Public Health Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Strengthening national salt reduction strategies using multiple methods process evaluations: case studies from Malaysia and Mongolia.","authors":"Briar L McKenzie, Feisul Idzwan Mustapha, Bat-Erdene Battumur, Enkhtungalag Batsaikhan, Arunah Chandran, Viola Michael, Jacqui Webster, Kathy Trieu","doi":"10.1017/S1368980023002781","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980023002781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To understand the extent to which national salt reduction strategies in Malaysia and Mongolia were implemented and achieving their intended outcomes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Multiple methods process evaluations conducted at the mid-point of strategy implementation, guided by theoretical frameworks.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Malaysia (2018-2019) and Mongolia (2020-2021).</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Desk-based reviews of related documents, interviews with key stakeholders (<i>n</i> 12 Malaysia, <i>n</i> 10 Mongolia), focus group discussions with health professionals in Malaysia (<i>n</i> 43) and health provider surveys in Mongolia (<i>n</i> 12).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both countries generated high-quality local evidence about salt intake and levels in foods and culturally specific education resources. In Malaysia, education and reformulation activities were delivered with moderate dose (quantity) but reach among the population was low. Within 5 years, Mongolia implemented education among schools, health professionals and food producers on salt reduction with high reach, but with moderate dose (quantity) and reach among the general population. Both countries faced challenges in implementing legislative interventions (mandatory salt labelling and salt limits in packaged foods) and both could improve the scaling up of their reformulation and education activities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the first half of Malaysia's and Mongolia's strategies, both countries generated necessary evidence and education materials, mobilised health professionals to deliver salt reduction education and achieved small-scale reformulation in foods. Both subsequently should focus on implementing regulatory policies and achieving population-wide reach and impact. Process evaluations of existing salt reduction strategies can help strengthen intervention delivery, aiding achievement of WHO's 30 % reduction in salt intake by 2025 target.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10966880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139723889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between food insecurity and diabetes risk factors in US adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016.","authors":"Aarohee P Fulay, Joyce M Lee, Ana Baylin, Julia A Wolfson, Cindy W Leung","doi":"10.1017/S1368980024000284","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980024000284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the associations between household food insecurity and diabetes risk factors among lower-income US adolescents.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional analysis. Household food security status was measured using the 18-item Food Security Survey Module. Simple and multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the association between food security status and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), HbA1C and homoeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The analyses were adjusted for household and adolescent demographic and health characteristics.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>USA.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>3412 US adolescents aged 12-19 years with household incomes ≤300 % of the federal poverty line from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 2007-2016.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The weighted prevalence of marginal food security was 15·4 % and of food insecurity was 32·9 %. After multivariate adjustment, adolescents with food insecurity had a 0·04 % higher HbA1C (95 % CI 0·00, 0·09, <i>P</i>-value = 0·04) than adolescents with food security. There was also a significant overall trend between severity of food insecurity and higher HbA1C (<i>P</i>_trend = 0·045). There were no significant mean differences in adolescents' FPG, OGTT or HOMA-IR by household food security.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Food insecurity was associated with slightly higher HbA1c in a 10-year sample of lower-income US adolescents aged 12-19 years; however, other associations with diabetes risk factors were not significant. Overall, this suggests slight evidence for an association between food insecurity and diabetes risk in US adolescents. Further investigation is warranted to examine this association over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10966849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139723888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do 20-minute neighbourhoods moderate associations between work and commute hours with food consumption? – ADDENDUM","authors":"L. Oostenbach, K. Lamb, David Crawford, A. Timperio, L. Thornton","doi":"10.1017/s1368980024000314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980024000314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting responsive care and early learning practices in Northern Ghana: results from a counselling intervention within nutrition and health services.","authors":"Enam Aidam, Veronica Varela, Fauzia Abukari, Kelsey A Torres, Marie Paul Nisingizwe, Jennifer Yourkavitch, Eliasu Yakubu, Abdulai Abubakari, Rashida Ibrahim, Lesley Oot, Kathryn Beck, Selorme Azumah, Al-Hassan Issahaku, Joyce Apoassan Jambeidu, Lutuf Abdul-Rahman, Catherine Adu-Asare, Malia Uyehara, Kristen Cashin, Romilla Karnati, Catherine M Kirk","doi":"10.1017/S1368980024000156","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980024000156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study assesses change in caregiver practices after integrating responsive care and early learning (RCEL) in nutrition and health services and community platforms in northern Ghana.