Radiation and Environmental Biophysics最新文献

{"title":"Radiation shielding efficiency of rice husk ash-based low-density glasses: a comparative study.","authors":"Baltej Singh Sidhu, Amandeep Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01174-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01174-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The disposal of agricultural waste such as rice husk remains a significant environmental challenge, yet it offers potential for conversion into value added materials such as glass. This study aimed to evaluate radiation shielding efficacy of low-density glasses developed from an abundant agricultural waste i.e. White Rice Husk Ash (WRHA). For this purpose, photon attenuation parameters (Half Value Layer, Linear Attenuation Coefficient, Effective Atomic Number, Transmission Factor) for X-rays employing FLUKA Monte Carlo / EpiXS database and charged particle interaction parameters (Projectile range, Effective Atomic Number) for electrons, protons, He and C ions were determined through SRIM / PAGEX / ESTAR databases. WRHA glasses exhibited linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Zeff) and half-value layer (HVL) values in the range of 0.77-8.47 cm^-1, 17.12-25.75 and 0.082-0.904 cm, respectively over 40-120 keV photons. The calculated CSDA ranges for electrons lies between 0.52 and 43.16 g/cm², while projectile range falls within 12.98-151.39, 3.17-13.69, 1.53-662 μm for protons, alpha particles and carbon ions over 1-250 MeV projectile energy. Comparative analysis with low density glasses synthesized from artificial resources concludes with superior radiation shielding competency of WRHA based glasses derived from agricultural waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"613-626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145582313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the gamma radiation shielding performance of epoxy resin and Portland cement-based composites enriched with Bi₂O₃ additive fillers.","authors":"Nutthapong Moonkum, Aksarapak Thawornnittayakul, Gunjanaporn Tochaikul","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01166-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01166-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owing to the use of highly penetrating gamma radiation for medical proposes, radiation shielding is a crucial issue for radiological protection. Lead-free shielding materials are becoming more interesting to solve the disadvantages of lead (i.e., toxicity and heaviness). This study investigates the radiation shielding performance of epoxy resin (ER) and Portland cement (PC) composites enriched with bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) fillers at weight ratios of 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, across photon energies ranging from 122 to 662 keV. The results indicate that higher Bi₂O₃ content enhances the linear attenuation coefficient (0.299 to 1.187 cm^- 1), radiation protection efficiency (26 to 99%) and lead-equivalent thickness (0.16 to 2.1 cm), demonstrating improved radiation attenuation ability. The transmission factor (TF) was calculated for four different thicknesses of each composite, showing that thicker samples resulted in lower TF values (0.86%) compared to thinner ones (74.16%). Despite being thicker than the standard lead shielding; the composites are half of the weight. Among all tested samples, the ER/Bi50 composite demonstrated the most effective shielding potential. While no full economic or life cycle assessment was conducted, the use of non-toxic components and reduced weight suggests that ER/Bi50 may offer potential advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Thus, ER/Bi50 with 4 cm thickness is proposed as a promising lead-free alternative to conventional lead-based shielding materials for gamma ray attenuation in medical applications at energies below 356 keV.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"587-596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145506113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose assessment based on the translocation frequency in T-lymphocytes: development and validation of biodosimetry system for ^89,90Sr.","authors":"Evgenia I Tolstykh, Yulia R Akhmadullina, Elena A Shishkina, Vladimir I Zalyapin, Alexander V Akleyev","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01172-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01172-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the study was to develop and validate a method (biodosimetry system) for estimating red bone marrow (RBM) doses from internal exposure to ⁸⁹Sr and ⁹⁰Sr using FISH-based biodosimetry in T-lymphocytes. The method includes assessment of doses to T-lymphocytes and RBM using: data on chromosome translocation frequencies; a calibration curve data; a model of age-related dynamics and kinetics of T-cells; a biokinetic model for strontium; and a dosimetric model for ^89,90Sr. Conversion factors from chromosome translocation frequencies to T-cell-doses and then to RBM-doses were estimated. The biodosimetry system was validated by comparing FISH-based doses and doses obtained from physical dosimetry for residents of Techa riverside settlements (205 persons; 221 blood samples; dose range according to physical dosimetry data from 0.04 to 4.8 Gy). The Techa River (Southern Urals, Russia) was contaminated with radioactive waste in the 1950s. In