Rapid Prototyping Journal最新文献

{"title":"Determination of the elastoplastic properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy manufactured by electron beam melting","authors":"Fatih Yılmaz, E. Gürses, M. Sahin","doi":"10.1108/rpj-02-2022-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2022-0041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to evaluate and assess the elastoplastic properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy manufactured by Arcam Q20 Plus electron beam melting (EBM) machine by a tensile test campaign and micro computerized tomography (microCT) imaging.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000ASTM E8 tensile test specimens are designed and manufactured by EBM at an Arcam Q20 Plus machine. Surface quality is improved by machining to discard the effect of surface roughness. After surface machining, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) post-treatment is applied to half of the specimens to remove unsolicited internal defects. ASTM E8 tensile test campaign is carried out simultaneously with digital image correlation to acquire strain data for each sample. Finally, build direction and HIP post-treatment dependencies of elastoplastic properties are analyzed by F-test and t-test statistical analyses methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Modulus of elasticity presents isotropic behavior for each build direction according to F-test and t-test analysis. Yield and ultimate strengths vary according to build direction and post-treatment. Stiffness and strength properties are superior to conventional Ti-6Al-4V material; however, ductility turns out to be poor for aerospace structures compared to conventional Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In addition, micro CT images show that support structure leads to dense internal defects and pores at applied surfaces. However, HIP post-treatment diminishes those internal defects and pores thoroughly.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000As a novel scientific contribution, this study investigates the effects of three orthogonal build directions on elastoplastic properties, while many studies focus on only two-build directions. Evaluation of Poisson’s ratio is the other originality of this study. Furthermore, another finding through micro CT imaging is that temporary support structures result in intense defects closer to applied surfaces; hence high-stress regions of structures should be avoided to use support structures.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47136414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritization and deployment of design for additive manufacturing strategies to an automotive component","authors":"S. R, V. S.","doi":"10.1108/rpj-02-2023-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2023-0051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to propose a new framework on prioritizing and deployment of design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) strategies to an industrial component using Fuzzy TOPSIS multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. The proposed framework is then applied to an automotive component, and the results are discussed and compared with existing design.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Eight DfAM design alternatives associated with eight design criteria have been identified for framing new DfAM strategies. The prioritization order of the design alternatives is identified by Fuzzy TOPSIS MCDM technique through its closeness coefficient. Based on Fuzzy TOPSIS MCDM output, each of the design alternatives is applied sequentially to an automobile component as a case study. Redesign is carried out at each stage of DfAM implementation without affecting the functionality.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000On successful implementation of proposed framework to an automotive component, the mass is reduced by 43.84%, from 0.429 kg to 0.241 kg. The redesign is validated by finite element analysis, where von Mises stress is less than the yield stress of the material.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The proposed DfAM framework and strategies will be useful to designers, R&D engineers, industrial practitioners, experts and consultants for implementing DfAM strategies on any industrial component without impacting its functionality.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the idea of prioritization and implementation of DfAM strategies to an automotive component is the original contribution.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43093505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the mechanical properties of polyamide 12 regarding different percentages of reused material in the selective laser sintering process","authors":"Rafael Couto da Silva, Gabriela Wessling Oening Dicati, José Eduardo Gubaua, Eduardo Radovanovic, Sílvia Luciana Favaro","doi":"10.1108/rpj-03-2023-0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2023-0091","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose Additive manufacturing (AM) has been one of the most highlighted processes of the last few years. AM prints complex parts and items from 3D files regarding different materials, such as polymers. Moreover, there are different AM techniques available for polymers, such as selective laser sintering. In the SLS technology, polyamides 11 and 12 lead 88% of the market. These materials are high-cost and use an average of 50% of virgin material at each printing. It is possible to use lower rates of virgin material, but at least 30% is recommended. Low rates of virgin material decrease mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to evaluate the influence on the mechanical properties of the percentage of reused PA12 in parts manufactured by the SLS process. The specimens of PA12 were manufactured with a percentage of virgin/reused polymer of 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80 