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We trained health facility workers and community health volunteers to deliver RCEL counselling to caregivers of children under 2 years of age through existing health facilities and community groups. We assessed changes in caregivers' RCEL practices before and after the intervention with a household questionnaire and caregiver-child observations.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The study took place in Sagnarigu, Gushegu, Wa East and Mamprugu-Moagduri districts from April 2022 to March 2023. Study sites included seventy-nine child welfare clinics (CWC) at Ghana Health Service facilities and eighty village savings and loan association (VSLA) groups.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>We enrolled 211 adult caregivers in the study sites who had children 0-23 months at baseline and were enrolled in a CWC or a VSLA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed improvements in RCEL and infant and young child feeding practices, opportunities for early learning (e.g. access to books and playthings) in the home environment and reductions in parental stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating RCEL content into existing nutrition and health services. The findings can be used to develop, enhance and advocate for policies integrating RCEL into existing services and platforms in Ghana. Future research may explore the relationship between positive changes in caregiver behaviour and improvements in child development outcomes as well as strategies for enhancing paternal engagement in care practices, improving child supervision and ensuring an enabling environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10966855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139703217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between consideration of future consequences and food intake is mediated by food choice motives in a French adult population.","authors":"Marc Bénard, Margaux Robert, Caroline Méjean, Benjamin Allès, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Pauline Paolassini-Guesnier, France Bellisle, Fabrice Etilé, Gérard Reach, Serge Hercberg, Mathilde Touvier, Sandrine Péneau","doi":"10.1017/S1368980023002501","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980023002501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Consideration of future consequences (CFC) distinguishes individuals who adopt behaviours based on immediate needs and concerns from individuals who consider the future consequences of their behaviours. We aimed to assess the association between CFC and diet, and testing the mediating role of food choice motives on this relationship.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Individuals (aged ≥ 18 years) completed the CFC-12 questionnaire in 2014, at least three 24-h dietary records, and a food choice motive questionnaire. A multiple mediator analysis allowed to assess the mediating effect of food choice motives on the cross-sectional association between CFC and diet, adjusted for socio-demographic factors.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Data from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>27 330 participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CFC was associated with all food choice motives (<i>P</i> < 0·001), with the strongest positive associations for avoidance for environmental reasons, absence of contaminants and health motives and the strongest negative associations for innovation and convenience. Positive total effects were found between CFC and the consumption of healthy food groups (fruits and vegetables, whole-grain foods, legumes), and negative total effects for alcohol, meat and poultry and processed meat (<i>P</i> < 0·001). CFC was positively associated with diet quality (<i>P</i> < 0·001). Across food groups, major mediators of these relationships were higher health (8·4-32·6%), higher environmental (13·7-22·1 %) and lower innovation (7·3-25·1 %) concerns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CFC was associated with healthier dietary intake, essentially mediated by a greater motivation of future-oriented participants for self-centred and altruistic outcomes, including health and environment. Focusing on the awareness of future benefits in public health interventions might lead to healthier dietary behaviours.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10966830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139703218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'It is human work': qualitatively exploring community roles that facilitate cultural food security for people from refugee backgrounds.","authors":"Tina Gingell, Rishita Adhikari, Nehal Eltahir, Fulgence Ntahomvukiye, Evelyn Pe, Kate Murray, Ignacio Correa-Velez, Danielle Gallegos","doi":"10.1017/S1368980024000326","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980024000326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cultural food security is crucial for cultural health and, for people from refugee backgrounds, supports the settlement journey. Cultural communities are vital in facilitating access to cultural foods; however, it is not understood how refugee-background communities sustain cultural food security in the Australian context. This study aimed to explore key roles in refugee-background communities to understand why they were important and how they facilitate cultural food security.