Results in Surfaces and Interfaces最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigations on the machining performance of the WEDM process of NiTi SMA by comparison of Taguchi and Box-Behnken design approaches","authors":"Inam Ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Rakesh Chaudhari ,&nbsp;Jay Vora ,&nbsp;Vivek Patel ,&nbsp;Sakshum Khanna ,&nbsp;Subraya Krishna Bhat","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aims to investigate the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) performance of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) by using two widely accepted approaches of design of experiment: Taguchi and Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The key important input variables of pulse-on time (T_on), pulse-off time (T_off), and discharge current (I_p) were selected along with material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (SR) as response measures. Taguchi's L9 array and BBD with 15 runs were employed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and coefficient of determination (R²) validated the adequacy of the developed empirical relations. The teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm was further applied to identify optimal machining conditions. For the Taguchi design, optimal parameters were T_on = 40 μs, T_off = 18 μs, and I_p = 4 A, yielding MRR = 1.5769 g/min and SR = 3.57 μm. For the BBD-RSM design, the optimal parameters were T_on = 40 μs, T_off = 17 μs, and I_p = 5 A, resulting in MRR = 1.7321 g/min and SR = 3.38 μm. The optimal results for both designs have shown robust performance. However, the BBD-RSM design approach has outperformed the Taguchi design approach in both MRR and SR under the given conditions. The BBD-RSM design outperformed the Taguchi design, with enhancements of 9.84 % in MRR and 5.62 % in SR. This comparative analysis highlights the robustness of both approaches while demonstrating the superior optimization capability of the BBD-RSM design for machining NiTi SMA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100636"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface modification of aluminum on a silicon chip by citric acid treatment","authors":"Moataz Mekawy ,&nbsp;Kazuya Iida ,&nbsp;Akitsu Shigetou ,&nbsp;Jin Kawakita","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum is widely used as a conductive material in the semiconductor and electronics fields. However, the inevitable formation of an oxide layer on its surface during atmospheric heat treatment accompanying the fabrication process increases surface resistivity. This necessitates a surface treatment to mitigate the negative effects of the oxide layer. In this study, a silicon chip containing aluminum wires was immersed in a 0.1 wt% citric acid solution as a simple surface treatment technique. In situ electrical current measurements from arrays of aluminum wires located on the silicon chip were performed during the treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy were conducted before and after the treatment. The results revealed a significant removal of the contamination/oxide layer formed on the chip surface, and the outermost stacked layer on the aluminum surface turned hydrophilic (ca. 0.3 Å/min at 50 °C), resulting in a considerable decrease in the electric resistance around the surface. As a demonstration, a sensor made of Al and Au arrays was placed on the silicon chip, and the citric acid treatment helped enhance its response to humid air by more than 1000, with the steady current response realized in a treatment time of 2–3 min. This promising surface treatment method is expected to help enhance the removal of oxide layers formed on metal-based components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100625"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the microstructure and mechanical properties of L-shaped structure of TM-B9 HSLA steels using WAAM process","authors":"Rakesh Chaudhari ,&nbsp;Jash Modi ,&nbsp;Souradeep Dutta ,&nbsp;Vatsal Vaghasia ,&nbsp;Subhas Das ,&nbsp;Jay Vora ,&nbsp;Subraya Krishna Bhat","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)-based Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process has been employed in the present study for fabrication of the L-shaped wall structure of TM-B9 low alloy steel on mild steel substrate plate. A 100-layered wall was built with optimal process parameters (voltage of 21 V, travel speed of 5 mm/s, wire feed speed of 6.5 mm/s, and gas flow rate of 15 L/min), which was detected with seamless fusion and without disbonding. The L-shape wall was investigated at different locations (corner joint, horizontal, and vertical direction). Microstructure at bottom, middle, and top regions has revealed fairly rounded structure of grains, the interface dendritic structures with rounded grains, and fairly dendritic and finer granular structure, respectively. The examined tensile test results have shown the average UTS of 1160.41 ± 34.92 MPa, YS of 927.1 ± 28.2 MPa for horizontal specimens, while UTS of 1039.81 ± 56.90 