and 10/90. We considered three distinct printing directions to compare the mechanical properties of the specimens: horizontal, perpendicular and vertical. Findings The results showed that when the percentage of reused material increases, the tensile strength limit (TSL), flexural strength limit and Shore D hardness decrease. Another aspect visualized was the fragile behavior presented in the vertical specimens. In addition, DSC analysis indicated a 2% reduction of crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed spherical voids and unfused particles of PA12 at the fracture of tensile test specimens. The material thermal history and unfused particles could decrease the material properties. Originality/value We observed that the mechanical properties, such as the TSL, flexural strength limit and hardness, decrease as the percentage of reused material increases. In addition, the process presented a printing-direction dependence, where the vertical direction presented as the more brittle between the ones used.","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135520030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of adhesive joints with mechanical interlocking of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts fabricated for fused filament (FFF)","authors":"Erwin Molino Alvarez, Sergio Andres Quintana González, Luis Lisandro Lopez Taborda, Enrique Esteban Niebles Nuñez","doi":"10.1108/rpj-04-2023-0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2023-0146","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Additive manufacturing has disadvantages, such as the maximum part size being limited by the machine’s working volume. Therefore, if a part more considerable than the working volume is required, the part is produced in parts and joined together. Among the many methods of joining thermoplastic parts, adhesives and mechanical interlocking are considered. This study aims to characterize and optimize mechanically stressed adhesive joints combined with female and male mechanical interlocking on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) specimens made with fused filament fabrication (FFF) so that the joint strength is as close as possible to the strength of the base material.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study characterized the subject’s state of the art to justify the decisions regarding the experimental design planned in this research. Subsequently, this study designed, executed and analyzed the experiment using a statistical analysis of variance. The output variables were yield strength and tensile strength. The input variables were two different cyanoacrylate adhesives, two different types of mechanical interlock (truncated pyramid and cylindrical pin) and the dimensions of each type of mechanical interlock. This study used simple and factorial experiments to select the best adhesive and interlocking to be optimized using the response surface and the steep ascent method.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The two adhesives have no statistical difference, but they show different data dispersion. The design or yield stress was a determining factor for selecting the optimal specimen, with cylindrical geometry exhibiting higher resistance at initial failure. Geometry type is crucial due to the presence of stress concentrators. The cylindrical geometry with fewer stress concentrators demonstrated better tensile strength. Ultimately, the specimen with a mechanically reinforced joint featuring a cylindrical pin of radius 5.45 mm and height of 4.6 mm exhibited the maximum tensile and yield strength.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Previous research suggests that a research opportunity is the combination of bonding methods in FFF or fused deposition modeling, which is not a frequent topic, and this research to enrich that topic combines the adhesive with mechanically interlocked joints and studies it experimentally for FFF materials, to provide unpublished information of the performance of the adhesive joint with mechanical interlocking, to designers and manufacturers of this technology.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45589459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tapping the potential of rapid prototyping techniques in creating a paradigm shift in the fabrication of occlusal splints","authors":"Ashish Kaushik, R. Garg","doi":"10.1108/rpj-12-2022-0412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2022-0412","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to cover the overall gamut of rapid prototyping processes and biomaterials used for the fabrication of occlusal splints in a comprehensive manner and elucidate the characteristics of the materials, which are essential in determining their clinical efficacy when exposed to oral surroundings.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A collective analysis of published articles covering the use of rapid prototyping technologies in the fabrication of occlusal splints, including manufacturing workflow description and essential properties (mechanical- and thermal-based) evaluation of biocompatible splinting materials, was performed.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Without advances in rapid prototyping processes and materials engineering, occlusal splints would tend to underperform clinically due to biomechanical limitations.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000Three-dimensional printing can improve the process capabilities for commercial customization of biomechanically efficient occlusal splints.