Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy最新文献

{"title":"Exploring cumulative identity-based discrimination, distress, and traumatic exposure among Muslims living in the United States.","authors":"Salman Shaheen Ahmad, Isha Hammad, Katrina Rbeiz, Chantel T Ebrahimi, Nuha Alshabani, Merranda Marie McLaughlin, Maryam Kia-Keating, Amy Weisman de Mamani","doi":"10.1037/tra0001764","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Muslims living in the United States (MLUS), a highly heterogeneous group, experience high rates of discrimination that may cumulatively contribute to traumatic stress. This study explored whether identity-based discrimination (i.e., due to religion, gender, race) was individually and cumulatively associated with psychological distress and exposure to trauma among MLUS.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fifty-nine MLUS completed the survey at two time points (~1 year apart). We administered measures of discrimination (at Time 1), distress (at Times 1 and 2), and trauma exposure (at Time 2). Multiple linear regressions determined whether discrimination at Time 1 was associated with traumatic exposure or distress at Time 2, after controlling for covariates. Mediation analyses determined whether the relationship between cumulative discrimination and distress at Time 2 occurred via distress at Time 1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MLUS who reported experiencing both religious and racial discrimination also reported greater exposure to traumatic events, after controlling for covariates. All three forms of identity-based discrimination (religion, race, gender) were individually and cumulatively (i.e., experiencing all three) associated with distress at Time 1, but not Time 2. However, the relationships between cumulative discrimination at Time 1 and distress at Time 2 were mediated by distress at Time 1. U.S.-born Muslims were particularly at risk for experiencing discrimination, distress, and traumatic exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Experiences of discrimination may have a cumulative impact on trauma and psychological distress among MLUS. This study underscores the need for targeted interventions that assess MLUS clients' discriminatory experiences to develop a more holistic conceptualization, better support systems, and the most effective approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1202-1211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142018460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"12 years after Roboski: Prolonged grief and posttraumatic effects.","authors":"Cemile Hurrem Ayhan, Fuat Tanhan, Ferdi Yağan, Nursel Avcı Erdal, Gamze Öztürk, Galip Bedir, Sevgi Aslangiri","doi":"10.1037/tra0001948","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Roboski massacre, which took place on December 28, 2011, is remembered as a major tragedy resulting from a cross-border operation by the Turkish Air Force that led to the loss of 34 civilians, including 19 children. This event not only caused significant physical losses but also left a profound psychological, social, and political impact on those affected. An enhanced comprehension of prolonged grief disorder's development can assist professionals in identifying bereaved individuals requiring assistance and augment the efficacy of treatments. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the grief process and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, perceived discrimination, and political trust within the framework of the theory of prolonged grief in a sample of the bereaved family members who lost their relatives in the Roboski massacre almost 12 years postloss.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In total, 88 Kurdish individuals (<i>M</i>_age = 37.13, <i>SD</i> = 16.4; 53.4% males) who had lost their close relatives in the Roboski incident in 2011 participated in this study. The Prolonged Grief Scale, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i>, Fifth Edition, the Perceived Discrimination Scale, and the Political Trust Scale were used to collect data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings of the study revealed that, even approximately 12 years after the Roboski massacre, a significant portion of the participants continue to experience symptoms of prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress reactions. There was a positive correlation between prolonged grief symptoms and posttraumatic stress reactions (<i>r</i> = .71) as well as perceived discrimination (<i>r</i> = .53). It was also found that the subdimensions of posttraumatic stress, namely \"reexperiencing\" (β = .19, <i>p</i> < .05), \"negative cognitive alterations\" (β = .39, <i>p</i> < .05), and \"perceived collective discrimination\" (β = .11, <i>p</i> < .05), were significant predictors of prolonged grief.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings revealed that professionals should focus on identifying bereaved people who experience prolonged grief after a traumatic loss. Targeting these symptoms may alleviate the exacerbation of persistent grief reactions several years after a traumatic loss. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1263-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The path from extrafamilial childhood adversities to self-directed violence mediated by recent exposure to violence among male prisoners in Tunisia.","authors":"Emna Hariz, Imen Mlouki, Marwa Boussaid, Ahlem Silini, Aya Ajmi Blout, Mariam Triki, Abir Aissaoui, Sana El Mhamdi","doi":"10.1037/tra0001920","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We sought to investigate the impact of recent violence exposure on the relationship between extrafamilial adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and self-inflicted violence in male Tunisian prisoners.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We performed a cross-sectional study among adult male prisoners during April 2023. We used the validated Arabic versions of the World Health Organization ACE questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. We assessed exposure to violence during the incarceration. Self-directed violence was subdivided into suicidal behaviors and self-harm. The participation was anonymous and voluntary, and the questionnaire was self-administered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 540 prisoners were recruited with a response rate of 74.6%. Exposure to at least one extrafamilial ACE was reported by 96.8% of them. Anxiety and depression were screened in 83.2% and 79.6% of cases, respectively. Approximately the half (51.5%) reported recent violence exposure mainly psychological (45.8%). About 35% of prisoners had suicidal thoughts and 45.9% reported self-harming. We found that the risk of self-directed violence was significantly higher when the number of extrafamilial ACEs increased. After adjusting for anxiety and depression, our study revealed that childhood collective and peer violence predict self-directed violence through recent exposure to violence (%mediated = 41.6 and %mediated = 30.8, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This survey underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to break the vicious cycle of violence in jails. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1279-1287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moderated mediation of gender on the relationship between resilience, mentalizing, and mental health outcomes in cumulative trauma survivors: The case of the 2020 Lebanese port explosion.","authors":"Pia Tohme, Wissam Kheir, Rudy Abi-Habib","doi":"10.1037/tra0001963","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study addresses a critical gap in trauma research by examining the moderated mediation effects of gender on the relationship between resilience, mentalizing, and mental health outcomes among Lebanese trauma survivors following the Beirut port explosion in 2020 as well as the earthquakes in 2023.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>With a significant sample of 546 participants, the research used robust psychological scales, such as the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, to examine how resilience affects mental health through mentalizing processes and how these effects differ between genders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed that mentalizing significantly mediates the relationship between resilience and mental health, with stronger effects observed in females. This study highlights the vital role of gender-sensitive interventions in mental health, advocating for the integration of mentalizing-focused therapies in trauma recovery programs to enhance resilience and mitigate mental health difficulties effectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The implications of this research are particularly crucial for regions with high exposure to traumatic events, emphasizing the need for tailored, gender-aware psychological support strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1298-1305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posttraumatic growth among refugees in transit context.","authors":"Maša Vukčević Marković, Draga Šapić, Jana Dimoski, Dean Ajduković","doi":"10.1037/tra0001945","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>There is a growing body of evidence on positive outcomes related to refugees' traumatic experiences, such as posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, there is a lack of studies exploring PTG among refugees in transit context, where contextual specifics differ from destination countries, and include threatened safety and prolonged state of alert. Two aims of this study were to assess PTG among refugees in transit and explore the psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic growth inventory used in this context.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two hundred forty-nine refugees residing in transit countries along the Balkan route, 76% men, with an average age of 29.65 years completed PTGI, assessing PTG, Refugee Health Screener-15, assessing psychological vulnerability, and the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index, assessing psychological well-being. The results showed a moderate to high presence of PTG among participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analysis (maximum likelihood extraction, Promax factor rotation), suggested the retention of three factors, which accounted for 44.88% of the total items variance-changes in self-perception, changes in interpersonal relationships, and changed philosophy of life. To test the predictive power of PTGI for well-being, over and above psychological difficulties, hierarchical linear regression was performed, showing changes in interpersonal relationships and changed philosophy of life significantly added to the prediction of well-being, over and above measures of symptomatology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study showed that PTG can be developed under highly stressful and uncertain circumstances, demonstrating the potential for positive psychological change among refugees in transit. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive mental health interventions fostering well-being and recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1252-1262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transdiagnostic risk factors for secondary traumatic stress among mental health professionals after the Maraş Earthquake: Exploratory analysis.","authors":"Furkan Malkoç, Nihan Osmanağaoğlu","doi":"10.1037/tra0001986","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Mental health professionals are at increased risk for developing secondary traumatic stress (STS), which can progress to posttraumatic stress disorder. Distress tolerance (DT) and rumination play important roles in posttraumatic stress disorder development and maintenance, yet few studies have examined these constructs in relation to STS. This study first compared mental health professionals and individuals in nonhelping professions regarding STS, DT, and rumination. Second, it explored whether rumination mediates the relationship between DT and STS.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants included mental health professionals (N = 90) and individuals not at risk for STS through their work (<i>N</i> = 67). Self-report measures assessed DT, rumination, and STS. Independent-samples t tests were used for group comparisons, and mediation analyses were conducted using the SPSS PROCESS Macro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mental health professionals showed lower STS and higher DT scores, but no significant differences were found in rumination. Lower DT was associated with higher STS and rumination. Rumination partially mediated the relationship between DT and STS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While mental health professionals experienced lower levels of STS and higher DT, this study highlights the role of transdiagnostic factors-such as DT and rumination-that are relevant across various mental health conditions. Low DT may lead to maladaptive cognitive strategies, like rumination, which in turn heighten STS. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding transdiagnostic constructs to develop targeted interventions and prevention efforts for both the general population and mental health professionals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1377-1385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144650256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between the difficulty of regulating emotion and psychiatric symptoms in disasters: Kahramanmaraş earthquake example.","authors":"Duygu Yücel, Süreyya Gümüşsoy, Ali Ekşi","doi":"10.1037/tra0001991","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to examine the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and psychiatric symptoms in the context of disasters and to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were collected from 308 adult participants (18 and older) residing in 11 provinces affected by the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake through social media and WhatsApp groups. Participants completed an online survey, which included the Self-Compassion Scale, the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and the PROCESS V4.2 macro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings indicate a significant relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and