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Interviews were conducted by community researchers, and data analysis was undertaken using best-practice framework for collaborative data analysis.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Greater Brisbane, Australia.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Six interviews were conducted between August and December 2022 with people from a refugee-background community, lived in Greater Brisbane and who fulfilled a key food role in the community that facilitated access to cultural foods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fostering improved cultural food security supported settlement by creating connections across geographical locations and cultures and generated a sense of belonging that supported the settlement journey. Communities utilised communication methods that prioritised the knowledge, wisdom and experience of community members. It also provided community members with influence over their foodways. Community leaders had an ethos that reflected collectivist values, where community needs were important for their own health and well-being.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Communities are inherently structured and communicate in a way that allows collective agency over foodways. This agency promotes cultural food security and is suggestive of increased food sovereignty. Researchers and public health workers should work with communities and recognise community strengths. Food security interventions should target cultural food security and autonomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10897574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139692835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a digital FFQ using 24 h recalls as reference method, for assessment of habitual diet in women with South Asian origin in Norway.","authors":"Monica H Carlsen, Torunn Holm Totland, Radhika Kumar, Therese Ml Lensnes, Archana Sharma, A Anita Suntharalingam, Anh Thi Tran, Kåre I Birkeland, Christine Sommer","doi":"10.1017/S1368980024000302","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980024000302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Dietary assessment tools should be designed for the target population. We developed an FFQ designed to assess diet in South Asian women in Norway. The study objective was to evaluate this FFQ using 24-h dietary recalls as reference method.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Approximately 3 weeks after the participants (<i>n</i> 40) had filled in the FFQ, the first of three non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls was completed. The recalls were telephone-based, unannounced and performed by a trained dietitian, with 2-3 weeks between each interview.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The DIASA 1 study, in Oslo, Norway.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Women of South Asian ethnic origin participating in the DIASA 1 study were invited to participate in the evaluation study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The WebFFQasia significantly overestimated the absolute intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates compared with the 24-h dietary recalls. Absolute intakes of sugar, starch and fibre did not differ significantly between the methods. For energy percentages (E%), there were no significant differences, except for monounsaturated fat. Correlations were strong for E% from sugar and saturated fat and moderate for E% from fibre, carbohydrate, total fat and protein. Fourteen food groups out of twenty three were not significantly different compared with the reference method, and sixteen groups showed strong to moderate correlations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The WebFFQasia may be used to assess E% from habitual diet and can adequately estimate intakes and rank participants according to nutrient intake and main food categories at group level.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10882527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139692836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing food insecurity severity is associated with lower diet quality.","authors":"Katherine Kent, Tracy Schumacher, Sebastian Kocar, Ami Seivwright, Denis Visentin, Clare E Collins, Libby Lester","doi":"10.1017/S1368980024000417","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980024000417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Food insecurity may reduce diet quality, but the relationship between food insecurity severity and diet quality is under-researched. This study aimed to examine the relationship between diet quality and severity of household food insecurity.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross-sectional, online survey used the United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Six-item Short Form to classify respondents as food secure or marginally, moderately or severely food insecure. The Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS; scored 0–73) determined diet quality (ARFS total and sub-scale scores). Survey-weighted linear regression (adjusted for age, sex, income, education, location and household composition) was conducted.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Tasmania, Australia.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Community-dwelling adults (aged 18 years and over).