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Rapid technological advancement in dentistry with the extensive utilization of rapid prototyping processes, intra-oral scanners and novel biomaterial seems to be the potential breakthrough in the fabrication of customized occlusal splints which have endorsed occlusal splint therapy (OST) as a cornerstone of orthodontic treatment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42610404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of selective laser melting process for pure zinc and Zn10mg alloy on process parameters and mechanical properties","authors":"Muhammad Waqas, D. He, Z. Tan, Pengwei Yang, Mu Gao, Xingye Guo","doi":"10.1108/rpj-04-2022-0138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2022-0138","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The selective laser melting (SLM) technique, as a typical additive manufacturing process, is widely used for the fabrication of metallic biomedical components. In terms of biodegradability, zinc and its alloys represent an emerging generation of metallic materials for biomedical implants. The purpose of this paper is to obtain the Zn and Zn10Mg alloys with high mechanical properties using the SLM technology. The relationship between the processing parameters and the porosity of pure Zn and Zn10Mg alloy samples was investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The samples were fabricated using SLM technology working in an inert gas closed chamber. Preliminary experiments were conducted to analyze the laser power and gas flow on evaporation, single track form and porosity. To evaluate the influence of factors on relative density, the response surface methodology was applied.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The satisfactory results of the proposed method were achieved, in which the relative density of the components reached up to 99.63%, and compression strength reached 214 ± 13 MPa under optimal processing conditions.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Zinc is categorized by its low melting and boiling point, which leads to the high porosity of the components. It is difficult to prepare the Zn alloy samples with high relative density using SLM technology. This work successfully achieved dense Zn and Zn10Mg samples and investigated their microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47564500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the structural properties of zinc scaffold fabricated via rapid tooling for bone tissue engineering applications","authors":"A. Kansal, A. Dvivedi, P. Kumar","doi":"10.1108/rpj-03-2023-0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2023-0077","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this study to investigate the organized porous network zinc (OPNZ) scaffolds. Their mechanical characteristics, surface roughness and fracture mechanism were assessed in relation to their structural properties. The prospects of fused deposition modeling (FDM) for printing metal scaffolds via rapid tooling have also been studied.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Zn scaffolds with different pore and strut sizes were manufactured via the rapid tooling method. This method is a multistep process that begins with the 3D printing of a polymer template. Later, a paraffin template was obtained from the prepared polymer template. Finally, this paraffin template was used to fabricate the Zn scaffold using microwave sintering. The characterization of prepared Zn samples involved structural characterization, microstructural study, surface roughness testing and compression testing. Moreover, based on the Gibson–Ashby model analysis, the model equations’ constant values were evaluated, which can help in predicting the mechanical properties of Zn scaffolds.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The scanning electron microscopy study confirmed that the fabricated sample pores were open and interconnected. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the Zn scaffold contained hexagonal closed-packed Zn peaks related to the a-Zn phase, validating that scaffolds were free from contamination and impurity. The range for ultimate compressive strength, compressive modulus and plateau stresses for Zn samples were found to be 6.75–39 MPa, 0.14–3.51 GPa and 1.85–12.6 MPa by adjusting their porosity, which are comparable with the cancellous bones. The average roughness value for the Zn scaffolds was found to be 1.86 µm.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This research work can widen the scope for extrusion-based FDM printers for fabricating biocompatible and biodegradable metal Zn scaffolds. This study also revealed the effects of scaffold structural properties like porosity, pore and strut size effect on their mechanical characteristics in view of tissue engineering applications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43320294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art digital factory integrating digital twin for laser additive and subtractive manufacturing processes","authors":"Usman Tariq, R. Joy, Sung-Heng Wu, M. A. Mahmood, A. Malik, F. Liou","doi":"10.1108/rpj-03-2023-0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2023-0113","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to discuss the state-of-the-art digital factory (DF) development combining digital twins (DTs), sensing devices, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) and subtractive manufacturing (SM) processes. The current shortcomings and outlook of the DF also have been highlighted. A DF is a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility that uses innovative technologies, including automation, artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things, additive manufacturing (AM), SM, hybrid manufacturing (HM), sensors for real-time feedback and control, and a DT, to streamline and improve manufacturing operations.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study presents a novel perspective on DF development using laser-based AM, SM, sensors and DTs. Recent developments in laser-based AM, SM, sensors and DTs have been compiled. This study has been developed using systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, discussing literature on the DTs for laser-based AM, particularly laser powder bed fusion and direct energy deposition, in-situ monitoring and control equipment, SM and HM. The principal goal of this study is to highlight the aspects of DF and its development using existing techniques.