psychiatric symptoms in disaster contexts. In addition, self-compassion was found to have an important mediating role in this relationship, suggesting that individuals with higher self-compassion experience fewer psychiatric symptoms despite difficulties in emotion regulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the importance of self-compassion in mitigating posttraumatic psychological symptoms and supporting psychological healing. The study contributes to the understanding of postdisaster emotional processes and provides valuable insights for psychological interventions aimed at fostering resilience and recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1349-1356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144761083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy for transdiagnostic treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain: A development pilot study.","authors":"Sophia Åkerblom, Tina Nilsson, Sanna Stacke, Ingrid Peppler Jönsson, Linda Nordin","doi":"10.1037/tra0001663","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a transdiagnostic, behavioral treatment focusing on common processes behind different diagnoses. Internet-based treatment programs can improve access to treatment and easily be integrated into the individual's life.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This single-arm, pre-post-follow-up pilot study examined the acceptability, safety, and effectiveness of internet-based ACT (iACT) for participants with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain treated at a tertiary pain clinic. All participants (<i>N</i> = 10) received the iACT program over a period of 10 weeks and were assessed pre- and postintervention and at a 3-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study provides preliminary evidence for the acceptability, safety, and effectiveness of iACT for comorbid PTSD and chronic pain. The program showed clinically significant improvement in relation to the primary outcomes PTSD symptom severity and pain interference for this patient group with complex, comorbid symptoms, with sustained effects at the 3-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results add to previous research where face-to-face ACT has been shown to be of benefit to individuals with either chronic pain or PTSD. The findings also suggest that iACT can be delivered to individuals with comorbid PTSD and chronic pain with an effectiveness that is comparable to other cognitive behavioral therapy-based treatments for somatic and psychiatric disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1154-1164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139997305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development and validation of a Colonial Trauma Scale within the Palestinian context.","authors":"Fayez Mahamid, Guido Veronese, Dana Bdier, Chiara Fiscone","doi":"10.1037/tra0001938","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Palestinian people have been facing humanitarian disaster and colonial trauma since 1948. This community urgently requires intensive mental health interventions to help individuals effectively cope with ongoing traumatic events. Developing and validating new measures to assess colonial traumatic symptoms in the Palestinian context will help mental health professionals provide therapeutic and supportive services to those who are continually at risk of developing trauma and other psychological disorders. The present study developed and validated a colonial trauma scale within the Palestinian context.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Our research involved 912 Palestinian adults: 276 men and 636 women. The majority (88.4%) resided in rural and urban areas, while 11.6% were from internally displaced camps.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a stable construct of a seven-factor structure of the Palestinian Colonial Trauma Scale: (1) <i>sadness related to colonial trauma,</i> (2) <i>psychological pain related to colonial trauma</i>, (3) <i>unfair treatment</i>, (4) <i>reexperiencing memory</i>, (5) <i>overarousal,</i> (6) <i>avoidance</i>, and (7) <i>powerlessness due to colonial occupation.</i> Convergent validity for the Palestinian Colonial Trauma Scale was conducted by testing the association between the scale and two existing measures: the Palestinian Context-Specific Trauma Scale and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Developing and validating new decolonized instruments, which include considerations of historical violence and its lasting effects, are particularly crucial. These tools can enhance the design of both assessments and interventions, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of colonial trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1221-1230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating self-efficacy as a treatment mechanism during an intensive treatment program for posttraumatic stress disorder.","authors":"Jonathan W Murphy, Chelsea Shotwell-Tabke, Dale L Smith, Zerbrina Valdespino-Hayden, Emily Patton, Sarah Pridgen, Philip Held","doi":"10.1037/tra0001836","DOIUrl":"10.1037/tra0001836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although traumatic exposures are common, only a small percentage of people exposed to trauma go on to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This phenomenon suggests that there may be psychological factors that influence posttraumatic recovery trajectories. Beliefs about one's ability to cope with traumatic events have been proposed as a mechanism of posttraumatic recovery. The present study evaluated coping self-efficacy (CSE) as a treatment mechanism.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were collected from 423 military service members and veterans who completed a 2-week cognitive processing therapy-based intensive treatment program for PTSD. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the associations between CSE and clinical symptoms over time. CSE and clinical symptoms were assessed at baseline, every other day during treatment, and at posttreatment. In addition, general self-efficacy (GSE) was assessed at baseline and included in the analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants reported that increases in CSE began early and steadily increased across all domains during treatment. In addition, decreases in PTSD and depression severity also began early and steadily decreased during treatment. Although improvements in CSE predicted decreases in clinical symptoms, changes in CSE did not precede clinical improvement. Baseline GSE was a significant predictor of clinical outcomes, but changes in clinical symptoms during treatment did not differ based on one's baseline GSE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study demonstrated that although changes in CSE do not temporarily precede changes in clinical symptoms, changes in CSE predicted changes in clinical symptoms, suggesting that CSE may serve as an indicator of treatment response. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20982,"journal":{"name":"Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy","volume":" ","pages":"1192-1201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}