Psychological review最新文献

{"title":"Spiking the mind: Rethinking the role of cortical feedback in visual mental imagery.","authors":"Roger Koenig-Robert, Thomas Pace, Joel Pearson","doi":"10.1037/rev0000621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000621","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research has revealed similarities between visual mental imagery and visual perception. Visual imagery is supported by cortical feedback involving multiple visual areas, including the primary visual cortex, and functionally interacts with perception. This has led to the assumption that imagery is \"perception in reverse,\" with feedback connections driving action potentials in early visual areas. However, evidence on feedback mechanisms is mixed, often exerting modulation (often as negative gain control) in sensory areas. Here, we examine and interpret the current understanding of feedback mechanisms related to visual imagery, integrating this with its functional effects and neural correlates. Finally, we put forward a new hypothesis, along with testable predictions, proposing that imagery reshapes spontaneous neural activity rather than producing spiking in early visual areas. This new framework explains many of the properties of visual imagery while providing a better general understanding of feedback and brain function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147667126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future-oriented mental time travel and self-reinforcement.","authors":"Ekrem Dere","doi":"10.1037/rev0000624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000624","url":null,"abstract":"Future-oriented mental time travel is a highly adaptive cognitive behavior that makes everyday life much more predictable, rewarding, and successful. It can protect people from potential harm and facilitate coping with social and professional challenges. However, it is not yet fully understood in which respect people who act proactively or with foresight differ from those who tend not to plan ahead and obviously prefer rather spontaneous solutions. In an attempt to explain such interindividual differences, the self-reinforcement hypothesis of future-oriented mental time travel, which is based on behaviorist learning theory, is presented. Possible neurophysiological substrates underlying this mechanism are discussed, and experimental proof of concept approaches are proposed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"218 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147619530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational causal induction from events in time.","authors":"Tianwei Gong, M Pacer, Thomas L Griffiths, Neil R Bramley","doi":"10.1037/rev0000570","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A longstanding focus in the causal learning literature has been on inferring causal relations from contingencies, where these abstract away from time by collating independent instances or by aggregating over regularly demarcated trials. In contrast, individual causal learners encounter events in their daily lives that occur in a continuous temporal flow with no such demarcation. Consequently, the process of learning causal relationships in naturalistic environments is comparatively less understood. In this article, we lay out a rational framework that foregrounds the role of time in causal learning. We work within the Bayesian rational analysis tradition, starting by considering how causal relations induce dependence between events in continuous time and how this can be modeled by stochastic processes from the Poisson-Gamma distribution family. We derive the qualitative signatures of causal influence and the general computations needed to infer structure from temporal patterns. We show that this rational account can parsimoniously explain the human preference for causal models that invoke shorter, more reliable, and more predictable causal influences. Furthermore, we show this provides a unifying explanation for human judgments across a wide variety of tasks in the reanalysis of seven experimental data sets. We anticipate the framework will help researchers better understand the many manifestations of continuous-time causal learning across human cognition and the tasks that probe it, from explicit causal structure induction settings to implicit associative or reinforcement learning settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":"584-618"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144507975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting to loss: A computational model of grief.","authors":"Zack Dulberg, Rachit Dubey, Jonathan D Cohen","doi":"10.1037/rev0000567","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grief is a reaction to loss that is observed across human cultures and even in other species. While the particular expressions of grief vary significantly, universal aspects include experiences of emotional pain and frequent remembering of what was lost. Despite its prevalence, and its obvious nature, considering grief from a functional perspective is puzzling: <i>Why</i> do we grieve? Why is it <i>painful</i>? And why is it sometimes prolonged enough to be clinically impairing? Using the framework of reinforcement learning with memory replay, we offer answers to these questions and suggest, counterintuitively, that grief may function to maximize future reward. That is, grieving may help to unlearn old habits so that alternative sources of reward can be found. We additionally perform a set of simulations that identify and explore optimal grieving parameters and use our model to account for empirical phenomena such as individual differences in human grief trajectories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":"737-752"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Bridging the gap between subjective probability and probability judgments: The quantum sequential sampler\" by Huang et al. (2025).