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000A comprehensive literature review finds a substantial lack of complete techniques that incorporate cyber-physical systems, advanced data analytics, AI, standardized interoperability, human–machine cooperation and scalable adaptability. The suggested DF effectively fills this void by integrating cyber-physical system components, including DT, AM, SM and sensors into the manufacturing process. Using sophisticated data analytics and AI algorithms, the DF facilitates real-time data analysis, predictive maintenance, quality control and optimal resource allocation. In addition, the suggested DF ensures interoperability between diverse devices and systems by emphasizing standardized communication protocols and interfaces. The modular and adaptable architecture of the DF enables scalability and adaptation, allowing for rapid reaction to market conditions.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Based on the need of DF, this review presents a comprehensive approach to DF development using DTs, sensing devices, LAM and SM processes and provides current progress in this domain.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47584814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of cell size/structures and mechanical properties of additively manufactured metallic components using X-ray technique","authors":"Kevin Moj, R. Owsiński, G. Robak, M. Gupta","doi":"10.1108/rpj-02-2023-0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2023-0048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Additive manufacturing (AM), a rapidly evolving paradigm, has shown significant advantages over traditional subtractive processing routines by allowing for the custom creation of structural components with enhanced performance. Numerous studies have shown that the technical qualities of AM components are profoundly affected by the discovery of novel metastable substructures in diverse alloys. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of cell structure parameters on its mechanical response.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Initially, a methodology was suggested for testing porous materials, focusing on static tensile testing. For a qualitative evaluation of the cellular structures produced, computed tomography (CT) was used. Then, the CT scanner was used to analyze a sample and determine its actual relative density, as well as perform a detailed geometric analysis.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The experimental research demonstrates that the mechanical properties of a cell’s structure are significantly influenced by its shape during formation. It was also determined that using selective laser melting to produce cell structures with a minimum single-cell size of approximately 2 mm would be the most appropriate method.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000Further studies of cellular structures for testing their static tensile strength are planned for the future. The study will be carried out for a larger number of samples, taking into account a wider range of cellular structure parameters. An important step will also be the verification of the results of the static tensile test using numerical analysis for the model obtained by CT scanning.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The fabrication of metallic parts with different cellular structures is very important with a selective laser melted machine. However, the determination of cell size and structure with mechanical properties is quiet novel in this current investigation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46678498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of FDM printing patterns on mechanical properties of ABS","authors":"Rodrigo Enzo de Prada, Guillermo Rubén Bossio, M. Bruno","doi":"10.1108/rpj-04-2023-0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2023-0130","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this study is to investigate how the amount of material used and printing parameters affect the mechanical and water sorption properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene printed parts.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The specimens were printed using different printing parameters such as shell number, infill pattern and printing orientation, while accounting for the amount of material used. The mechanical properties of the printed parts were then evaluated using tensile, compression and flexural tests, along with sorption tests.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results revealed that the maximum tensile stress of 31.41 MPa was obtained when using 100% infill and a horizontal printing orientation. Similarly, the maximum flexural strength and compression of 40.5 MPa and 100.7 MPa, respectively, were obtained with 100% infill. The printing orientation was found to have a greater impact on mechanical behavior compared to the number of shells or infill patterns. Specifically, the horizontal printing orientation resulted in specimens with at least 25% greater strength compared to the vertical printing orientation. Furthermore, the relationship between the amount of material used and strength was evident in the tensile and flexural tests, which showed a close correlation between the two.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study’s originality lies in its focus on optimizing the amount of material used to achieve the best strength-to-mass ratio and negligible water infiltration. The findings showed that specimens with two shells and a 60% infill density exhibited the best strength-to-mass ratio.\u0000","PeriodicalId":20981,"journal":{"name":"Rapid Prototyping Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49254663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}