general, the validation confirms the biodosimetry system applicability. However, the method does better for group dose estimation and has large uncertainties for individual cases. The statistical distributions of \"biodosimetric doses\" are significantly wider than doses based on physical measurements. In all dose groups identified on the basis of physical dosimetry, there are donors with undetected radiation-induced translocations. The detection limit of individual dose assessments using FISH-based biodosimetry (about 0.5 Gy) is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"237-256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146030606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Various buildup-bolus regimens in post-mastectomy intensity modulated radiotherapy : dosimetric and radiobiological evaluation.","authors":"Ruijun Niu, Fali Tao, Qing Guo, Na Tao, Xiyi Wei, Zhitao Dai, Tianyuan Dai, Xusheng Wei, Jihong Zhang, Tingting Liu, Liying Gao, Yuexiao Qi, Qinghe Peng, FuPing Wen","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01163-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01163-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Explicit standards for buildup-bolus applications in post-mastectomy radiotherapy remain unclear. This study aimed to perform a dosimetric evaluation of target volumes and organs at risk associated with various buildup-bolus thicknesses and application frequencies to identify the optimal buildup-bolus regimen. Thirty-eight post-mastectomy patients were randomly selected between 2017 and 2024. Four sets of simulated treatment plans were created using virtual buildup-boluses with different protocols: daily 3-mm-thick, daily 5-mm-thick, half-time 5-mm-thick, and half-time 10-mm-thick. Cumulative dose-volume histograms were generated for each buildup-bolus regimen to assess dosimetric differences in target volumes and organs at risk. Equivalent uniform dose and normal tissue complication probability were evaluated for the skin. In terms of target volumes, the daily 5-mm-thick buildup-bolus regimen could reduce hot-spot doses while ensuring adequate target dose coverage, and improved dose homogeneity and conformity; For organs at risk, it could deliver necessary chest wall dose while minimizing high-dose exposure to the skin. Radiobiological evaluation of the skin indicated that the daily 5-mm-thick buildup-bolus regimen could reduce recurrence risk. Additionally, this regimen required the fewest monitor units, thereby reducing treatment time and alleviating machine wear and tear. It is concluded that the daily 5-mm-thick buildup-bolus regimen represented the optimal balance for target coverage and chest-wall skin sparing. These findings provide clinical guidance for treatment planning in post-mastectomy radiotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"365-376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145452874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and clinical use of novel high-resolution EPID-based 2D and 3D automated patient-specific quality assurance for SRS and SBRT patients.","authors":"Raghavendra Hajare, Taushiful Hoque, Shanmukhappa Kaginelli, Abhilasha Rao, Gopal Chandra Sahoo, Debasish Sahoo, Souvik Kapri, Suseenthar T G, Rohit Vadgaonkar, Raviteja Miriyala, Kiriti Chiriki, Umesh Mahantshetty","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01182-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01182-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatments should be delivered with caution because any delivery error can have a severe radiobiological impact on the patient due to the high dose per fraction used in such modalities. Therefore, a very high accuracy including a quality assurance program accompanying the entire treatment process is required. This study assessed the efficacy and clinical use of novel high-resolution 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional electronic portal imaging devices, an automated patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) for SRS and SBRT patients. The dosimetric performance of these devices was evaluated by comparison with other detectors. Deliberate errors (errors of multi leave collimators (MLCs), gantry and collimator angle, and monitor unit (MU) changes) were introduced to assess the sensitivity of the devices. Twenty volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans from various tumour sites, constrained to field sizes below 7.7 cm × 7.7 cm, were analyzed. Point dose measurements showed mean dose differences of 0.1% ± 1.5% for ionization chambers and 0.94% ± 1.8% for EPID compared to treatment planning system (TPS) calculations. With 2%/2 mm, average Gamma Passing Rates (GPRs) were 98.6% (film), 99.0% (SRS MapCHECK®), 98.7% (PDIP), 99.5% (PerFRACTION™,2D), 99.8% (PerFRACTION™,3D), and 93.2% for ArcCHECK®. At stringent 2%/1 mm criteria, high-resolution systems maintained > 94% pass rates while ArcCHECK® dropped to 73.5%. EPID showed comparable GPRs to films and SRS MapCHECK®. EPID detected most errors except small MLC shifts and gantry angle errors. It is concluded that EPID dosimetry can perform SRS and SBRT PSQA without additional devices. Thus, it offers a cost-effective, high-resolution alternative comparable to dedicated devices, enhancing clinical efficiency, without compromising accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"435-447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145763649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radon