MPa, YS of 830.0 ± 46.4 MPa for vertical specimens. The experimental findings reveal that the UTS, YS, and EL values of the WAAM-produced components exceed those of conventional TM-B9 low alloy steel, indicating superior tensile performance. Impact test results showed uniform acceptable values for both vertical and horizontal specimens. MH evaluation was carried out at the corner joint structure, and built direction of the built plate has shown uniformity across the different layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100619"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis guided by multivariate analysis of computational descriptors and electrochemical evaluation of aniline-based Schiff bases as potential corrosion inhibitors in acidic media","authors":"Carlos Andrés Coy-Barrera,&nbsp;Lili Dahiana Becerra,&nbsp;Vicky Carolina Gonzalez,&nbsp;Diego Quiroga","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using the density functional theory (DFT), we analyzed the electronic properties of 42 Schiff bases, revealing key descriptors such as HOMO, LUMO and electronegativity, which correlate with their reactive behavior and adsorption. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified five clusters linked to different corrosion inhibition potentials. The most promising compounds exhibited high electron donation capabilities, increasing their potential adsorption on metallic surfaces of carbon steel. Compounds with electron removal groups (EWGs), such as 4-NO₂Ph, showed reduced antioxidant activity by the effect of the nitro group on electron density, whereas bulky substituents such as 4-tBuOPh displayed a moderate antioxidant activity, this indicates that groups (EWgs) with antioxidant activity are related to the % of corrosion inhibition. Although they are different processes it is evident that the presence of such substituents, which are abundant in the literature, can be utilized as organic inhibitors. Subsequently, promising compounds, based on the theoretical and statistical study were evaluated in corrosion inhibition processes on carbon steel surfaces in an acid medium (HCl 1.0 M), by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compounds containing EWGs, particularly halogens, exhibited high inhibition efficiency. Compound (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-phenylmethanimine demonstrated excellent performance, with high charge transfer resistance and inhibition efficiency (95.54 %), suggesting effective protection against corrosion. In contrast, compound (E)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-phenylmethanimine showed limited inhibition with low impedance and unstable protective films. Surface morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that coatings with compound (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-phenylmethanimine had more uniform textures and better corrosion resistance, while compound (E)-1-compound(4-(tert-butoxy)phenyl)-N-phenylmethanimine exhibited moderate inhibition but more uniform surface characteristics. The evaluated molecules do not have prior information in this type of test. The results obtained also highlight the importance of electronic properties and surface microstructure in the effectiveness of Schiff base compounds as corrosion inhibitors, highlighting their potential for the development of multifunctional protective coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quinoxaline derivatives as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for steel and non-ferrous metals: A comprehensive review","authors":"Maheswara Rao Vegi","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Material corrosion is undesirable because it damages building and transportation materials, increases maintenance and replacement costs, and poses a threat to environmental safety. Consequently, tremendous measures are being taken to prevent rusting by employing corrosion prevention strategies. Among these, corrosion inhibitors are the most extensively studied due to their strong inhibitory effectiveness. The structural features of quinoxaline derivatives, including the presence of two nitrogen atoms or functional groups, planar heterocyclic rings, and aromatic and conjugated multiple bonds, have been shown to provide excellent inhibitory performance against the corrosion of steel and other metallic materials in corrosive environments, similar to other organic compounds. This review provides an overview of the recent literature on quinoxaline and its derivatives in mitigating corrosion. This article also includes information on corrosion inhibition mechanisms, corrosion inhibition efficiencies, and the classification of corrosion inhibitors. Additionally, some upcoming directions for corrosion control research in the field of inhibitors are outlined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100620"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on dry sliding wear behavior and machine learning models for wear rate prediction of nano hybrid 2219 MMCs reinforced with n-B4C & MoS2","authors":"N.G. Siddeshkumar ,&nbsp;H.M. Manjula ,&nbsp;K. Balakrishnan ,&nbsp;T.C. Pramod ,&nbsp;B. Latha Shankar ,&nbsp;Arshan Ali Khan ,&nbsp;H.M. Pruthvi ,&nbsp;Santosh Pawan K ,&nbsp;M.B. Nandakumar ,&nbsp;Subramanya R. Prabhu ,&nbsp;C. Durga Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the dry sliding wear behaviour of stir-cast Aluminium 2219 nano composites reinforced with nano boron carbide and a hybrid combination of nano boron carbide &amp; Molybdenum disulfide particles. The wear properties were analyzed under varying conditions of sliding speed (0.65–13.0 m per second), applied load (5–100 N), and sliding distance (250–5000 m). Key factors such as nanoparticle dispersion, density, hardness, and wear resistance were investigated. The results reveal that adding nanoparticles enhances wear resistance, which correlates with increased hardness. Both Aluminium 2219 composites reinforced with nano boron carbide and hybrid (nano boron carbide &amp; Molybdenum disulfide) reinforcements exhibit similar wear behaviour trends. However, the hybrid composites (nano boron carbide &amp; Molybdenum disulfide) demonstrate significantly improved wear resistance across all tested conditions, with MoS₂ inclusion playing a crucial role in further enhancing wear resistance. The particular wear rate of Aluminium 2219 was predicted using machine learning models, including Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Support Vector Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Option Tree, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting. The primary input parameters, applied load, sliding speed, and sliding distance, were analyzed to determine their impact on wear rate. Several criteria were used to assess the performance of various machine learning models. Ensemble models such as Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Gradient Boosting, along with K-Nearest Neighbors, exhibited minimal deviations and demonstrated robust predictive accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100623"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface integrity and kerf characteristics in Wire-EDM of WAAM-fabricated hybrid ER70S-308L steel: A Taguchi-based parametric analysis","authors":"Deepak D. ,&nbsp;Yathindra K.V. ,&nbsp;Vijeesh Vijayan ,&nbsp;Sachidananda H.K. ,&nbsp;Subraya Krishna Bhat","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) components exhibit surface irregularities, necessitating optimized processing techniques to achieve precision and reliability. This study investigates the wire electric discharge (ED) machining performance of WAAM-fabricated hybrid ER70S-308L steel (a compositional hybrid formed by simultaneous deposition of ER70S and 308L stainless steel wires), focusing on material removal rate (MRR), kerf width (KW), kerf taper (KT), and surface integrity. A Taguchi-based design of experiments (DoE) was employed, considering discharge current (I), pulse-on time (T_on), pulse-off time (T_off), and wire speed (W_s). Results indicate that Ton significantly influences MRR (34.13 %) and top KW (47 %), while current predominantly affects KT (87.54 %) and bottom KW (91.99 %). Surface morphological analysis reveals key interfacial features, including recast layers, micro-cracks (6–10 μm), and spherical globules, attributed to intense thermal effects during machining. Predictive models were developed with high accuracy (R²: 78.53–99.15 %) for MRR, KW, and KT. To achieve a balanced machining outcome, multi-response optimization was performed using the desirability function approach (DFA). The optimal parametric setting (I = 5 A, T_on = 10 μs, T_off = 20 μs, W_s = 5.5 m/s) yielded the highest composite desirability index of 0.8518, simultaneously enhancing material removal rate and kerf geometry. The findings provide critical insights into surface modification and interfacial phenomena in subtractive processing of WAAM hybrid steels, supporting the development of efficient machining strategies for advanced manufacturing. These findings can benefit applications in aerospace, tooling, and repair of large structural components where precision post-processing of WAAM parts is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of AlNbTaZr-Al2O3 refractory high entropy alloy reinforced Al6061 metal matrix composite","authors":"Muhammed Muneer S ,&nbsp;Arun B.S ,&nbsp;Renjish Vijay ,&nbsp;Aju Kumar V.N ,&nbsp;Anand Sekhar R","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional ceramic-reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) often exhibit challenges such as weak interfacial bonding, ceramic particle fragmentation, and thermal expansion mismatch, which collectively compromise their plasticity and toughness. To overcome these limitations, the present study investigates a novel composite system by reinforcing Al6061 matrix with AlNbTaZr-Al₂O₃ Refractory High Entropy Alloy (RHEA) powders which were fabricated through mechanical alloying for 30 h. The research focuses on analyzing the structural evolution, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of the resulting Al6061–AlNbTaZr–Al₂O₃ composite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms progressive nano structuring of RHEA powders with increased milling duration. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) reveals an average grain size of 246.7 nm, with a maximum of 385.1 nm. Optical microscopy shows pronounced grain refinement in the composite, attributed to Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) induced by RHEA particles. Mechanical testing demonstrates a 69.4 % increase in tensile strength for the composite (164.2 MPa) compared to pure Al6061 (96.9 MPa), and a substantial enhancement in ultimate compressive strength (326.6–335.3 MPa vs. 236.1 MPa). Tribological analysis reveals a lower and more stable coefficient of friction (0.45–0.55) than Al6061 (0.57 at 20 kN), reflecting improved wear resistance due to reduced material removal and the reinforcement effect of the RHEA phase. Based on the results, the Al6061–AlNbTaZr–Al₂O₃ composite exhibits significantly enhanced mechanical strength, refined microstructure, and superior wear resistance, making it a promising candidate for structural and tribological applications in aerospace, automotive, and defense industries where lightweight, high-strength, and wear-resistant materials are essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100622"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating fretting wear behavior of LPBF processed AlSi10Mg alloy under variable frequency and heat treatment conditions","authors":"Rashmi Saragur Nanjundaiah ,&nbsp;Shrikantha Sasihithlu Rao ,&nbsp;K. Praveenkumar ,&nbsp;Chithirai Pon Selvan ,&nbsp;T. Ram Prabhu ,&nbsp;S. Sahay ,&nbsp;Geetha Manivasagam ,&nbsp;Arunkumar Shettigar ,&nbsp;G.C. Manjunath Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the fretting wear behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy processed via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) under different oscillation frequencies (5 Hz, 10 Hz, and 15 Hz) and heat treatment conditions (as-built, stress-relieved, T5, and T6) under a consistent load of 100 N. The fabricated and heat-treated samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, hardness testing, and residual stress measurements to evaluate dislocation density, hardenability, and the nature of residual stress. Fretting wear behavior was further assessed through evaluations of the coefficient of friction (COF), worn surface morphology, and wear volume loss using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D profilometry to understand the mechanism. Results indicated that the as-built samples exhibited superior resistance against fretting wear across all tested frequencies, a phenomenon attributed to their refined microstructure and higher dislocation density (FWHM: 0.213). The results show that lower frequencies primarily result in adhesive wear, with the oxide layer providing some protection, but higher frequencies accelerate abrasive and fatigue wear due to enhanced crack propagation and thermal softening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of ferromagnetism and metallicity in RF magnetron sputtered Mn–Ni–Sn Heusler alloy thin films","authors":"A. Verma ,&nbsp;K. Bhatt ,&nbsp;J.D. Tanwar ,&nbsp;J.S. Tawale ,&nbsp;P. Kushwaha ,&nbsp;P.K. Siwach ,&nbsp;H.K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the evolution of ferromagnetism and metallicity of Mn–Ni–Sn-based Heusler alloy thin films, approximately 40 nm thick. These films were synthesized via UHV RF magnetron sputtering using a Mn₂Ni_1.6Sn_0.4 target on (001)-oriented SrTiO₃ substrates. The deposition temperatures were set at 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C, followed by a 6-h annealing process at the corresponding temperatures. At growth temperatures up to 700 °C, the films displayed B2 or L2₁-type structures or a combination thereof. However, at 800 °C, the Heusler phase decomposed, resulting in the formation of impurity phases such as Ni₃Sn or Mn₃Sn. The surface morphology changed from continuous to discontinuous with increasing growth temperature. All films exhibited Curie temperatures above room temperature. As the growth temperature increased from 500 °C to 700 °C, spontaneous magnetization increased substantially, and the bifurcation between zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled warming (FCW) curves decreased. Films deposited at 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C adhered to Bloch's law below 143 K (T ≪ T_C), while those deposited at 800 °C showed deviation from this. The increase in the residual resistivity ratio (RRR) values from 1.17 for the film grown at 500 °C to 1.64 for films grown at 700 °C, respectively, underscores the evolution of the metallic behavior. The phase-decomposed film showed an exceptionally high RRR = 956.59.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21085,"journal":{"name":"Results in Surfaces and Interfaces","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100616"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}