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean ARFS total for the sample (<i>n</i> 804, 53 % female, 29 % aged > 65 years) was 32·4 (sd = 9·8). As the severity of household food insecurity increased, ARFS total decreased. Marginally food-insecure respondents reported a mean ARFS score three points lower than food-secure adults (B = –2·7; 95 % CI (–5·11, –0·34); <i>P</i> = 0·03) and reduced by six points for moderately (B = –5·6; 95 % CI (–7·26, –3·90); <i>P</i> < 0·001) and twelve points for severely food-insecure respondents (B = –11·5; 95 % CI (–13·21, –9·78); <i>P</i> < 0·001). Marginally food-insecure respondents had significantly lower vegetable sub-scale scores, moderately food-insecure respondents had significantly lower sub-scale scores for all food groups except dairy and severely food-insecure respondents had significantly lower scores for all sub-scale scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Poorer diet quality is evident in marginally, moderately and severely food-insecure adults. Interventions to reduce food insecurity and increase diet quality are required to prevent poorer nutrition-related health outcomes in food-insecure populations in Australia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10897580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and nutrition information requirements of Australian primary school parents.","authors":"Gozde Aydin, Claire Margerison, Anthony Worsley, Alison Booth","doi":"10.1017/S1368980024000387","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980024000387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore what Australian primary school parents want to learn about food and nutrition to improve their children's eating behaviours, as well as the associations between parents' personal and demographic characteristics and their views regarding their food and nutrition knowledge needs.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>An online nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2021 using a mixed-methods approach. Logistic regression analysis was utilised to examine the relationship between parents' demographics, personal values and their views. Content analysis was performed using Leximancer.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Australia.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Seven hundred and eighty-seven parents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-one per cent wanted to learn more about food and nutrition to improve their children's healthy eating habits, and 77% of those preferred schools to provide that information. Online/printed newsletters and YouTube were the most preferred methods for receiving food and nutrition related information. Higher universalism-concern value (concern for the welfare of those in the larger society and world) scores were positively associated parents' preference for schools to provide food and nutrition-related information. Parents with non-English-speaking backgrounds and younger parents were more likely to want to learn about food and nutrition. Parents wanted to learn more about encouraging healthy eating, ideas for the lunchbox, food labels and age-specific portion sizes and recommendations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings can inform public health educators and assist them in designing future food and nutrition education programmes and resources targeting primary school parents.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10897573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of household-, maternal- and child-related factors associated with nutritional status among children under five in Mali: evidence from a Demographic and Health Survey, 2018.","authors":"Tafere Gebreegziabher, Saran Sidibe","doi":"10.1017/S1368980024000363","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S1368980024000363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current study aims to determine household-, maternal- and child-related factors influencing nutritional status among children under five in Mali.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Quantitative cross-sectional study using secondary data extracted from Mali DHS-VI 2018.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Urban and rural areas of Mali.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 8908 children participated, with 3999 in the younger age group (0-24 months) and 4909 in the older age group (25-59 months).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the younger age group, the prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was 18·8 % (95 % CI%: 17·5, 20·0), 24·6 % (95 % CI: 23·2, 26·0) and 13·2 % (95 % CI: 12·1, 14·3), respectively, while in the older age group, it was 24·9 % (95 % CI: 23·7, 26·2), 22·7 % (95 % CI: 21·5, 24·0) and 5·7 % (95 % CI: 5·0, 6·5), respectively. Being average or large size at birth, having piped source of water, receiving Zn, deworming, high maternal BMI, receiving Fe during pregnancy, higher maternal education and being rich were associated with lower odds of one or more form of undernutrition in both groups. On the other hand, children who were anaemic, drank from a bottle, maternal anaemia, current pregnancy of mothers and living in rural areas were associated with higher odds of stunting, wasting or underweight. Interestingly, children who received Fe supplementation had a higher odds of wasting in the younger group but lower odds of all forms of undernutrition in the older group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study emphasised the potential risk factors associated with undernutrition in children. Children who consume non-potable water, have mothers with lower levels of education and BMI and reside in rural areas are more likely to experience undernutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20951,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10882532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}