levels in caves in Primorsko-goranska County, Croatia and assessment of the effective dose for visitors and tourist guides.","authors":"Gordana Žauhar, Nina Trinajstić, Jagoda Ravlić Gulan, Petra Valić, Filip Šarc, Marija Čargonja","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01178-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01178-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radon is a natural source of radiation and one of the main causes of lung cancer. Since radon is a product of radium decay, it leaks from soil and rock and often accumulates in enclosed spaces. Caves are known for high radon concentrations, especially under certain meteorological conditions when the air circulation in the cave is weak. In this study, the results of radon monitoring in two caves in Croatia, Šparožna Cave and Biserujka Cave, are presented. Radon concentrations were measured continuously in each cave for 14 months. The monthly average concentrations showed a clear seasonal pattern in both caves, with much higher concentrations during summer. In some parts of the monitoring period in Šparožna Cave, diurnal changes in concentrations can also be seen. The highest measured concentration in the Biserujka Cave was 16 kBq/m³, while in the Šparožna Cave a maximum value of 47 kBq/m³ was measured, which is the highest radon concentration measured in any speleological object in Croatia. The effective dose for a 30 min tourist visit to Biserujka was estimated between 0.015 and 0.053 mSv, depending on the month of the visit, while the effective dose for a 3-hour research visit to Šparožna Cave was estimated between 0.029 and 1.28 mSv. These results may help to provide recommendations for limiting the length of stay of employees and visitors in the investigated caves.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"161-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145669486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biospecimens from plutonium-exposed workers: an update on the status of the Russian human radiobiological tissue repository.","authors":"Christopher A Loffredo","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01197-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01197-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Founded in 1999 under the bilateral U.S.-Russian Agreement on International Cooperation for Minimization of the Effects of Prolonged Radiation Exposure, the Human Radiobiological Tissue Repository (HRTR) at the Southern Urals Biophysics Institute aims to collect, store, annotate, and disburse biological materials from individuals occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation, to support scientific investigations of the effects of radiation exposure on human health. In compliance with international best practices guidelines, the RHTR has assembled a collection of over 100,000 biospecimens donated by workers of the Mayak Production Association, and by non-occupationally exposed persons living in the same city. Included in its biobanks are fully annotated autopsy tissues stored in formalin, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, microscope slides, frozen surgical tissues, whole blood and blood components, and genomic DNA from parental-offspring triads. The biorepository's database contains information on radiation dose characteristics, occupational history, non-radiation risk factors, detailed medical history, and social and demographic characteristics of each donor. This comprehensive approach has resulted in a unique resource that has supported both molecular and non-molecular studies of radiation health effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146119719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dosimetric results of whole body irradiation with MOSFET dose tracking to eliminate interfractional variations.","authors":"Taha Erdoğan, İbrahim Eker, Duriye Öztürk, Özveri Tuğlu, Yeter Düzenli Kar, Nilgün Eroğlu","doi":"10.1007/s00411-026-01198-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-026-01198-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Total body irradiation (TBI) is an essential component of conditioning regimens prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), particularly in paediatric patients. However, achieving dose homogeneity throughout the treatment course remains a major challenge due to large treatment fields, tissue heterogeneity, and inter-fraction variations. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and impact on dose homogeneity of fraction-based adaptive dose modulation supported by dynamically adjusted rice bag compensators, based on real time metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) feedback, using in vivo dosimetry (IVD) in bilateral TBI. In this context, IVD measurements were performed using MOSFET detectors at the brain, neck, lung, umbilical, and pelvic regions during each treatment fraction in patients undergoing bilateral TBI. Based on these measurements, the thickness of the rice-bag compensators was dynamically adjusted between fractions. Calculated dose values were compared with MOSFET measured doses for each anatomical region. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between calculated and MOSFET-measured doses across all anatomical regions (p > 0.05), indicating a high level of agreement between planned and delivered doses. The highest dose differences were observed in the lung region (up to 106.9%), whereas the lowest differences were observed in the neck region (up to 100.8%). In conclusion, fraction-based IVD monitoring using MOSFET dosimetry enables adaptive dose modulation in bilateral TBI, reduces inter-fraction dosimetric uncertainties, and provides an effective quality assurance strategy to improve dose homogeneity and treatment safety, particularly in paediatric patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"549-559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146019525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radon diagnostics using low-cost continuous monitors and air exchange rate measurement - a case study in a residential building.","authors":"Katerina Navratilova Rovenska, Miroslav Vanek, Radim Moznar, Martin Kaschner, Elena Castaño Casco, Shahed Khan, Esther Osei Akuo-Ko, Ilaria Rocchetti, Ondrej Parizek, Jan Lenk, Marcela Adamova, Oana Elena Peneoasu, Lukas Mareda","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01167-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01167-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reliable and accurate radon diagnostics in buildings with elevated radon levels are crucial for selecting the most effective mitigation strategies. Traditionally, such diagnostics relied on passive integrating detectors paired with continuous radon monitors (CRMs), which offer time-resolved and detailed insights into radon fluctuations. However, the historically high cost of CRMs significantly limited widespread deployment. Recent advancements in digital electronics have made various low-cost CRMs such as Corentium Pro and Radonye + 2-broadly available. Although recent scientific studies have thoroughly assessed the performance of these detectors under controlled conditions, their effectiveness in real-world radon diagnostics is not yet well documented. The study aimed to evaluate the applicability of two types of low-cost CRMs - Corentium Pro and RadonEye + 2 - for radon diagnostic evaluation of a residential building. Radon levels were monitored in designated areas of the home across three separate measurement campaigns. To support comprehensive analysis, additional data were collected, including air exchange rates measured via tracer gas techniques, grab samples from indoors leaks and soil gas, and concurrent monitoring of meteorological conditions. Radon concentration measurements obtained from the different methods were in good agreement. Time-series analyses revealed a strong correlation between indoor radon levels and the temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor environments. Furthermore, measurements of air-exchange rates were instrumental in pinpointing the primary radon entry pathways, enabling the design of more effective remediation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"67-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145582454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The revised German guideline on the monitoring for intakes of radionuclides.","authors":"Oliver Meisenberg, Simone Löscher, Thomas van Appeldorn, Bastian Breustedt, Martina Froning, Daniel Gehre, Augusto Giussani, Heribert Hänscheid, Ulrich Kratzel, Rolf Michel, Clemens Scholl, Carsten Wanke, Astrid Imig","doi":"10.1007/s00411-025-01183-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00411-025-01183-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2025, the guideline for the realisation of monitoring of occupational intakes of radionuclides (internal monitoring) in Germany was revised. For this purpose, an expert workgroup was mandated to consider the amended German radiation protection legislation, amended international standards and recommendations as well as other recent developments in the subject area. The methodology of the revised guideline for the calculation of the likely committed effective dose based on the handled activity and incorporation factors adapts international recommendations and standards. However, the definitions and values of the subfactors from which the incorporation factors are calculated deviate from international recommendations, for example the physical form safety factor considers the volume or mass of the handled radioactive material. For applications in nuclear medicine, specific incorporation factors based on recent literature are tabulated. Regarding the monitoring of persons of childbearing potential, an assessment of the equivalent dose for the uterus and if required a monthly monitoring are prescribed. Quality assurance of approved monitoring services is based optionally on accreditation or on audits by public authorities. For workplace monitoring, technical requirements, in particular quality-assurance procedures, are also specified. Regarding the dose assessment, a reference method and several individual methods are described, with the investigation threshold for changing to individual methods corresponding to an effective dose of 6 mSv during the calendar year. For the reference method, standard assumptions (inhalation, AMAD 5 μm for workplaces, 1 μm for emergency workers with environmental exposure) are applied.</p>","PeriodicalId":21002,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Environmental Biophysics","volume":" ","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145774250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}