, NO, and NO₂ ^-) was monitored with platinum nanoelectrochemical sensors, thereby revealing the important role of intra-lysosomal pH on ROS/RNS fluxes after pharmacological modulations. Acidification (pH <5.0) does not alter the rate of production of ROS/RNS precursors (superoxide ions, O₂ ^•-, and parent NO) but promotes O₂ ^•- protonation, leading to an increase of H₂O₂ release. In contrast, the initial production of NO, which subsequently increased the release of ONOO^- and NO₂ ^-, was enhanced by alkalinization (pH >6.0). The resulting increased oxidative stress was associated with massive proinflammatory cytokine release. Taken together, these results provide important information about the impact of lysosomal pH on ROS/RNS regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0733"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12139194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Degree-of-Freedom Mechanical Metamaterials with Arbitrary Prescribability and Rapid Reprogrammability of Force-Displacement Curves.","authors":"Hui Li, Wei Li, Huixin Yang, Joseph M Gattas, Qingyang Chen, Yang Li","doi":"10.34133/research.0715","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mechanical metamaterials, by introducing porous structures into the materials, can achieve complex nonlinear responses through the large deformation of structures, which support a new generation of impact energy absorption and vibration damping systems, wearable electronics, and tactile simulation devices. However, arbitrarily customizable stress-strain curves have yet to be achieved by existing mechanical metamaterials, which are inherently multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) deformable systems, and their deformation sequence is influenced by the minimum energy gradient principle. Multi-DOF metamaterials behave like underactuated systems, where the number of degrees of freedom exceeds the number of actuators. As a result, their deformation is controlled by the material's elastic forces, inertial forces, and boundary constraints. Here, we propose a novel composition of elastic components integrated with one-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) kinematic bases, forming a fully actuated system in which the number of actuators equals the number of degrees of freedom. The deformation of each elastic component is governed by its designed 1-DOF kinematic path. Consequently, the stress-strain profile can be arbitrarily prescribed, for instance, controlled multistage strain softening curve is achievable, as the principle of minimum energy gradient does not affect the deformation sequence dictated by the 1-DOF kinematic base. Furthermore, a class of shape memory alloys (SMAs) is introduced as active components to enable rapid in situ property change, providing versatility in switching between different target responses. The analytical inverse design method, numerical analysis, parametric study of different target responses, and experimental validation are carried out. Lastly, preliminary demonstrations of designable anisotropic nonlinear responses are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0715"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12136626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Velocity-Constraint Kalman Filtering for Enhanced Bubble Tracking in Motion-Compensated Ultrasound Localization Microscopy.","authors":"Yifei Zhu, Lingyin Jiang, Qi Zhang, Jun Yin, Bingze Du, Guofeng Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Bo Ding, Han Lin, Honghui Xue, Xiasheng Guo, Xiao-Yang Zhang, Jing-Ning Zhu, Dong Zhang, Juan Tu, Ning Gu","doi":"10.34133/research.0725","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) is a novel imaging technique that overcomes the diffraction limit to achieve super-resolution imaging at the 10-μm scale. Despite its remarkable progress, challenges persist in enhancing the precision of microbubble tracking and fulfilling the requirements for high frame rates in practical circumstances, especially in moving organs. To address these issues, an enhanced ULM approach (shorten as vc-Kalman) integrating rapid motion compensation was developed to achieve excellent image quality. Unlike traditional methods relying on observed bubble positions, the proposed algorithm combined statistical information derived from historical data with Kalman-filter-predicted positions to enable more accurate bubble localization. Meanwhile, microbubble brightness in adjacent frames was incorporated as multidimensional feature to further improve the matching efficacy. Furthermore, velocity constraint was applied to minimize possible erroneous traces and enhance the contrast-to-noise ratio of ULM images, while ensuring the continuity of vascular reconstruction and the accuracy of the blood flow analysis to generate a reduced normalized root mean square error in velocity estimation, even at a relatively low frame rate of 146 Hz. More important, to effectively suppress the impact of physiological movements in moving organs like kidneys, this algorithm fulfilled subpixel displacement vector identification through parabolic fitting and expedited motion compensation via dynamic programming-based cross-correlation search. The results indicated that this advanced vc-Kalman method substantially boosted both the robustness and accuracy of ULM imaging, thereby opening more opportunities for clinical applications of super-resolution ULM technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0725"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12136335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piezo1-Mediated Ferroptosis Delays Wound Healing in Aging Mice by Regulating the Transcriptional Activity of SLC7A11 through Activating Transcription Factor 3.","authors":"Chen Jin, Du-Piao Zhang, Zhen Lin, Yu-Zhe Lin, Yi-Feng Shi, Xiao-Yu Dong, Meng-Qi Jin, Fu-Qiang Song, Si-Ting Du, Yan-Zhen Feng, Lin-Yuan Jiang, Xiao-Qiong Jiang, Abdullah Al Mamun, Zi-Miao Chen, Jian Wang, Keqing Shi, Ren-Wen Wan, Zhi-Wen Luo, Zheng-Lin Li, Lei Yang, Jian Xiao","doi":"10.34133/research.0718","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis plays a role in wound healing during the maturation of senescent endothelial cells. This study explores the modulation of ferroptosis in senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and wound-healing processes by Piezo1 activation at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Elevated Piezo1 expression was observed in HUVECs treated with the senescence inducer doxorubicin (Doxo) and the ferroptosis inducer erastin and in aged wound tissue. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of Piezo1 protected senescent HUVECs and aged wound tissue from ferroptosis. Additionally, Piezo1 channel activity was found to promote ferroptosis in senescent HUVECs by increasing intracellular Ca²⁺ levels. The calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII)/activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)/SLC7A11 signaling axis was activated upon stimulation with erastin and Doxo, driving Piezo1-induced ferroptosis. CaMKII directly interacted with ATF3, which could be modulated through Piezo1 channel regulation. Notably, Piezo1 knockout mice or adeno-associated virus 9-mediated silencing of ATF3 attenuated ferroptosis in senescent cells and accelerated wound repair. Mechanistically, both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Piezo1 promoted wound healing in aged tissues and regulated ferroptosis in senescent HUVECs through the CaMKII/ATF3/SLC7A11 pathway. In conclusion, these findings suggest that targeting Piezo1-mediated ferroptosis in senescent HUVECs offers a promising therapeutic approach for improving wound healing in the elderly.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0718"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12133029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoantibodies Targeting Vinculin Reveal Novel Insight into the Mechanisms of Autoimmune Podocytopathies.","authors":"Hanyan Meng, Dongjie Wang, Chen Zheng, Chao Zhou, Xinrui Mao, Jinglan Gu, Xiaohui Qiao, Fei Liu, Jingjing Wang, Haidong Fu, Jianhua Mao, Qing Ye","doi":"10.34133/research.0722","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Emerging evidence suggests that autoantibodies targeting podocytes are potential contributors to idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS); however, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the pathogenic role and underlying mechanisms of anti-vinculin autoantibodies in INS. <b>Methods:</b> Serum anti-vinculin autoantibody levels detected by protein microarray and clinical data were compared among INS patients (<i>n</i> = 147), healthy individuals (<i>n</i> = 84), and patients with other kidney or immune diseases (<i>n</i> = 100 of each disease). Immune-mediated mouse models were established to verify the pathogenicity of anti-vinculin autoantibodies. Mouse urine was monitored for urine protein levels, while immunofluorescence, pathological staining, and electron microscopy assessed kidney pathological and ultrastructural changes. Transcriptome sequencing of mouse kidney tissues was performed to investigate the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in kidney injury post-immunization. <b>Results:</b> Anti-vinculin autoantibody levels were specifically elevated in INS patients, with a 54.42% positivity rate, correlating with urinary albumin, serum albumin, cholesterol, and CD19 levels. The average anti-vinculin autoantibody levels dropped markedly in pediatric INS patients during remission. Mouse experiments revealed that injecting anti-vinculin antibodies or recombinant vinculin protein induced proteinuria and podocyte injury in the immunized mice, and the renal phenotype closely resembled the pathological characteristics of minimal change disease. Transcriptome sequencing of renal tissues revealed up-regulation of inflammation, immune responses, cytokine activities, and B cell activation pathways in the immunized mice, while cytoskeleton-related functions were down-regulated. <b>Conclusions:</b> Autoantibodies targeting vinculin act as pathogenic autoantibodies in INS and hold potential value for diagnosing and monitoring INS progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0722"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12131845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Cell-Mimetic Droplet Microrobots with Division and Exocytosis Capabilities.","authors":"Shimin Yu, Weiwei Zhang, Yongzhi Feng, Xiang Zhang, Chuanhua Li, Shengjun Shi, Haocheng Wang, Tianlong Li","doi":"10.34133/research.0730","DOIUrl":"10.34133/research.0730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The first challenge in building a living robotic system inspired by life evolution is how to replicate the original form of life-the cell. However, current microrobots mimic cell motion control but fail to replicate the functional biological activities of cellular systems. Here, we propose a strategy that programs microparticle swarms encapsulated in droplets at an air/liquid interface to create cell-mimetic droplet microrobots with vitality by employing alternating magnetic fields. Through the design of algorithms and spontaneous interface waves, our collective system embodies reversible transitions between gas, chain, array, and disk-like collective modes, and emulates various complex activities of living cells in nature, including division and exocytosis. Based on these 2 capabilities learned from living cells, the cell-mimetic microrobots navigate the bile duct to the gallbladder under the guidance and control of magnetic fields, completing the drug release task. This cell-mimetic microrobots may provide a fundamental understanding of cellular life and pave the way for the construction of artificial living systems. Furthermore, they hold substantial potential for medical and environmental applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21120,"journal":{"name":"Research","volume":"8 ","pages":"0730"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}