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/rev0000608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000608","url":null,"abstract":"Reports an error in \"Bridging the gap between subjective probability and probability judgments: The quantum sequential sampler\" by Jiaqi Huang, Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zo Ebelt and Emmanuel M. Pothos (Psychological Review, 2025[Jul], Vol 132[4], 916-955; see record 2025-25219-001). The authors noticed a typo in Equation 17. In the matrix shown, the entry in the fourth row should be \"(0 0 β+ … . .)\" instead of \"(0 β+ … . .)\". A zero is missing from the fourth row. The online version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2025-25219-001.) One of the most important challenges in decision theory has been how to reconcile the normative expectations from Bayesian theory with the apparent fallacies that are common in probabilistic reasoning. Recently, Bayesian models have been driven by the insight that apparent fallacies are due to sampling errors or biases in estimating (Bayesian) probabilities. An alternative way to explain apparent fallacies is by invoking different probability rules, specifically the probability rules from quantum theory. Arguably, quantum cognitive models offer a more unified explanation for a large body of findings, problematic from a baseline classical perspective. This work addresses two major corresponding theoretical challenges: first, a framework is needed which incorporates both Bayesian and quantum influences, recognizing the fact that there is evidence for both in human behavior. Second, there is empirical evidence which goes beyond any current Bayesian and quantum model. We develop a model for probabilistic reasoning, seamlessly integrating both Bayesian and quantum models of reasoning and augmented by a sequential sampling process, which maps subjective probabilistic estimates to observable responses. Our model, called the Quantum Sequential Sampler, is compared to the currently leading Bayesian model, the Bayesian Sampler (J. Zhu et al., 2020) using a new experiment, producing one of the largest data sets in probabilistic reasoning to this day. The Quantum Sequential Sampler embodies several new components, which we argue offer a more theoretically accurate approach to probabilistic reasoning. Moreover, our empirical tests revealed a new, surprising systematic overestimation of probabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"66 1","pages":"769"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive computation as a new mechanism of dynamic human attention.","authors":"Mario Belledonne, Eivinas Butkus, Brian J Scholl, Ilker Yildirim","doi":"10.1037/rev0000572","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A key role for attention is to continually focus visual processing to satisfy our goals. How does this work in computational terms? Here we introduce <i>adaptive computation</i>-a new computational mechanism of human attention that bridges the momentary application of perceptual computations with their impact on decision outcomes. Adaptive computation is a dynamic algorithm that rations perceptual computations across objects on-the-fly, enabled by a novel and general formulation of task relevance. We evaluate adaptive computation in a case study of multiple object tracking (MOT)-a paradigmatic example of selection as a dynamic process, where observers track a set of target objects moving amid visually identical distractors. Adaptive computation explains the attentional dynamics of object selection with unprecedented depth. It not only recapitulates several classic features of MOT (e.g., trial-level tracking accuracy and localization error of targets), but also captures properties that have not previously been measured or modeled-including both the subsecond patterns of attentional deployment between objects, and the resulting sense of subjective effort. Critically, this approach captures such data within a framework that is in-principle domain-general, and, unlike past models, without using any MOT-specific heuristic components. Beyond this case study, we also look to the future, discussing how adaptive computation may apply more generally, providing a new type of mechanistic model for the dynamic operation of many forms of visual attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":"534-559"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144507974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A theory of multiattribute search and choice.","authors":"Sebastian Gluth,Jordan Deakin,Jörg Rieskamp","doi":"10.1037/rev0000614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000614","url":null,"abstract":"Decision problems are often characterized by the presence of many choice options described by several attributes, and people need to limit how much information they search for. We propose that humans search and thereby devote attention to relevant information in an efficient and goal-directed, but not necessarily optimal, manner. Thereto, a novel hierarchical Bayesian cognitive model of information search in multiattribute and multialternative decisions is presented and tested. In the model, the search process is governed by the desire to quickly identify the option that meets the choice goal best, which in turn depends on the importance and uncertainty of information and on the accumulated evidence. The theory accounts for many established empirical findings on the interplay of attention and decision making, including the positive correlation of gaze time and choice probability as well as the preference for sampling promising choice candidates. To rigorously test a series of top-down effects of attention, we present results of a new and preregistered eye-tracking experiment on multiattribute decisions, in which the influence of bottom-up attention on visual search is minimized. Our theory accounts for various interactions of attention and choice in this experiment, while variants of it and another extant theory, which assume different search rules, fail to capture these effects. Furthermore, the theory predicts additional choice dynamics such as the dependency of decision speed on the number and overall value of options. The proposed framework provides a general approach to understanding the intricate dynamics of search and valuation mechanisms in multiattribute decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive constraints and reward environments jointly shape memory formation.","authors":"Si Ma,Vencislav Popov,Qiong Zhang","doi":"10.1037/rev0000612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000612","url":null,"abstract":"A key adaptive feature of human episodic memory is its ability to selectively encode important information. While extensive empirical evidence supports that reward enhances memory, this monotonic relationship does not always hold, and the influence of reward on memory formation can exhibit complex patterns. To reconcile these findings, we present a computational model that considers not only how people maximize their rewards but also the cognitive constraints underlying this adaptation. Unlike previous theoretical accounts that assume a direct link between reward value and memory encoding strength, our model adaptively decides how strongly to encode each item based on the overall reward environment and its interaction with limited cognitive resources at encoding. We validated the model's predictions across three experiments, successfully explaining why high-reward items do not always have a memory advantage, how reward context influences memory, and the role of reward anticipation. Importantly, the model predictions are parameter-free. They are derived solely from optimal adaptation to a given reward environment, under cognitive constraints independently characterized by previous studies, rather than being fit to the empirical data that the model seeks to explain. These findings support that memory encoding is an active process involving metacognitive control, where limited cognitive resources are strategically allocated to maximize overall cumulative rewards, rather than a passive response to the salience of individual items. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do congruency effects in Navon's and Stroop's paradigms reflect the same (control) mechanisms? A conceptual analysis and an empirical test.","authors":"Christian Gerlach, Nicolas Poirel","doi":"10.1037/rev0000617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many paradigms in cognitive psychology have been designed to induce conflicts that must be resolved prior to response, and many of these paradigms have therefore also been used to examine cognitive control. It is still a matter of debate, however, whether the conflicts induced by different paradigms reflect the same cognitive (control) processes. In the present study, we first present a conceptual analysis of similarities and differences between two classic and widely used paradigms that induce conflicts: the Navon and Stroop paradigms. Based on this analysis, we predicted a small positive correlation to exist between the paradigms in congruency effects (the difference between trials with conflicting and congruent information). We tested this hypothesis using an individual differences approach. Contrary to expectation, the data obtained were much more likely under the null hypothesis. Given that the result was obtained in a large sample (<i>N</i> = 615), with reliable measures (>.7), across differently derived indexes of congruency (standardized effect sizes, plain difference scores, residuals from regression, and balanced integration scores), and with paradigms that gave rise to the expected congruency effects-which also varied considerably across individuals-this suggests that the congruency effects induced by the two paradigms reflect unrelated processes. Based on this, we argue that the congruency effects in Navon's and Stroop's paradigms can originate at different levels of processing. In particular, congruency effects in Navon's paradigm may arise at a perceptual level, and conflict at this level can apparently also be resolved in a modality-specific manner. This demonstrates that there is a limit on the degree of domain generality in cognitive control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The enchronic envelope.","authors":"N J Enfield","doi":"10.1037/rev0000553","DOIUrl":"10.1037/rev0000553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article argues that the diverse causal domains underpinning human language converge and interface at a single privileged locus, a ∼2½-s opportunity for action, called the enchronic envelope. Evidence is given for the existence and nature of the envelope as a universally primary frame for the selection, deployment, and evolution of linguistic structure. The first key argument is that language is a form of action and will therefore be structured similarly to physical actions. The second is that because linguistic actions exploit principles of communication, they are subject to a legibility constraint, which requires speaker-recipient calibration, thus importing strong constraints on the design of linguistic structures from the interpersonal alignment of the dyad in the enchronic time frame of social interaction. The case is made that this envelope is the site at which processes at diverse timescales must be realized. We examine how this applies to individual-level language learning. The account has implications for our developing understanding of languages as complex adaptive systems. It seeks to advance the complex-systems idea for language by showing that highly diverse linguistic networks and processes are moored to a single, central interface, where language is processed, learned, transmitted, and conventionalized. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":21016,"journal":{"name":"Psychological review","volume":" ","pages":"296-314"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}